太阳能供热采暖技术讲座（1）太阳能采暖的意义、特点及分类

一太阳能采暖的意义 利用太阳能加热的系统,既可以为用户提供生活热水,又可供建筑物采暖.我国气候大体可划分为严寒、寒冷、夏热冬冷、夏热冬暧、温和五大热工地区.其中,东北、华北和西北(简称"三北"地区)全年累计日平均温度等于或低于5℃的天数,一般都在90天以上,最多(满洲里)达211天.历年来习惯将这些地区称之为采暖地区,其总面积约占全国国土面积的70%.     

武汉某办公楼地源热泵系统能效测评

通过对某办公楼地源热泵系统的短期测试与长期监测,分析了影响系统能效的主要因素,得出了该热回收热泵机组的部分负荷制冷性能系数低于额定工况下的制冷性能系数,热泵系统能效比略高于常规机组系统能效比下限值2.4,得出了夏热冬冷地区实际累计采暖+卫生热水热负荷大于累计冷负荷,增量成本的实际回收期高于预测回收期。建议夏热冬冷地区采用三工况(制冷、制热、热回收)地源热泵系统,可不设辅助冷却系统。     

夏热冬冷地区供暖方式的对比分析

针对"夏热冬冷地区采用何种方式供暖"的问题,通过问卷调查法整理出广大居民的需求,然后介绍了5种常用的供暖方式。通过熵值分析法对5种供暖方式进行对比,结果表明:在夏热冬冷地区供暖方式的选择上,初装费用、运行费用、可靠性、安全性、环境友好度等5项所占的权重较大;空气源-太阳能热泵采暖综合评价值最高(为3.35),是解决夏热冬冷地区采暖问题的最佳方式。     

夏热冬冷地区居住建筑采暖的探讨

通过对夏热冬冷地区采暖现状大样本的调研,综合该地域的能源现状以及国家能源安全和能源消费对环境的影响,提出了适合夏热冬冷地区居住建筑采暖的技术途径。     

一种新型的与建筑一体化太阳能双效集热器系统的实验研究

提出了一种新型的与建筑一体化太阳能双效集热器系统,该系统有两种工作模式:被动采暖工作模式和集热水工作模式。由系统工作在被动采暖工作模式下的实验结果可以得到:系统房间内空气存在温度分层现象,测试期间上下位置最大温差为4.2℃,平均温差约为2.7℃;系统在被动采暖工作模式下工作时对房间温度的提高作用明显,实验测试结果显示,实验期间系统房间平均温度达到24.7℃,相对环境温度升高平均达到19.9℃。通过系统以自然循环方式工作在集热水工作模式下的实验测试结果,可以得到实验期间在集热水工作模式下系统的热效率为52.8%,集热器单位面积太阳得热为4.16MJ/m~2。     

南方冬季应急采暖系统应用分析

针对当前有关南方冬季采暖的热点问题进行了分析讨论,指出夏热冬冷地区冬季采暖方式不应盲目复制北方集中供暖模式。为了解决南方冬季采暖问题,提出了"应急采暖系统"的概念,并对该系统的形式和运行特性进行了介绍。     

天津"都旺新城"太阳能与建筑一体化示范项目

总结了国家发展改革委和联合国UNDP基金组织支持的国内首批"太阳能与建筑一体化"示范项目--天津"都旺新城"太阳能热水工程,指出夏热冬冷地区利用平板太阳能集热器解决居民生活热水是完全可行的.     

蓄热（冷）器

采暖、空调和热水供应系统采用蓄热（冷）器可以充分利用太阳能、地热能、废废和余热等低品位能源,达到节能的目的。本文综述了可供采暖、空调和热水供应系统采用的各种类型的蓄热（冷）器,着重介绍了国外研制和使用情况。     

内蒙古地区太阳能热水采暖系统的应用研究

太阳能采暖系统是一种满足住户采暖和热水供应需求的新型太阳能热水系统,能有效的减少常规能源的消耗。针对北方寒冷地区气候特点,研究了一套新型的太阳能热水采暖组合系统,阐述了其工作流程,并以内蒙古新能源试验示范基地太阳房为试点,对其太阳能采暖和生活用热水供应的可行性、经济性进了行分析。     

福建省某地源热泵系统设计与思考

通过对夏热冬冷地区某地埋管地源热泵系统进行测评,并对测评数据进行处理,结合地域特性与工程现状对系统运行及节能情况进行了分析;通过分析结果与设计图纸进行对照,对该系统存在的问题进行诊断。对夏热冬冷地区后期地源热泵系统的应用及推广有一定借鉴意义。     

Experimental study of the burning-cave hot water soil heating system in solar greenhouse

In the northern China areas, the traditional heating methods are widely used in solar greenhouse, for example: electric heating, hot air heating, hot water heating, burning-cave heating etc. If copying the assuring building indoor environment of constant heating ways into solar greenhouse, it will further increase building energy consumption, thus improving the efficiency of energy utilization, establishing appropriate growing environment, and realizing the agricultural waste recycling are important ways of consistent with the Chinese conditions, construction of sustainable development, improving the efficiency of the greenhouse production. To solve the problem of traditional heating method for high heating energy consumption, the inharmonious between greenhouse air temperature and soil temperature, uneven soil temperature, the research build the burning cave hot water soil heating system of solar greenhouse experimental platform in accordance with principle of energy cascade utilization. This experiment platform will transfer burning cave internal heat into soil heating system. The soil is evenly heated by system. Through testing the actual operation effect of the burning cave hot water soil heating system of new solar greenhouse, electric heating system, no taking any heating measures system, burning cave hot water soil heating system of solar greenhouse can improve the soil average temperature 5 ∼ 6 °C. This research provides experimental basis for practical applications and promotion.     

Thermal characteristics of a building-integrated dual-function solar collector in water heating mode with natural circulation

As a modified building-integrated solar thermal system, building-integrated dual-function solar collector here proposed is able to provide passive space heating in cold winter, and water heating in warm seasons. In this study, evaluations were made on this modified collector system for the warm period operation under the water heating mode with natural circulation of flow. A dynamic numerical model has been developed and validated by experimental data. Based on practical air-conditioned room design conditions, numerical analysis was performed to study the water heating performance, as well as to compare the solar transmission through building facade in different seasons with or without its presence. The results show that when working in the water heating mode, the system performs well in providing services hot water in the warm seasons without bringing in summer overheating problem.     

太阳能复合能量系统在生态建筑中的应用研究

针对上海市生态建筑示范楼,介绍了太阳能供热水、空调、地板采暖、自然通风复合能量系统的设计及主要部件。同时根据已经获取的实验数据,分别针对夏季、过渡季、冬季分析了太阳能复合能量系统在典型工况下的运行特性。     

Performance analysis of a solar-assisted swimming pool heating system

This paper deals with feasibility studies for a solar-assisted heating system for the University of Miami's Aquatic Center using the simulation program TRNSYS. The Aquatic Center is composed of an outdoor olympic size swimming pool and locker room building. The solar heating is accomplished by employing hot water generated by heat exchange with the solar collector working fluid. Two thermal storage tanks are employed for the collector and domestic use. The performance of the system is analyzed from both thermodynamic and economic standpoints and general conclusions are reached.     

Design and performance studies on a solar room heater

Almost all the research and development of solar heating has been directed towards large and expensive buildings in areas where conventional fuel and electricity are plentiful and cheap. Keeping this in mind a solar room heater capable of heating single rooms to comfortable level has been designed and tested for two winter seasons at Roorkee. Simple design curves for finding out the absorber size, for a given heating load for a number of Indian cities, and panel size for the specified requirement are developed and discussed. Water is used as a heat storage media and hot water is stored in a number of storage panels placed inside the room near the wall. Radiative and convective heat losses from the surface of panels heat the room air. Temperature distribution in the experimental and office room with and without heating it along with the ambient air temperature and solar insolation are measured and discussed. It is concluded that conventional rooms can be conveniently heated to comfortable levels by solar energy.     

Overheating caused by passive solar elements in Tunis. Effectiveness of some ways to prevent it

Although Tunisian winters are mild compared with northern regions, there are heating requirements; their limited level suggests that passive solar energy would probably be able to meet them. However, the summer is hot enough, and one may wonder whether a solar design oriented toward the cold season would not induce severe overheating. Numerous studies have dealt with the heating performance of passive solar elements, but very little has been done to analyze their behavior in hot climatic conditions. The National School for Engineers of Tunis has built a passive solar pavilion which has been carefully instrumented. Special care has been devoted to the summer behavior of the pavilion. In this paper we describe some of the actions taken to prevent overheating, and we investigate their efficacy both by analysis of recorded measurements and by simulation. It is found that night ventilation is the most responsible action in decreasing room temperature, and that Trombe wall screening is more efficient than operating the walls as a solar chimney; overhangs are of valuable aid, and shuttering of the direct gain element also helps against overheating. The high thermal capacity results in a very stable room temperature, and plays an essential role for cooling when coupled with night ventilation. Finally, it is found that if appropriate action is taken in the hot season, a house equipped with passive solar heating elements can reach a very acceptable level of comfort in summer time.     

以太阳能/空气为热源的直膨式热泵热水系统

介绍了一种直膨式太阳能热泵空调及热水系统。针对春季供热水工况，分别对以太阳能及空气为热源生产生活热水进行了比较，发现以太阳能为热源具有更高的COP值，节能效果更为显著；根据试验数据分析了压缩机工作频率、太阳辐射强度、环境温度等因素对热泵系统性能系数的影响。     

Energy consumption of a residential building: comparison of conventional and RES-based systems

The energy needs of a typical one-family house in the Thessaloniki area for heating, cooling and domestic hot water production are calculated. The calculations are based on the typical average daily consumption of hot water and on the degree-day method for heating and cooling. The results are finally translated into thermal energy consumption, assuming the typical Greek situation (heating with diesel oil boilers and conventional radiators, cooling with local air-to-air split-type heat pumps and hot water production with electric heaters). The same energy needs are assumed to be covered by a vertical closed loop ground heat exchanger combined with a water-to-water heat pump system with fan-coils for heating and cooling and a thermosyphonic solar system for domestic hot water production. The ground heat exchanger/heat pump system efficiency is determined using data from an existing and continuously monitored similar system installed in the broader area of Thessaloniki. The solar system load coverage is calculated using the f-chart method. The energy consumption of the renewable energy systems is calculated and compared to that of the conventional system. The results prove that significant energy savings can be achieved.     

屋顶集热式太阳房供暖系统研究

研制了一种屋顶集热式太阳房供暖系统,对该系统进行了结构设计优化和试验测试,结果表明,在冬季晴朗的白天,对于保温较差的试验平房（热负荷约为120W／m^2）,利用1／2的屋顶面积集热,室内温度最高达到20℃,平均温度约18℃,比对照房温度高约6℃;对于保温较好的建筑物（采暖期热负荷约为20W／m^2）,太阳能供暖系统在冬季白天可有效地为房间供热,多余的热量利用储热装置储存以满足夜间供暖的需要,从而实现冬季24小时为建筑物供热的目标。