The experimental obesity by high-fat feeding--a model for evaluation of the biological value of fats

The experimental obesity by high-fat feeding of rats, introduced after weaning, was found to be a suitable model for evaluation of the biological value of nutritional fats with different fatty acid composition: butter (group B), lard (L), partially hydrogenated oil (H), lard + sunflower oil 2:1 (LS). The differences in the fatty acid composition of these regimens affect: the efficiency in creating the model of obesity; the hormonal pattern of blood plasma; some metabolic pathways in liver and adipose tissue (especially in group H); the fatty acid composition of some structural, reserve and transport lipids; some biological tests indicative of membrane's phospholipid and fatty acid composition, i.e. the rate of platelets aggregation. A special attention should be paid to the striking differences in the cellularity and morphogenesis of adipose tissue in group B (hyperplastic obesity) in comparison with all other high-fat groups (hypertrophic obesity), irrespective of the identical energy and protein content of the diets. Thus, the early administration of a diet with butterfat (50% of energy) promoted a model of hyperplastic obesity, while the isocaloric diet with lard + sunflower oil caused a hypertrophic type of obesity. The authors have proved the regenerating capacity of the periepididymal fat pad in adult rats after partial lipectomy. The relative contribution of endogenic and exogenic (nutritional) factors in this process is discussed and the modifications in the cellularity of adipose tissue on these conditions are evaluated.     

The production of Agadagidi — A Nigerian fermented beverage

The traditional process for preparing agadagidi is described. Yeasts and bacteria were the associated microorganisms involved in various stages of fermentation. The frequently isolated genera are Saccharomyces, Leuconostoc. and Streptococcus. Bacillius and Micrococcus occurred occasionally. Morphological and biochemical properties of the isolate were studied in pure cultures. There was variability of occurrence of the associated microorganism during isolations. Titratable acid and alcohol content increased gradually till the end of fermentation, while the total soluble solid and pH however decreased.     

Deterioration of β-carotene in certain hydrogenated fats. I.—Incidence of green discoloration during storage

An investigation of the stability of β-carotene in 111 samples of hydrogenated edible fats revealed that during storage at temperatures in the range of +20° to —20°, green discoloration of the yellow fats occurred in 38 samples during the first year of storage. The green discoloration was found mostly in hydrogenated palm kernel oil and coconut oil; samples of hydrogenated marine and soyabean oils were much less susceptible to colour change. The rate of development of the colour change was generally a maximum in the temperature range +6° to —6° and decreased rapidly as the temperature was raised.     

Analysis of oils and fats by gas chromatography. V.—Fatty acid composition of the leaf lipids of myosotis scorpioides

The fatty acids of the leaf lipids of Myosotis scorpioides have been shown to contain relatively large proportions of γ-linolenic and octadecatetraenoic acids as well as the more usual palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Changes in the proportions of all the different classes of fatty acids have been found during the growing season of the plant, and also changes in fatty acid composition depending on the growth locality.     

Synthesis and pesticidal evaluation of phenazines I.—Halophenazines

The synthesis and biological activity of twenty-six halophenazines is described. the Wohl-Aue reaction and the new method for cyclisation of 2-nitrodiphenylamines by oleum were found to be the most convenient methods of synthesis. Phytotoxicity of a characteristic type was higher in foliar spray than in pre-emergence tests. Chlorine substitution appeared to confer higher activity than other halogen substituents, and in the chlorophenazines activity decreased with increasing substitution. Both 1-and 2-chlorophenazine were highly effective herbicides. Acaricidal and fungicidal activity showed similar responses to structural changes, and optimum activity, together with a low level of phytotoxicity, was reached with 1, 4-dichlorophenazine.     

Deterioration of β-carotene in certain hydrogenated fats. III.—Factors affecting the rate at which green discoloration occurs

The influence of a variety of additives and thermal treatments upon the rate at which green discoloration develops in β-carotene-hydrogenated fat systems is reported. The observed effects are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the colour change is associated with the production of β-carotene epoxides from the oxidation of β-carotene by peroxy acids which are formed by the interaction of aldehydoglycerides with dissolved oxygen. Possible methods which might be employed in avoiding the incidence of the discoloration include suitable choice of oil, the use of certain additives, notably commercial lecithin (for food uses), adequate ‘tempering’ of the finished fat, and care in the use of cool (and cold) storage.     

Deterioration of β-carotene in certain hydrogenated fats. II.—Products of β-carotene deterioration and nature of the green pigment

The non-saponifiable fraction from a sample of β-carotene-hardened palm kernel oil which had developed a green discoloration has been examined. A number of β-carotene oxidation products were found and these included a number of β-carotene epoxide derivatives. A compound thought to be β-apo-3-carotenal was also found, but the apo-2- and apo-4-carotenals were not present in more than trace amounts. A major component was similar to, but not identical with, mutatochrome (β-carotene 5,8-epoxide). It is suggested that the green discoloration of the carotenised fat was due to oxidation of β-carotene to epoxide derivatives by traces of peroxyacids and the conversion of these epoxides into green-blue ionised forms by the action of an acidic material present in the fat.     

A clinical and experimental study of the food and biological value of dietetic canned chicken meat for children

The results are presented of clinico-experimental investigations of 4 different variants of dietetic canned chicken meat for children. The products were enriched with blood stimulants. Certain clinical and hematological parameters were used for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the canned chicken meat. The results obtained have evidenced that the products studied are tolerated well and produce a pronounced antianemic effect.     

食用油脂中碘值快速检测试剂盒的研制及其性能评价

对食用油脂中碘值的快速检测方法进行研究,研制出相应的快速检测试剂盒并对其性能进行测试。试验表明快速检测试剂盒相比于国标法方法更加方便快捷而且准确度高,检测时间由1 h以上缩短至10 mins,在常温条件下存放6个月时间内其稳定性良好对碘值的测试结果与国标方法基本一致。该试剂盒的研制弥补了国内相关产品的空白,符合未来食品快速检测技术的发展趋势。     

Effect of feeding on conjugated cis Δ9, trans Δ11-octadecadienoic acid and other isomers of linoleic acid in bovine milk fats

Almost 2000 bovine milk fats were analysed by gas chromatography to investigate the influence of typical barn and pasture feeding of cows on trans-C18:2 isomers (with at least one trans double bond) including the conjugated linoleic acid cis Δ9, trans Δ11 (c9,t11) as well as the cis Δ9, cis Δ12 linoleic acid. Moreover, small cow herds were used to determine the influence of pasture feeding with young and older grass as well as the impact of an energy deficit or the variation of quantity and technical treatment of fed rape-seed on the content of C18:2 isomers in milk fat. The contents of trans-C18:2 (w/o c9,t11) and c9,t11 in 1756 milk fats on average amounted to 0.63% resp. 0.75%. These contents increased from barn feeding in winter with 0.46% resp. 0.45% over the transiton period in spring and late autumn with 0.66% resp. 0.76% to pasture feeding in summer with 0.87% resp. 1.20%. Milk fat samples from bulk milk obtained weekly during one year from 4 large West German milk collection areas confirmed and completed the data found for the 1756 milk fats. The percentage of linoleic acid with a mean value of 1.24 (n = 1756) varied irregularly during the different feeding periods. The content of the conjugated linoleic acid c9,t11 could be raised considerably up to triple the normal amount by different changes in feeding. However, the content of trans-C18:1 fatty acids was strongly increased as well, respectively.     

The nutritional and therapeutic value of tea—a review

The nutritional significance of tea is confined to certain vitamins and minerals. Tea is able to contribute riboflavin, folic acid, β-carotene, α-tocopherol and phylloquinone, and is also one of the more significant sources of fluoride in the UK diet. The pharmacological action of caffeine in tea is so modified, probably by its interaction with polyphenols, that the beneficial properties of the alkaloid may be enjoyed without harmful side effects. Beneficial effects attributed to tea polyphenols acting synergistically with ascorbic acid include the strengthening of capillary blood vessels and an anti-atherosclerosis action. The potential value of tea has been well recognised in Russia but has received scant attention in the West.     

Modified Cellulose Products by Bleaching and Its Uses — A Preliminary Study

The reaction of cellulose with hypochlorite at high and low pH was studied, but no apparent use of the resulting product is known. The method outlined here involves treatment of cellulose materials with appropriate amounts of hypochlorite at low pH, resulting in a chemically modified cellulose, which is suitable as a carrier vehicle for a wide variety of active cosmetic, personal care products, and possibly as a food additive.     

The quantitative analysis of indole glucosinolates by gas chromatography — the importance of the derivatisation conditions

The effect of derivatisation conditions on the quantitative analysis of indole glucosinolates as the desulphated trimethylsilyl derivatives using gas chromatography is examined. Structures for the trimethylsilyl derivatives of glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin are suggested from an analysis of their ammonia chemical ionisation mass spectra. Caution is urged in the analysis of these compounds without prior optimisation of the conditions of derivatisation.     

Direct determination of fat using ISO/CD 17189.2—an international collaborative study of spreadable fats and a meta-analysis

A method for the direct determination of the total fat content in spreadable fats, including low fat and regular fat margarines, reduced fat butter, blended spreads and a sterol-fortified spread, was studied collaboratively using 12 laboratories and eight samples (fat range: 23–82 g fat/100 g product). The method involved mixing 1–2 g of sample with petroleum ether solvent to extract the fat. The solvent of pooled lots of 3–4 extractions (the number of extractions depended on the phase separation technique used) was evaporated, and the extract was dried to constant mass and weighed. Estimates of repeatability (2.8s_r) and reproducibility (2.8s_R) were 0.24 g fat/100 g product and 0.44 g fat/100 g product, respectively. A meta-analysis of five international collaborative studies yielded grand estimates of repeatability and reproducibility of 0.26 g fat/100 g product and 0.45 g fat/100 g product, respectively (95% confidence intervals: 0.24–0.28 g fat/100 g product and 0.41–0.49 g fat/100 g product, respectively). These estimates apply to the full scope of draft ISO standard 17189.2, i.e. butter, edible oil emulsions and spreadable fats. The work reported in this paper completes the validation of this standard, which may now be progressed for final adoption as an international reference method.     

Comparative biological value of the proteins comprising the products for the tube and regular feeding of patients with mandibular fractures

A comparative clinical evaluation was made of the biological effectiveness of protein components in the composition of three types of diet for patients with fractures of the mandible who had received "Ensure" (USA), a product for complete tube feeding; an experimental sample developed at the Institute of Nutrition, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR; and a routine clinical diet. The biological effectiveness of the proteins was estimated by some anthropometric and biochemical parameters as well as on the basis of nitrogenous metabolism in the patients. It has been established that the protein content in the routine clinical diets does not meet the high requirements in amino acids of patients with fracture of the mandible. In this respect the products for tube and dietotherapy have proved to be effective and completely provide the need of such patients in essential amino acids that has been evidenced by the results of the investigations conducted.     

The feeding value of corn distillers solubles for lactating dairy cows

Fifteen Holstein cows (10 multiparous and 5 primiparous) in early to mid lactation (79.3 ± 9.2 d in milk) were used in a multiple 5 × 5 Latin square design with 4-wk periods to evaluate and compare the use of condensed corn distillers solubles (CCDS) and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in the total mixed ration. The forage portion of the diets was kept constant at 27.5% corn silage and 27.5% alfalfa hay (dry matter basis). Diets were 1) 0% distillers grains products (control); 2) 18.5% DDGS; 3) 10% CCDS; 4) 20% CCDS; and 5) a combination diet of 18.5% DDGS with 10% CCDS. Diets 2 and 3 contained 2% fat from DDGS or CCDS, whereas diet 4 contained 4% fat from CCDS and diet 5 contained 4% fat from the blend of DDGS and CCDS. The diets were balanced to provide 17% crude protein with variation in acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and fat concentration. Dry matter intake (21.5 kg/d) was similar for all diets. Milk yield (33.8, 36.2, 35.5, 36.0, and 36.0 kg/d) tended to be greater for diets 2 to 5 than for diet 1, whereas yields of fat (1.04 kg/d), protein (1.02 kg/d), fat percentage (2.94), and protein percentage (2.98) were similar for all diets. Energy-corrected milk (32.2 kg/d) and feed efficiency (1.58 kg of energy-corrected milk/kg of dry matter intake) were similar for all diets. Milk urea nitrogen (15.0, 10.9, 11.1, 11.0, and 11.4 mg/dL) as well as blood urea nitrogen (15.6, 12.5, 14.6, 13.8, and 14.2 mg/dL) were decreased in diets 2 to 5 compared with diet 1. Milk concentrations of long-chain fatty acids as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids were greater and medium-chain fatty acid concentrations were lower for diets 2 to 5 compared with diet 1. Concentrations of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; 0.33, 0.68, 0.51, 0.85, and 1.07 g/100 g of fatty acids) as well as trans-10, cis-12 CLA (<0.01, 0.01, <0.01, 0.02, and 0.02 g/100 g of fatty acids) were greater for diets 2 to 5 compared with diet 1. Molar proportions of ruminal acetate decreased and propionate increased for diets 2 to 5 compared with diet 1. The results showed that CCDS is as effective as DDGS in replacing soybean meal and corn grain in the total mixed ration.     

The Starch of Amaranthus — Physico-chemical Properties and Functional Characteristics

Starch from four varieties of amaranth grain were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Physico-chemical properties, including swelling power, solubility, water binding capacity, enzyme susceptibility, amylograph viscosity, and amylose, were determined. Functional characteristics, including bread and cake baking performance were studied. The granules of starch isolated from seeds of Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus were found to be very small in size. They were angular and polygonal in shape. Compared to corn starch, the amaranth starches had a higher swelling power, a lower solubility, a greater water binding capacity, a lower susceptibility to α-amylase, a higher amylograph viscosity and much lower amylose content. The amaranth starches produced very poor quality breads and cakes. The breads and cakes were low in volume, lacked symmetry, and had inferior grain, texture and crumb color.     

The Starch of Pueraria tuberosa — Comparison with Maize Starch

Pueraria tuberosa starch was isolated from the tuber and purified. Scanning electron microscopy of the starch showed polygonal shaped granules which were almost of the same particle size as those of maize starch. P. tuberosa starch has lower amylose content, almost same gelatinization temperature range and water binding capacity, more swelling and solubility compared to maize starch. Paste viscosity characteristics show high peak viscosity but also indicate fragile nature of granules in comparison to maize starch.