纳米SiOx保鲜果蜡对苹果贮藏性能的影响

以"乔纳金"和"红富士"为试材,研究了纳米SiOx保鲜果 蜡对两个品种苹果果实的呼吸强度、失重率、硬度和可溶 性固形物含量变化的影响。实验结果表明,纳米SiOx保 鲜果蜡有效抑制了果实的呼吸强度,显著降低了果实的 失重率,延缓了果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量的下降(p< 0.05),其对苹果货架期的延长已经与进口果蜡相近,某些 性能甚至优于进口果蜡。     

Effect of grain storage and processing on chlorpyrifos-methyl and pirimiphos-methyl residues in post-harvest-treated wheat with regard to baby food safety requirements

A study was undertaken to assess the effects of storage intervals and of milling procedures on the dissipation of chlorpyrifos-methyl and pirimiphos-methyl residues in post-harvest-treated wheat grain and to obtain scientific data on the compliance of the processed products with safety requirements concerning baby foods. The insecticide formulations were applied on stored wheat at recommended rates (20 ml t^-1). The initial concentration levels in whole grain were determined in samples taken 1 h after treatment. The dissipation of residues and their distribution in different fractions of the milled grain were studied after various storage intervals, from 7 to 270 days after treatment. Samples of treated grain were milled in a fractionating laboratory mill and eight fractions — bran, semolina, three types of groats and three types of flour — were collected and analysed for pesticide residues. The residues were determined by an analytical method based on acetone extraction, graphitized carbon clean-up and GC-ECD, respectively, and GC-NPD determination of residues. The limits of determination of both pesticides were 0.005 mg kg^-1, which is high enough for enforcement of the European Commission Directive that established a maximum residue level of 0.01 mg kg^-1 for any pesticide in cereal-based baby food. The results showed that the pesticides chlorpyrifos-methyl and pirimiphos-methyl applied post-harvest on wheat as grain protectants were distinguished by relatively low rates of degradation in the grain under practical storage conditions. Milling did not significantly reduce the bulk of the chemicals but resulted in the distribution of residues in various processed products. The main part of the insecticides deposited on the grain remained in the bran and partly in semolina fractions. After 270 days of treatment, the residues of chlorpyrifos-methyl were within the range 0.8-2.1 mg kg^-1 and of pirimiphos-methyl — between 0.6 and 3.7 mg kg^-1 in the various types of flour.     

Safe apples for baby-food production: Survey of pesticide treatment regimes leaving minimum residues

A total of 19 pesticide preparations were used according to agricultural practice in six trials in apple orchards. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), premature Golden Delicious apples collected 64, 50, 36 days before harvest and mature fruit were examined for residues of active ingredients. No residues of triflumuron, triazamate, chlorpyrifos, etofenprox, fenoxycarb, kresoxim-methyl, cyprodinyl, difenoconazole or thiram were detected in the first sampling. Also, the levels of chlorpyrifos-methyl, penconazole, tebuconazole and tolylfluanid dropped during the pre-harvest interval. Detectable residues of pyridaben, thiacloprid, trifloxystrobin and tetraconazole in harvested fruits were below 0.01 mg kg^-1, which is the maximum concentration of residues acceptable by baby-food producers in any raw material. The only residues exceeding this concentration were captan and teflubenzuron. Based on the data, farmers can choose pesticides for optimal treatment of plants, while enabling growth of a safe crop suitable for baby-food production.     

苹果蜡质物质代谢及其调控机制研究进展

苹果表皮蜡质,是覆盖在苹果表面的一层疏水性脂类物质,是苹果应对外界环境变化的第一道屏障,在果实生长发育贮藏保鲜方面起着重要作用。苹果表皮蜡质可以通过减少水分非气孔性散失作用维持苹果的水分平衡,可通过物理阻止和抗菌成分抵抗微生物侵染,还具有减少苹果冷害和病害等作用。本文结合近年来对苹果表皮蜡质的研究从苹果蜡质的生物学意义,不同品种苹果蜡质形态、结构和化学组分,蜡质合成途径及相关酶和基因等方面的研究进展进行了概述,总结了苹果表皮蜡质研究在苹果贮藏保鲜方面的应用,并对研究中存在的问题及前景进行了展望。     

不同采后处理对冷藏‘南丰蜜桔’角质层形态结构及化学组成的影响

角质层是采后果实的质量调控器,不同采后贮藏条件可以改变其形态结构及化学组成。热激（heat shock,HT）和壳聚糖（chitosan,CS）处理已被证实能有效延缓果实衰老。本文以‘南丰蜜桔’为实验对象,采用扫描电子显微镜（scanning electron microscopy,SEM）和气相色谱-质谱联用仪（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）,研究不同采后保鲜方式（热激、壳聚糖、热激联合壳聚糖处理）对冷藏75 d期间‘南丰蜜桔’角质层形态结构及化学组成的影响。结果表明:‘南丰蜜桔’外蜡晶体呈不规则血小板状,热激导致外蜡重分布形成更光滑的表皮外观;外蜡和内蜡分别检出38种和50种组分,其主要成分均为烷烃、酸类、酯类、萜类,角质单体共检出7种成分,主要为酸类;十六烷酸是蜡质和角质最主要的组分。外蜡含量整体上无明显的变化规律,而内蜡呈先减后增的趋势,冷藏45 d时3种保鲜方式均能有效延缓外蜡和内蜡含量的降低,其中热激效果最为显著。冷藏期间角质单体含量持续下降,3种保鲜方式均能明显抑制其含量的降低,其中,以热激处理的效果最为明显。热激处理可通过改变外蜡晶体的结构,以及调节角质层的成分代谢来保持‘南丰蜜桔’的贮藏品质,这为其开发采后贮藏保鲜策略提供了科学依据。     

Moulds and yeasts in fruit salads and fruit juices

Thirty-eight fruit salad samples including cantaloupe, citrus fruits, honeydew, pineapple, cut strawberries and mixed fruit salads, and 65 pasteurized fruit juice samples (apple, carrot, grapefruit, grape and orange juices, apple cider, and soy milk) were purchased from local supermarkets in the Washington, DC area and tested for fungal contamination. The majority of fruit salad samples (97%) were contaminated with yeasts at levels ranging from <2.0 to 9.72 log10 of colony forming units per gram (cfu/g). Frequently encountered yeasts were Pichia spp., Candida pulcherrima, C. lambica, C. sake, Rhodotorula spp., and Debaryomyces polymorphus. Low numbers of Penicillium spp. were found in pineapple salads, whereas Cladosporium spp. were present in mixed fruit and cut strawberry salads. Twenty-two per cent of the fruit juice samples tested showed fungal contamination. Yeasts were the predominant contaminants ranging from <1.0 to 6.83 log10 cfu/ml. Yeasts commonly found in fruit juices were C. lambica, C. sake, and Rhodotorula rubra. Geotrichum spp. and low numbers of Penicillium and Fusarium spp. (1.70 and 1.60 log10 cfu/ml, respectively) were present in grapefruit juice.     

Sanitizing Effects of Fruit Waxes at High pH and Temperature on Orange Surfaces Inoculated with Escherichia coli

We determined the bactericidal activity of surface applied waxes on oranges. Effective bactericidal activity of combined alkali and heat treatments was observed on both glass slides and orange fruit surfaces. A five log reduction of Escherichia coli was attained by dipping inoculated glass slides in heated (≥50°C) alkaline (pH 10) wax solution for 4 min. A pH 11, dipping at ≥50°C for ≥2 min achieved similar bactericidal effects. On the fruit surface, wax treatments were effective at the non-stem scar area. Thus, applied fruit waxes may be useful on raw agricultural commodities to reduce surface microbial contaminants.     

Photoreduction of chlorothalonil fungicide on plant leaf models

Photodegradation is seldom considered at the surface of vegetation after crop spraying. Chlorothalonil, a broad-spectrum foliar fungicide with a very widespread use worldwide, was considered. To represent the waxy upper layer of leaves, tests were performed within thin paraffin wax films or in n-heptane. Laser flash photolysis together with steady-state irradiation in n-heptane allowed the determination of the photodegradation mechanisms Chlorothalonil ability to produce singlet oxygen was measured; noteworthy its efficiency is close to 100%. Additionally, chlorothalonil photodegradation mainly proceeds through reductive dechlorination. In these hydrophobic media, a radical mechanism was evidenced. Photochemical tests on wax films under simulated solar light show that formulated chlorothalonil is more reactive than pure chlorothalonil. The field-extrapolated half-life of photolysis on vegetation was estimated to 5.3 days. This value was compared to the half-lives of penetration and volatilization available in the literature. It appears that chlorothalonil dissipation from crops is ruled by both photodegradation and penetration. The relative importance of the two paths probably depends on meteorological factors and on physicochemical characteristics of the crop leaf cuticle.     

Use of a multivariate approach to assess the incidence of Alicyclobacillus spp. in concentrate fruit juices marketed in Argentina: results of a 14-year survey

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of Alicyclobacillus spp. in fruit/vegetable juices (concentrated pulps and clarified and non-clarified juices) marketed in Argentina between 1996 and 2009.The presence of Alicyclobacillus was determined in a total of 8556 samples of fruit and vegetable juices (apple, pear, grape, peach, blend of juices, tangerine, pineapple, orange, mango, plum, guava, apricot, lemon, banana, kiwi, carrot, strawberry, grapefruit, and beetroot) collected in seven Argentinean provinces. Multiple factor analysis (MFA) was carried out on a data matrix that contained the percentage of positive samples, type of juice, raw material and production year.Except for kiwi and orange, Alicyclobacillus was found in juices from all the evaluated raw materials. The highest percentage of positive samples was found for beetroot, strawberry, banana, peach, mango, carrot and plum juices. The percentage of positive samples for these juices ranged from 100% to 24%.Furthermore, the application of multivariate techniques provided an insight on the relationship between the incidence of Alicyclobacillus and production variables. This approach enabled the identification of the most relevant variables that increased the percentage of positive samples among the juices, which could help in developing strategies to avoid the incidence of this bacterium.By means of hierarchical cluster analysis seven groups (clusters) of juices which showed different percentages of positive samples for Alicyclobacillus spp. were identified. This analysis showed that pineapple, peach, strawberry, mango and beetroot juices had higher rates of positivity for Alicyclobacillus than the rest of the evaluated juices. MFA analysis also showed that some clear relationships could be highlighted between the percentage of samples positive for Alicyclobacillus and five types of fruit juices (strawberry, beetroot, grapefruit, pineapple and mango). It was observed that a large proportion of juices produced in 2000, 2005 and 2008 were located in clusters with higher incidence of Alicyclobacillus spp., whereas a larger proportion of clarified concentrate juice and concentrate pulp samples showed higher probability of incidence of Alicyclobacillus in these products. Data presented in this study brings a contribution to the ecology of Alicyclobacillus in fruit/vegetable juices marketed in Argentina. This information would be useful to enhance the microbiological stability of fruit juices regarding the presence of Alicyclobacillus spp.     

Effect of low-temperature, high-pressure treatment on the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in unpasteurized fruit juices

The destructive effect of high pressure (615 MPa) combined with low temperature (15 degrees C) on various strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and various serovars of Salmonella in grapefruit, orange, apple, and carrot juices was investigated. The three-strain cocktail of E. coli O157:H7 (SEA13B88, ATCC 43895, and 932) was found to be most sensitive in grapefruit juice (8.34-log reduction) and least in apple juice (0.41-log reductions) when pressurized at 615 MPa for 2 min at 15 degrees C. Correspondingly, no injured survivor was detected in grapefruit and carrot juices under similar treatment conditions. No Salmonella spp. were detected in a 2-min pressure treatment (615 MPa, 15 degrees C) of grapefruit and orange fruit juices. Except for Enteritidis, all four serovars tested in the present study have viability loss of between 3.92- and 5.07-log reductions when pressurized in apple juice at 615 MPa for 2 min at 15 degrees C. No injured cells were recovered from grapefruit and orange juices, whereas the same treatment demonstrated reduction in numbers of Salmonella serovars Agona and Muenchen in apple juices and to a lesser extent with Typhimurium, Agona, and Muenchen in carrot juice. The present study demonstrated that low-temperature, high-pressure treatment has the potential to inactivate E. coli O157:H7 strains and different Salmonella spp. in different fruit juices.     

Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Muenchen on apples as affected by application of commercial fruit waxes

Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Muenchen, and yeasts and molds on apples as affected by application of five commercial apple waxes was investigated. Red Delicious cv. apples at 21 degrees C were spot inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and S. Muenchen and spray coated with waxes. Apples sprayed with water served as controls. Apples were dried at either 21 or 55 degrees C for 2 min before subjecting to microbiological analysis after storage for 0, 1, 3, 6, and 12 weeks at 2 or 21 degrees C. Drying temperature did not significantly influence populations of E. coli O157:H7 and S. Muenchen. Waxing reduced populations E. coli O157:H7 and S. Muenchen by up to 1.48 log10 cfu/apple. Compared to untreated apples, treatment of apples with water or waxes resulted in significant (P < or = 0.05) reductions in populations of E. coli O157:H7 and S. Muenchen during storage at 2 degrees C. Reductions on waxed apples stored at 21 degrees C were not as marked compared to reductions on waxed apples stored at 2 degrees C. With the exception of one wax, drying temperature did not significantly influence populations of yeasts and molds. Mold populations were less affected by wax applications than were yeasts, and were detected in higher numbers on apples treated with three of the five waxes compared to populations recovered from untreated control apples. None of the waxes evaluated can be relied upon to kill or remove E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on apples.     

温州蜜柑和冰糖橙果实表面角质层组分及微观结构差异分析

柑橘果皮表面覆盖着一层蜡质,具有多重重要的生理功能。以温州蜜柑（Citrus unshiu Marc.）和冰糖橙 （Citrus sinensis Osbeck ）果实为原料,采用气相色谱-质谱联用（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS） 对2 种类型柑橘果皮角质层组分进行定性和定量分析,并采用扫描电子显微镜对其微观结构进行观察。GC-MS分析 表明,温州蜜柑和冰糖橙外蜡含量分别为3.7 μg/cm2和2.2 μg/cm2,内蜡含量分别为13.9 μg/cm2和18.4 μg/cm2。温州 蜜柑和冰糖橙的外、内蜡中脂肪族物质主要成分相同,分别为烷烃、脂肪酸、伯醇,但品种间各组分比例及碳原子 数分布存在差异。角鲨烯为冰糖橙果实外蜡结构特有组分。此外,三萜类物质仅在内蜡中检测出。温州蜜柑和冰糖 橙的角质膜层含量分别为44.00 μg/cm2和70.00 μg/cm2,二者含量差异显著（P＜0.05）。扫描电子显微镜结果显示 温州蜜柑的外蜡晶体呈不规则血小板状,冰糖橙的外蜡晶体呈倒伏的血小板状。除去外蜡导致温州蜜柑和冰糖橙的 水分损失速率显著增加（P＜0.05）。相对于脂肪酸,烷烃在保水方面具有更重要的作用。两种类型柑橘的角质层 组分及微观结构的差异可能促成了果实采后不同的贮藏特性,这为提高不同品种柑橘耐贮性提供了重要依据。     

Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate in the fruits of Benincasa hispida

Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is a commonly used plasticizer that is harmful to human health. magnetic resonance spectroscopy from the edible fruit flesh of Benincasa hispida (wax gourd) of the plant family Curcurbitaceae. The DEHP content of seven wax gourd samples collected from southern and northern provinces in China was determined as (mean ± SD): 18.3 ± 0.43, 2.64 ± 0.44, 44.0 ± 0.34, 62.5 ± 0.48, 52.0 ± 0.42, 58.3 ± 0.55 and 75.5 ± 0.63 mg kg^-1 fresh weight, respectively, indicating that most wax gourds were severely contaminated with DEHP.     

USE of ORGANIC SOLVENTS FOR IMPROVING PEELABILITY of TOMATOES

A prepeeling dip was used to demonstrate that removal or modification of the cuticular waxes from the tomato fruit could be used to improve the tomato peeling process. the tomatoes were dipped at various temperatures for I min prior to regular lye peeling. the optimum temperature was found to be 45C. Several organic solvents including chloroform, ethyl acetate, ketones, and alcohols were used. These tomatoes were compared to tomatoes peeled using the lye without the dip. the prepeeling dip reduced the thickness of the cuticular wax layer and produced cracks in the cutin surface. This facilitated good penetration of lye into the tomato resulting in more complete peeling. Peeling after pretreatment produced 86% well peeled tomatoes as compared to 33% well peeled in the control run.     

Effects of processing on pesticide residues in peaches intended for baby food

Peaches containing added residues of chlorpyrifos-methyl, fenitrothion, procymidone and vinclozolin were used for simulated industrial processing in the manufacture of baby food puree. Residues were determined in raw material, in intermediate products at crucial steps of the processing procedure and in final products. Determination of residues was performed by an analytical method, distinguished by high sensitivity, based on acetone extraction, a two-step clean-up/pre-concentration on graphitized carbon and SAX/PSA sorbent, and GC-ECD. The results of the study were interpreted with respect to enforcement of the stringent Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) of 0.01 mg kg^-1 established by the European Commission (EC) for any pesticide in baby food. Peeling was identified as the most effective procedure in reducing residues. Thermal treatment (concentration and sterilisation) substantially reduced organophosphate (chlorpyrifos-methyl, fenitrothion) residues, whereas procymidone and vinclozolin residue levels were increased in peach puree.     

Multiresidue analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in vegetables and fruits using dual-column GC-FPD, -NPD

We investigated simultaneous and consecutive analytical methods for pesticide residues in large numbers of vegetable and fruit samples. Extraction of the sample with acetonitrile was followed by a salting-out step using a graduated cylinder. Co-extractives were removed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and the pesticide eluate was separated to 2 fractions. Firstly, the second fraction (85-125 mL) was passed through a silica-gel mini-column. After putting a Florisil mini-column before the silica-gel mini-column, the first fraction (55-85 mL) was passed through the tandem mini-columns, which were then eluted with 15 mL of 50% acetone/petroleum ether. The eluate was subjected to dual-column GC with dual FPD (P mode, column Rtx-OPPesticides) and NPD (column Rtx-200) detectors. Recoveries of 63 organophosphorus pesticides from fortified spinach, tomato, apple and strawberry, ranged from 71 to 126% with RSD values of 1-18%, except for the RSDs of omethoate, isoxathion, and pyraclofos (20% <). Detection limits of pesticides were 0.5-2 ng/g. Surveillance of pesticides in vegetables and fruits was carried out by using the present method. From 20 out of 30 samples, 15 pesticides (39 in total) were detected. The results indicated that the present method can be applied as an efficient and reliable tool for monitoring organophosphorus pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits.     

Residues of the fungicide famoxadone in grapes and its fate during wine production

Famoxadone is a recently applied fungicide to vines that belongs to the oxazolidinedione family. The fate of famoxadone was studied by considering the decay ratio of this fungicide during the maturation of grapes and wine production. The main factors affecting the presence of fungicide residues such as fruit growth, photodegradation, evaporation, thermodegradation and co-distillation were studied with model systems. An experimental field was treated with a commercial product containing famoxadone at the recommended dose. After this application, residues of famoxadone were found in grapes at 0.27 ± 0.06 mg kg^-1. In this field experiment, the half-life (t_1/2;) of famoxadone, which is described by pseudo-first-order kinetics (R² = 0.74), was 18 ± 6 days, resulting from the photodegradation. The famoxadone residue levels in grapes were below the established maximum residues level for Europe (2 mg kg^-1), whilst levels in wine, carried out with and without maceration, were below the calculated limit of detection of the method.     

莲雾果酒酿造过程发酵动力学模型研究

以莲雾为原料,对其榨汁后添加酵母菌进行发酵,酿制成酒液清澈透亮、色泽呈粉红色、具有香醇芳香气味的莲雾果酒。测定莲雾酒发酵过程中酵母菌的数量、酒精度、总糖含量随时间的变化,应用Logistic方程,分别建立酵母菌数量变化、酒精度变化和总糖含量变化的发酵动力学模型,并对莲雾果酒发酵过程中的酵母菌生长动力学、酒精量变化动力学、总糖含量变化动力学模型进行了模拟。由实验结果可知：模型的预测值与实验值的拟合度分别为0.949、0.979、0.997,说明相关性极显著,模型能较好的反映莲雾果酒发酵过程的动力学特性。     

Physicochemical and volatile profile alterations in pasteurized and frozen strawberry pulp during storage

This study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics and volatile profile of strawberry pulp subjected to factors, pasteurization (unpasteurized and pasteurized), freezing method (static air and forced air), and their interactions, during 12 months. Strawberry fruit were washed, sanitized, and pulped. The pulp was packaged, pasteurized, and frozen (0, 2, 4, 6, and 12 months). We concluded that pasteurization alters the strawberry pulp color. The impact of pasteurization and freezing method on the strawberry pulp pH, titratable acidity, and soluble solids variables is negligible. We tentatively identified 13 volatile compounds in fresh fruit and pulp, ethyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, and linalool being the volatiles with the highest area percentage in the two products. The esters were predominant in both the fruit and strawberry pulp. Time is the most determining factor in modifying the strawberry pulp volatile profile, having an isolated effect on the increase of ethanol, ethyl butanoate, and linalool.

Practical applications

The strawberry is very used worldwide as raw material to different products, due to its color, flavor, and aroma. Thus, obtaining further information about the changes caused by processing and storage is of great importance for the food industry. This study shows the effect of simultaneous application of different processing techniques (pasteurization and freezing methods) on physicochemical variables and volatile profile of strawberry pulp over prolonged storage. Significant and unpublished results involving color, pH, acidity, soluble solids, and volatile compounds of strawberry frozen pulp over storage period are presented and may be applied for food industry to keep the pulp quality.     

Residues of azoxystrobin, fenhexamid and pyrimethanil in strawberry following field treatments and the effect of domestic washing

Residues of the pesticides azoxystrobin, fenhexamid and pyrimethanil were determined in strawberry after field treatment. The effect of 'home' washing with tap water and a commercially available vegetable detergent on residue levels was also studied. After treatment, azoxystrobin and pyrimethanil residues on strawberry were on average 0.55 and 2.98 mg kg^-1, respectively, values below the maximum residue level (MRL) fixed by the European Union (2.0 and 5 mg kg^-1, respectively), while fenhexamid residues were on average 2.99 mg kg^-1, which is very close to the MRL of 3.0 mg kg^-1, but some samples were over the MRL. Thereafter, all residues declined, with a half-life of about 8 days (azoxystrobin and fenhexamid) and 4.8 days (pyrimethanil). Washing the fruit with tap water reduced the residues of azoxystrobin and fenhexamid but did not affect pyrimethanil residues. Finally, when fruits were washed with a commercial detergent, greater amounts were removed (about 45% of azoxystrobin and pyrimethanil and 60% of fenhexamid).