Performance evaluation of the anaerobic fluidised bed system: II. Biomass holdup and characteristics

The biomass holdup and characteristics of the anareobic fluidised bed system for methane recovery from liquid wastes was examined at COD loadings of between 5.8 to 108 kg m^?3 day,^?1 hydraulic retention times of between 0.45 to 8h, and feed COD concentrations of between 480 to 9000 mg dm^?3. Under these operating conditions, the equilibrium biomass holdups increased with increasing COD loadings and varied from 15000 to 32000 mg VSS dm^?3 The distribution of biomass holdup and biofilm thickness in the reactor was relatively uniform, because of the completely mixed conditions maintained and the continuous sloughing of biofilms induced by the effervescence caused by rising methane bubbles. This continuous biofilm sloughing process also eliminated the need for intentional sludge wasting and consequently, the resulting sludge retention time in the reactor decreased with increasing COD loadings. The ability of the anaerobic fluidized bed system to retain a high biomass holdup was clearly demonstrated. As a result this system is ideal for being employed as a high-rate system for methane recovery from liquid wastes, even at low feed COD concentrations.     

Performance evaluation of the anaerobic fluidised bed system: I. Substrate utilisation and gas production

COD removal efficiencies in the range 75 to 98% were achieved in an anaerobic fluidised bed system designed for the recovery of methane from liquid wastes, when evaluated at COD loadings of between 5.8 to 108 kg m^?3 day^?1, hydraulic retention times of between 4.45 to 8 h, and feed COD concentrations of beween 480 to 9 000 mg dm^?3. More than 90% of feed COD could be removed up to COD loadings of about 40 kg m^?3 day^?1. Up to around 300 dm² of methane were produced per kg COD removed and this methane production rate was independent of the COD loadings applied in this investigation. Volatile acid concentration in the reactor increased sharply at a COD loading of about 40 kg m^?3 day^?1 and therefore, sufficient alkalinity should be provided to prevent pH from dropping to the undesirable level. The anaerobic fluidised bed system can be operated at a significantly higher liquid throughputs while maintaining its excellent efficiency.     

Modelling the effects of imperfect mixing on the performance of anaerobic reactors for sewage sludge treatment

An approach to the modelling of suspended-growth anaerobic digestion systems based on the assumption of an incompletely mixed reactor is presented. The mathematical model developed describes the dynamic behaviour of anaerobic sludge digesters under non-ideal mixing conditions. The microbial kinetic model for the anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge distinguishes the processes of death and lysis of activated sludge cells, hydrolysis of particulate material, fermentation of soluble substrates, volatile fatty acids utilisation and methane formation. The interaction of two microbial groups is considered, i.e. acid-formers and methanogens. Their growth is assumed to depend on Monod kinetics for the substrates. Death and lysis, hydrolysis and biomass decay are described by first order reactions. The biokinetic expressions were linked to a simple mixing model which considered the reactor volume split into two sections: the flow-through and the retention regions. The transfer of material between regions was assumed to be limited. Deviations from an ideal completely mixed regime were represented by changing the relative volume of the flow-through region (α) and the turnover time of material in the vessel (τ). The dynamic model described the effects of the retention time and reactants' distribution, resulting from the mixing condition, on process performance. Computer simulations under different conditions showed a considerable decline in methane production and treatment efficiency due to incomplete mixing. The COD removal efficiency increased by extending the retention time and the degree of mixing. The evaluation of the impact of the mixing parameters showed that α has a far more significant effect on the performance of anaerobic digestion than τ does. Nevertheless, both are important and the overall efficiency is a complex function of both parameters. The results obtained confirm and emphasise the importance of considering mixing when simulating anaerobic digestion, calculating process conversion efficiency, and during anaerobic reactor design. © 1998 SCI.     

BIOGAS RECOVERY FROM A THERMALLY TREATED SEWAGE SLUDGE BY A FIXED-BED ANAEROBIC BIOREACTOR

Biogas recovery from the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge which is discharged from municipal wastewater treatments generally requires a large scale digester owing to the slow biodegradability of the sludge compounds. To achieve an effective methanogenesis from the sludge as the raw materials, thermal pretreatmenls of the sludge were conducted to improve the sedimentation efficiency of the treated sludge and the filtrate obtained was anaerobically digested in fixed-bed bioreactors with baked clay, melted slug and rhyolitic lava.

Methane formation from the intact activated sludge (10g/l) was 11 methane/I after 25-day fermentation without heat treatment (control), whereas in the case of treating for 1 h at 121°C, 2.1 I methane/I was produced from the whole treated sludge (10g/l) and 2.91 methane/1 was produced at pH 4 at the same heat treatment. However, no more methane was produced when the sludge was treated with 0.1 N NaOH or H₂SO₄ at 121°C for 1 h although lower fatty acids were accumulated.

The filtrates from heat treated sludge either at 121°C for 1 h at pH 4 or at 121°C for 1 h contained 2200 and 4400 mg COD/I, respectively. The filtrates obtained were anaerobically digested in fixed bed reactors. For the former, at COD loading 32.4g/l/day, the methane production rate was 2.91/l/day with 52.6% of COD reduction at 1.5 h of hydraulic retention time, whereas, for the latter, methane production rate was 2.11/1/day with 26.2% of COD reduction at 2.4 h retention time (COD loading 47.8).

It would be concluded that the heat treatments of discharged sludge from aeration tank might be a promising means for the treatment of activated sludge since the heat treatment could decrease the specific resistance of filtration of sludge and the filtrate discharged could be easily converted to methane as a fuel energy.     

BIOGAS RECOVERY FROM A THERMALLY TREATED SEWAGE SLUDGE BY A FIXED-BED ANAEROBIC BIOREACTOR

Biogas recovery from the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge which is discharged from municipal wastewater treatments generally requires a large scale digester owing to the slow biodegradability of the sludge compounds. To achieve an effective methanogenesis from the sludge as the raw materials, thermal pretreatmenls of the sludge were conducted to improve the sedimentation efficiency of the treated sludge and the filtrate obtained was anaerobically digested in fixed-bed bioreactors with baked clay, melted slug and rhyolitic lava.

Methane formation from the intact activated sludge (10g/l) was 11 methane/I after 25-day fermentation without heat treatment (control), whereas in the case of treating for 1 h at 121°C, 2.1 I methane/I was produced from the whole treated sludge (10g/l) and 2.91 methane/1 was produced at pH 4 at the same heat treatment. However, no more methane was produced when the sludge was treated with 0.1 N NaOH or H₂SO₄ at 121°C for 1 h although lower fatty acids were accumulated.

The filtrates from heat treated sludge either at 121°C for 1 h at pH 4 or at 121°C for 1 h contained 2200 and 4400 mg COD/I, respectively. The filtrates obtained were anaerobically digested in fixed bed reactors. For the former, at COD loading 32.4g/l/day, the methane production rate was 2.91/l/day with 52.6% of COD reduction at 1.5 h of hydraulic retention time, whereas, for the latter, methane production rate was 2.11/1/day with 26.2% of COD reduction at 2.4 h retention time (COD loading 47.8).

It would be concluded that the heat treatments of discharged sludge from aeration tank might be a promising means for the treatment of activated sludge since the heat treatment could decrease the specific resistance of filtration of sludge and the filtrate discharged could be easily converted to methane as a fuel energy.     

微氧颗粒污泥的快速培养及其同步脱氮效能

采用颗粒污泥膨胀床反应器接种剩余污泥,以生活污水为基质,在1个月内快速培养成功微氧颗粒污泥。污泥平均粒径达0.73 mm,沉降迅速,具有较好的COD去除和同步脱氮能力。在HRT=6 h,回流比为8.0,充氧速率为0.25 g/(L.d)时,反应器COD去除率可达90%左右,出水COD<50 mg/L;氨氮和总氮去除率分别为72%～89%和76%～87%,出水质量浓度分别为3～12、5～14 mg/L。回流稀释和充氧速率对微氧体系同步脱氮产生重要影响。     

A novel combination of methane fermentation and MBR — Kubota Submerged Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor process

Methane fermentation is considered one of the best placed biological processes to reduce volume of organic waste while keeping small sludge production and recovering energy. One of the disadvantages of early anaerobic digestion technologies was the long hydraulic retention time thus large capacity tanks were required to hold slow growing methanogenic bacteria. New technological attempts such as upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), fixed or fluidised bed and membrane bioreactor (MBR) appeared as countermeasures.Kubota’s submerged anaerobic membrane biological reactor (KSAMBR) process has been developed in the last decade and successfully applied in a number of full-scale food and beverage industries. It consists of a solubilization tank and a thermophilic digestion tank, the latter incorporating submerged membranes. The biogas generated can be utilized for water heating via boilers. Both permeate and waste anaerobic sludge are further treated in wastewater treatment facilities.One of the main advantages of KSAMBR is that membranes retain the methanogenic bacteria while dissolved methane fermentation inhibitors such as ammonia are filtered out with the permeate. This makes the KSAMBR process very stable. Furthermore, the digester volumes can be scaled down to 1/3 to 1/5 of the conventional digesters provided that biomass is 3 to 5 times as concentrated.Applications include stillage treatment plants for Shouchu (Japanese spirits made from sweet potato, rice or other grains), potato processing sites, sludge liquor and food factory treatment plants.In summary, it is believed that KSAMBR offers the best possible solution combining the benefits of methane fermentation process with the performance of membrane technology. More details will be presented in the proceedings paper and in the presentation.     

外循环对IC反应器运行效果的影响

为改善已形成颗粒污泥的IC反应器运行性能,增设外循环装置,并在回流比分别为0、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0的情况下,进行了系统运行稳定性研究。与无外循环的情况相比,在设定的回流比范围内,附加外循环不会破坏反应器内部厌氧条件,反应器运行稳定;在进水COD为6000 mg·L^-1左右,系统HRT约为10 h,容积负荷为14 kg·m^-3·d^-1的情况下,系统污泥MLSS有所增加,COD去除率随回流比的增大而增加,最高可达97.3%,出水COD低至160 mg·L^-1;随回流比的增大,产气总量逐渐增加且最终可达171.2 L·d^-1,甲烷产量先增加后趋于稳定,在回流比为2.0时可达到91.7 L·d^-1;增加外循环运行一段时间后,厌氧颗粒污泥生物相更为丰富,产甲烷优势菌由甲烷杆菌转变为甲烷八叠球菌。结合能耗和去除效率等考虑,回流比为2.0时最佳。     

射流循环厌氧流化床两相厌氧处理高浓度硫酸盐有机废水

设计了射流循环新型厌氧生物流化床反应器(JLAFB)，以该反应器为酸化相(或称硫酸盐还原相)，厌氧颗粒污泥流化床(AGSFB)为产甲烷相组成两相厌氧工艺处理高浓度硫酸盐有机废水。在培养出耐酸性硫酸盐还原厌氧颗粒污泥基础上，成功实现了硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）和产甲烷菌（MPB）的相分离，消除了SRB对MPB的基质竞争性抑制。在进水SO2-4负荷达12.0 kg·m-3·d-1条件下，JLAFB和AGSFB反应器内硫化物浓度分别为78.3 mg·L-1和92.4 mg·L-1，远小于200 mg·L-1的抑制浓度，消除了硫化物在反应器内的积累和对微生物的毒性作用。在稳态运行条件下，当进水COD和SO2-4负荷分别为26.0和8.5 kg·m-3·d-1时，工艺总的COD和SO2-4去除率分别达到86.9％和97.6％。试验确定工艺的最优运行条件为：进水COD/SO2-4>3.0；碱度为400～500 mg·L-1；JLAFB反应器吹脱气体流量为0.04 L·min-1，水力回流比为5∶1。     

上流式厌氧污泥床反应器处理凉果废水性能研究

采用上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)法处理凉果废水,考察废水厌氧处理过程中COD、浊度、脱色率、pH、电导率、悬浮物去除率的变化规律。结果表明:随着厌氧时间的增加,UASB反应器对废水的处理效果不断提高。在最适宜的厌氧时间条件下,废水的COD去除率达62.0%、浊度去除率达41.1%、吸光度及脱色率分别为0.498及48.4%、pH为5.4、悬浮物去除率达30.3%。故,UASB法可作为凉果废水的预处理方式,以降低后续废水的好氧处理难度。     

印染废水驯化的厌氧颗粒污泥微生物的动态变化

针对厌氧系统中功能菌群的多样性及其在代谢过程中的协同作用机制,以升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器内颗粒污泥微生物为研究对象,通过增量为20%阶段式提高实际印染废水进水比例的方法对其进行驯化,监测各阶段颗粒污泥微生物生态结构的变化。结果表明,随着进液印染废水比例的增加,毒性增强,COD去除率由92%降至约70%,比产甲烷活性由印染废水体积分数60%时的最高的0.23 mL/(g·d)降低至0.18 mL/(g·d);细菌菌群数量明显减少;产酸菌活性减弱导致古菌消化底物的缺少,进而导致古菌菌群数量减少以及甲烷产量的下降,是厌氧消化程度不高的主要原因。故如何从微生物角度强化厌氧系统中污染物降解效率是提高水处理效率的主要思路。     

上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)处理冬瓜食品加工废水的试验

采用常温上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器降解冬瓜加工废水,研究了厌氧颗粒污泥处理冬瓜食品加工废水的处理效果。试验结果表明,当水力停留时间(HRT)为24 h,冬瓜废水进水COD_(Cr)浓度约为10 000mg/L时,相应的容积负荷为10.0 gCOD/(L·d),COD去除率可达97%以上。当容积负荷约为6.0 gCOD/(L·d)时,出水COD_(Cr)可达100 mg/L以下,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级排放标准的要求。     

餐厨垃圾与污泥两相中温厌氧消化试验研究

研究了混合比例和污泥停留时间对餐厨垃圾与污泥联合两相中温厌氧消化过程的影响。相较于餐厨垃圾与污泥TS比为1∶3的条件,TS比为1∶1时两相系统具有更好的产气效果、有机物去除效果和运行稳定性。随着SRT的延长,两相系统有机负荷逐步降低,产甲烷速率相应降低,单位体积进料产沼气量以及有机物去除率逐步提高。在餐厨垃圾与污泥TS比为1∶1的条件下,两相厌氧消化系统最佳SRT为25 d（产酸相和产甲烷相分别为5 d和20 d）;此时,沼气中甲烷含量高达71％,产甲烷速率和甲烷产率分别为0．7 L/L＆#183;d和0．69 L/gVS去除,两相系统VS去除率达到64．7％。     

流化床与沸腾床内部微生物群落演变与分析

用流化床反应器和沸腾床反应器处理焦化废水,对两种反应器运行效能及微生物群落变化进行对比研究。结果表明,提高污泥负荷后流化床COD去除率优于沸腾床反应器。提高进水污泥负荷对沸腾床内微生物的冲击更大,致使其种群丰富程度下降明显。研究结果证明,流化床在宏观去除率、维持菌种丰富度方面具有较大优势。     

厌氧生物法处理皂素废水的试验研究

采用UASB厌氧反应器处理高浓度皂素废水,试验结果表明,当温度控制在35～40℃、pH在6.8～7.5之间、COD容积负荷保持在6.0kg/(m3.d)时,COD去除率可达到90%以上。     

基于VFAs抑制系数的ABR基质降解与产甲烷预测模型

利用Andrews模型构建了4格室厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）的基质降解动力学模型,并将其与甲烷发酵的化学计量学耦合,构建出有机废水产甲烷预测模型。在HRT 40 h、35℃和进水COD分阶段从2000提高到8000 mg·L^-1条件下,校准的Andrews模型能准确模拟COD在系统中的变化规律,通过拟合得出的最大比基质去除速率（k）和饱和常数（K_s）在不同进水COD浓度下均为2 d^-1和100 mg COD·L^-1,而挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）对甲烷发酵的抑制系数（K_i）随进水COD的提高而增大。VFAs的当量COD在第1格室接近或高于K_i,对甲烷发酵抑制明显;而在后3格室低于K_i且逐格降低,抑制甲烷发酵的作用越来越小。第1~第4格室的甲烷产量实测值分别为1.12~6.42, 2.54~8.96, 1.24~4.48和0.16~0.58 L·d^-1,而构建的产甲烷预测模型能够准确预测这一变化趋势。校准的Andrew模型和甲烷预测模型可为ABR的设计与调控运行提供指导。     

微氧厌氧处理糖蜜酒精废水的限制因素

研究了膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)在微氧厌氧条件下处理糖蜜酒精废液的效果,确定最佳的氧化还原电位(ORP)、回流比及水力停留时间(HRT)。结果表明ORP为-440 mv、回流比为3∶1、HRT为15 h时,微氧条件下EGSB生物处理系统的处理效果为最佳。在此条件下,COD、SO24-的去除率分别为73.4%、61.3%,出水浓度分别为1 600、185 mg/L。     

高效厌氧反应器处理中药提取废水中试研究

应用新型高效厌氧反应器处理中药提取废水。从有机物去除率、产气效率及颗粒污泥增殖等方面评估了系统的运行效果。结果表明,经过2个多月的启动运行,该系统的COD去除率平均达到98%以上,出水COD500 mg/L,COD容积负荷高达25 kg/(m~3·d),甲烷产率为0.31 L/g COD。水力停留时间为12~24 h,系统运行稳定,抗冲击负荷能力较强。启动过程中,颗粒污泥粒径增大到1.8~2.5 mm。     

Two‐phase anaerobic treatment system for fat‐containing wastewater

This study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of a two‐phase anaerobic treatment system for fat‐containing wastewater. The two‐phase system was composed of a continuously stirred tank reactor for acidogenesis and an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor for methanogenesis. Its performance was compared with a conventional single‐phase system of a UASB reactor treating synthetic wastewater containing major long‐chain fatty acids (LCFAs). LCFAs did not cause any significant problem up to the LCFA mixture loading rate of 1.21 kg LCFA‐COD m^?3 day^?1 (3500 mg LCFA‐COD dm^?3) in both systems. However, the efficiency of the single‐phase system deteriorated at loading rates above 1.38 kg LCFA‐COD m^?3 day^?1 (4000 mg LCFA‐COD dm^?3), while that of the two‐phase system was still satisfactory. More than 19.2% of LCFAs were degraded and 11.5% of unsaturated LCFAs were saturated in the acidogenesis of the two‐phase system, which led to the enhanced specific methane production rate and the reduced scum layer of the subsequent UASB reactor. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

水力停留时间对双循环厌氧反应器处理中药废水污泥特性的影响

研究了不同水力停留时间(HRT,24 h、18 h、15 h、12 h)对双循环(DC)厌氧反应器处理中药废水效能的影响,并对颗粒污泥的粒径分布(PSD)、胞外聚合物(EPS)、微生物群落等变化情况进行了分析。结果表明,HRT由24 h缩短为12 h后,DC厌氧反应器对COD的去除率仍在90%以上。虽然出水中乙酸含量升高到339.69 mg·L^-1,但未造成VFA的过度累积;出水中辅酶的荧光吸收峰有所降低,而类腐殖酸与类富里酸的吸收峰增强,不适宜再继续降低HRT。随着HRT的缩短,颗粒污泥的EPS总量、蛋白含量、多糖含量均降低,其中酪氨酸对于保持污泥的稳定性发挥着重要作用。而磷脂脂肪酸分析(PLFA)表明,HRT缩短对于DC厌氧反应器第2反应区内微生物群落分布影响显著,革兰阳性菌由原来占总脂肪酸生物量的44.24%下降到32.69%,而革兰阴性菌由32.69%增大到38.66%。