“先锚后挖”施工工艺在高地应力坝基开挖中的研究和应用

高地应力坝基开挖过程中岩体出现强烈的卸荷松弛现象是高坝施工中面临的一大难题,岩体质量是关系坝体稳定和安全的重要因素。针对锦屏一级水电站左岸高地应力、地质复杂的高陡边坡坝基开挖,创新的"先锚后挖"施工工艺,经过了一系列理论研究和施工试验后,在施工中成功应用,获得了优良的开挖效果。     

高拱坝建基岩体条件研究

高拱坝拦蓄水体巨大,要求建基岩体应具有较高的承载力及抗变形能力,但坝基嵌入深度过大,坝基大量开挖会影响坝基上下游高边坡的稳定,此外,存在高地应力导致的坝基岩体卸荷松弛问题等。在对比研究国内外设计标准对建基面的要求基础上,结合锦屏一级特高拱坝建基面的确定进行分析,总结出几点新的认识在采取可靠基础处理措施的前提下,可适当降低对建基岩体的质量要求;可采取适当增加坝体厚度、降低拱坝应力水平的方式,降低建基岩体受载;采取在拱坝下游抗力体区域施加横向锚索锁固的方式,可提高建基岩体承载能力。     

高陡岩石边坡开挖卸荷松弛影响分析

高陡边坡岩石表层开挖后,合理评价卸荷程度是水电工程建设的关键技术问题。基于卸荷岩体力学理论及方法,采用岩土工程数值分析软件,结合锦屏一级水电站缆机平台高陡边坡开挖过程,分别计算分析了不考虑卸荷和考虑卸荷2种工况下边坡应力、位移、稳定安全系数、塑性区及危险滑裂面的变化规律。定量分析表明,开挖卸荷对边坡应力、位移、稳定安全系数、塑性区及危险滑裂面的影响程度明显,在实际工程开挖分析中卸荷松弛不宜忽略。     

大岗山水电站坝基长观孔测试分析研究

大渡河大岗山水电站坝址地处中等地应力为主的局部高应力区域,坝基岩体在开挖过程中受地应力的影响,会发生不同程度的卸荷松弛。为能深入了解坝基岩体的松弛变化规律,对大岗山水电站坝基范围内的长观孔声波测试数据进行了分析研究,从声波纵波速度Vp随时间的衰减情况,分析坝基岩体的松弛变化过程,并利用钻孔全景图像测试,观察岩体内结构面的发展情况,获得了可靠的地质勘察成果。研究结果表明,岩体波速总体随开挖面暴露时间的增加而降低,卸荷深度也逐渐增大,至一定程度后趋于稳定。     

某高拱坝坝基开挖卸荷松弛时空效应

水利水电工程中坝基开挖造成的岩体卸荷松弛是影响工程质量和安全的重要问题,查明岩体卸荷松弛的时间规律和空间特征,为加固工程设计方案提供数据依据具有重要意义。在某高拱坝坝基开挖过程中利用声波测井技术对建基面岩体进行大面积长期观测,对声波数据进行统计分析,并结合现场卸荷松弛现象,总结出岩体开挖所引起的岩体在一定时间和空间上的卸荷效应及发育特征。结果表明:岩体的卸荷松弛主要发生在开挖后的前8个月,10~12个月后基本结束;卸荷松弛的速率先快后慢;原岩的岩体结构越完整,卸荷效应越低,反之则越高;松弛带厚度与坡比之间存在一个最优坡比值;岩体的卸荷松弛是由浅入深渐进发展的,浅层岩体卸荷松弛程度明显高于深部岩体,且持续时间更长;结构面和软弱夹层是卸荷松弛的重要部位,影响大型岩块的稳定     

旭龙水电站环境边坡稳定性分析评价

为查明旭龙水电站环境边坡工程地质问题并提出工程处理措施建议,确保工程施工安全,通过现场地质调查与测绘、无人机航拍、三维实景模型分析等手段,针对旭龙水电站环境边坡存在的危岩体、崩塌堆积体、强烈卸荷松弛区等三类主要工程地质问题,通过工程地质分析及数值模拟,分析了各类工程地质问题的成因机制及失稳模式,评价了边坡稳定性,并提出相应的工程治理建议。结果表明：危岩体稳定性多为较差至差,崩塌堆积体整体稳定性较好,强烈卸荷松弛区岩体稳定性差。建议对体积最大的1号危岩区采取卸荷开挖、锚固等措施进行治理,避免对体积最大的1号堆积体坡脚开挖,清除S3强烈卸荷松弛区松动岩体后锚固下伏强卸荷岩体。研究结果可为类似工程治理提供参考。     

大岗山水电站坝基岩体表层卸荷松弛带特征分析

大岗山水电站拱坝坝基开挖后,表层岩体卸荷松弛强烈,岩体声波测试时波速明显降低,形成低波速带。本文讨论了建基岩体开挖后岩体卸荷变形破坏形式,分析了表层卸荷松弛带的划分、空间分布特征及其成因,并提出了相应工程处理措施。     

西南某电站坝基柱状节理玄武岩松弛特性研究

柱状节理玄武岩因其特殊的岩体结构,开挖卸荷后易松弛、岩体力学参数降低,对工程建设不利。因此,研究柱状节理玄武岩的松弛特性,对柱状节理玄武岩的开挖、支护设计有着重要意义。通过岩体声波测试,分析西南某电站坝基在开挖过程中柱状节理玄武岩的松弛特性,总结了开挖卸荷后坝基柱状节理玄武岩在松弛深度、松弛岩体时空分布、松弛程度等方面的规律,为工程设计提供了可靠依据。     

高陡边坡卸荷岩体群锚效应试验研究

锦屏一级水电站左岸高陡边坡卸荷岩体采用压力分散型无黏结预应力锚索作为主要支护方式,由于锚索吨位大、间距小,卸荷岩体在锚固力作用下出现较大压缩变形,相邻锚索相互影响导致锚固预应力损失,群锚效应显著。为研究卸荷岩体中的群锚效应,根据相似理论制作了卸荷岩体相似材料模型,进行了群锚加固物理模型试验,结合试验数据和Mindlin解分析了岩体的位移、变形、锚固力叠加效应及锚索预应力损失。研究结果表明卸荷岩体中的群锚效应主要包括:①锚索引起的应力叠加对卸荷岩体具有显著的压缩效应;②锚索张拉造成邻近锚索的预应力损失。最后通过试验分析和理论推导得出了群锚作用下岩体的位移及锚索预应力损失率的计算方法。研究认为,合理设置锚索间距和适当增加锚索长度能有效地减小群锚效应造成的锚索预应力损失,并在实际工程中得到了验证。     

大吨位、超长预应力锚索施工难点控制

锦屏一级水电站泄洪洞进口边坡主要由大理岩局部夹绿片岩透镜体组成,靠近普斯罗沟沟边全部为风化卸荷岩体,局部强卸荷,裂隙明显,岩体完整性较差,结构较松弛。为了工程施工期及电站运行期安全,工程采用T=3000KN,L=70~100m预应力锚索对开挖边坡进行锚固支护。主要介绍了大吨位、超长预应力锚索的主要施工难点及控制措施。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.