基于太赫兹时域光谱的壁画信息提取的可行性研究

采用太赫兹时域光谱技术对传统中国壁画的部分制作流程进行了分析,获得了壁画制作每个流程的太赫兹时域反射谱。研究了传统中国壁画在0.2～1.0 THz频率范围内的太赫兹光谱特性,得到了其在室温环境下的太赫兹吸收谱和折射率。结果表明,各样品的折射率平均值和吸收系数的峰值频率差异显著。研究结果能为太赫兹时域光谱技术在壁画信息提取领域的应用提供参考。     

Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy method for optical parameter extraction of plastic materials

A method for extracting optical parameters of plastics materials based on terahertz time domain spectroscopy is presented. The transmission-type Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy(THz TDS) system is adopted to detect the refractive index and extinction coefficient on different plastic materials. Then the corresponding spectral information is obtained by Fourier transform of the terahertz time domain waveform of the sampling points, including the corresponding amplitude and phase information of the waveform. The optical parameter extraction model is built. By using the simplex optimization method, the curves of the refractive index and extinction coefficient for the plastic material are obtained. The experimental samples are made of different plastic parallel plate materials. The experimental results show that the optimization of optical parameters can improve their extraction accuracy, and the error of refractive index is ±0.005. Extraction technology with the simplex optimization method of optical parameter based on THz TDS can help to extract the optical parameters of engineering plastics. It is of great significance for the research of terahertz nondestructive testing.     

基于主成分分析和模糊识别方法的生物分子太赫兹光谱识别

提出了一种基于主成分分析（PCA）和模糊模式识别方法的生物分子太赫兹（THz）光谱识别方法,并采用多种典型糖类和氨基酸生物分子的太赫兹透射光谱作为实验介质证明所提方法的可行性和有效性。首先,运用PCA方法对生物分子太赫兹光谱数据做降维处理,提取样品太赫兹光谱特征信息;然后,用获得的主成分得分矩阵代替原始太赫兹光谱数据输入到模糊模式识别分析模型中,运用基于择近原则的模糊模式识别方法对待定样品进行分类识别。实验结果表明以生物分子的太赫兹光谱作为数据特征,采用PCA与模糊识别相结合的方法实现生物分子的检测和识别是可行的,该方法为太赫兹光谱技术用于生物分子的鉴定和识别提供了一种新的有效的分析方法。     

Uncertainty and Ambiguity in Terahertz Parameter Extraction and Data Analysis

Phase sensitive measurement techniques, such as THz time-domain spectroscopy or dispersive Fourier transform spectroscopy, are very useful tools to obtain a complete set of optical material parameters. When recording the electric field as a function of time delay between THz and optical pulse, the absorption coefficient and the index of refraction can be extracted. However, the analysis shows ambiguity. Here, we describe an analysis which yields a complete set of mathematical solutions and show how the physically relevant can be deduced. We present a comprehensive mathematical survey for parameter extraction. We have recorded the THz spectra of anthracene and the fatty acid capric acid as examples for weakly absorbing solid samples, and an ionic liquid as an example for a strongly absorbing liquid sample. Finally, we discuss the uncertainty of the obtained optical parameters using error propagation of the Fourier transformation with a simple model and a rigorous mathematical procedure.     

High Resolution Terahertz Spectroscopy with Quantum Cascade Lasers

High resolution terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical tool for laboratory purposes as well as for remote sensing in astronomy, planetary research, and Earth observation. THz quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are promising sources for implementation into THz spectrometers, in particular at frequencies above 3 THz, which is the least explored portion of the THz region. One application of QCLs in THz spectroscopy is in absorption spectrometers, where they can replace less powerful and somewhat cumbersome sources based on frequency mixing with gas lasers. Another one is using a QCL as local oscillator in a heterodyne spectrometer for remote sensing. This article will review the state-of-the art in high resolution THz spectroscopy with QCLs.     

石英玻璃太赫兹光学参数测量的误差分析

测量液体或气体样品的太赫兹光学参数时,常采用石英玻璃作为容器,因此在计算样品的折射率和吸收率时需要考虑石英玻璃太赫兹光学参数的影响。文中利用太赫兹时域谱技术测量了石英玻璃的太赫兹时域光谱,根据测量模型计算了太赫兹波段的折射率和吸收率,并利用误差传播理论分析了这些光学参数的误差。结果发现折射率误差在0.2~2.0 THz范围内基本保持不变,而吸收率误差则随频率增大而呈指数增大。这对于提高测量石英玻璃容器中的气体及液体样品太赫兹光学参数的准确性具有重要价值。     

THz Properties of Nematic Liquid Crystals

We systematically study the terahertz (THz) properties of a set of nematic liquid crystals. We use THz time domain spectroscopy to obtain data between 0.2 THz up to 2.5 THz. Such a broadband set of terahertz data has not yet been reported. From the measured data, we extract macroscopic data, such as the birefringence, the refractive indices and the absorption coefficients for ordinary and extraordinary polarization. The impact of different side chains and core structures on the terahertz anisotropy are discussed. This paper will serve as a data base and can be very useful for the design of new terahertz liquid crystal material.     

NOVEL TERAHERTZ PHOTOCONDUCTIVE ANTENNAS

The photoconductive (PC) antenna is a key device for the recent terahertz (THz) photonics based on laser-pumped generation and detection of THz radiation. In this paper we report on two new types of PC antennas: the Schottky PC antenna and the multi-contacts PC antenna. The former one is able to detect THz radiation intensity without the time-delay scan and useful for applications where spectroscopic information is not important, such as the THz intensity imaging. The latter one is useful for the polarization sensitive THz spectroscopy, such as the THz ellipsometry. The characteristic features of these new types of PC antennas are studied by using a THz time-domain spectroscopy system.     

基于太赫兹反射谱提取光学参数不确定度分析

利用太赫兹光谱技术计算物质的光学参数已成为各领域的研究重点。由于太赫兹系统以及算法提取过程依然存在缺陷,无法实现对物质光学参数的精确测量。为提高光学参数的测量准确度,对反射式太赫兹时域光谱系统进行全面的不确定度分析。首先分析了基于太赫兹反射时域光谱提取光学参数、折射率和消光系数的7种误差来源,并分别建立了折射率和消光系数的不确定度模型;然后,以葡萄糖多晶薄片样品为例,计算其在0.2~2.0 THz频段的折射率和消光系数的各种误差因素占综合不确定度的比例,总结误差因素对不确定度的贡献。其中,样品厚度测量的随机误差对折射率的影响最大,占总误差的80%;传递函数误差对消光系数的影响最大,占总误差的99%。最后,对减小折射率和消光系数的不确定度提出了建议,如采用自参考方法提取光学参数,采用智能优化算法对样品厚度和光学参数进行优化,修正Fabry-Perot效应等。     

基于氧化钼薄膜的光控太赫兹传输特性研究

本文采用热蒸发法制备了沉积在硅片上的200nm 氧化钼(MoO₃)的太赫兹调制薄膜。 在室温条件下,通过傅里叶光谱仪和太赫兹时域光谱系统(THz-TDS)技术,研究了MoO₃薄膜在不同激励光功率下的太赫兹传输特性。提出了薄膜重要光学参数的提取模型,利用透 射式太赫兹时域光谱技术测量了薄膜的时域信号,分别计算了太赫兹波在薄膜中的透过率及 调制效率及薄膜的复介电常数变化。结果表明,在980 nm激光器条件 下,随着激光器功率 的提高,MoO₃薄膜的太赫兹调制深度逐渐增加。在激光功率为266 mW时,在0.26 THz处 透过率达到最低为61%,调制效率(Modulation factor)达到最高为10%。通过分析MoO₃薄膜 的复介电常数及载流子密度变化,得出了激发生成的载流子浓度的提高导致介电常数的改变 , 增强了薄膜的导电性,从而减低了太赫兹波在薄膜中的透过率的结论。为MoO₃薄膜应用在 太赫兹波段调制领域提供了实验数据。     

Chemical Recognition With Broadband THz Spectroscopy

THz science is developing rapidly in Europe as well as the rest of the world. There is a strong interest in the exploitation of optical technologies in the THz frequency range in virtually all fields of basic and applied sciences of physics, chemistry, biology as well as medicine. Commercial interest in this field has also been growing, spurred by the potential of THz tools in quality control and the biotechnology sector. We will review some contrast mechanisms, which form the basis for real-world applications of THz technology, in particular in the fields of applied chemistry and biotechnology. Whereas narrow bandwidth THz technology may become important for, e.g., real-time imaging at larger standoff distances, we will concentrate on broad bandwidth THz technologies for spectroscopic identification of various substances. It has recently been established that the 0.1-5 THz spectral range contains unique fingerprints of a very large number of crystalline materials, including explosives, illicit drugs as well as most other chemicals in powder form. Since many packaging materials are transparent to THz radiation this fundamental property of crystalline compounds allows remote (contact- free) sensing combined with chemical recognition. On the other hand, the THz spectrum of amorphous systems, including aqueous solutions, contains very little information about the detailed composition of the system. However, under certain conditions it is still possible to learn a great deal about amorphous systems with broadband THz spectroscopy. Amorphous systems of great biotechnological importance include DNA and proteins, both in aqueous solution and as dried matter. We will discuss methods for THz science and technology to attack the very complex problems involved in the extraction of useful new information, which may be difficult, expensive, or impossible to obtain with other methods, from minute amounts of biomaterial.     

Recent Advances in Birefringence Studies at THz Frequencies

In the last few years, various studies on terahertz (THz) birefringence have been presented, based on polarization-sensitive THz time-domain spectroscopy. The field of THz birefringence is a wide one covering several aspects, such as different materials exhibiting THz birefringence, polarization-sensitive THz technology, as well as numerous methods for extracting the birefringence properties of a sample from the THz data. Therefore, this paper aims at reviewing recent results on THz birefringence measurements presented in literature, addressing the above aspects and giving an overview of the topic. Moreover, it will focus on the investigation of birefringent fibrous samples, where specific results will be discussed in detail. Altogether, this paper should give a comprehensive view on the recent achievements in the measurements of THz birefringence.     

High-Contrast Imaging of Graphene via Time-Domain Terahertz Spectroscopy

We demonstrate terahertz (THz) imaging and spectroscopy of single-layer graphene deposited on an intrinsic Si substrate using THz time-domain spectroscopy. A single-cycle THz pulse undergoes multiple internal reflections within the Si substrate, and the THz absorption by the graphene layer accumulates through the multiple interactions with the graphene/Si interface. We exploit the large absorption of the multiply reflected THz pulses to acquire high-contrast THz images of graphene. We obtain local sheet conductivity of the graphene layer analyzing the transmission data with thin-film Fresnel formula based on the Drude model.     

基于THz反射光谱的混合炸药中DNMT含量分析

为了快速地求解混合炸药中DNMT的含量,设计 了一种基于反射型太赫兹(THz)光谱分析的检 测系统。系统采用步进电机控制动镜获得大光程扫描范围,将照射在被测粉末上的回波 漫反射光和本振光信号做相干处理,从而得到反射吸收光谱数据,由此反演被测粉末中DNMT 的含量。推导DNMT含量求解表达式,给出提高反射式DNMT含量检测稳定性的滤波算法 及提取要求。实验采用TeraTune型THz激光器配合DSTMS-1型THz探测器完成数据采集, 对多组已知DNMT含量的混合样品进行测试,测试结果与TeraSys 4000 型THz光谱分析仪作 对比。实验结果显示,两种方法均可快速获取样品中DNMT含量,并且测量误低于3. 0%。在 采用本系统的光谱预处理方法后,在样品混合物种类增多的条件下仍具有较好的测试效果, 具有较高的抗干扰能力。     

太赫兹波谱与成像

主要介绍太赫兹技术的两大基本应用领域:波谱技术与成像技术。总结了太赫兹波谱学中的时域光谱技术、时间分辨光谱技术和发射光谱技术以及相关的参数提取原理。介绍了太赫兹成像原理及相关的时域扫描成像、实时成像、层析成像、连续波成像和近场成像等太赫兹成像技术。列举了太赫兹光谱和成像技术在国家安全、生物研究、材料研究、无损检测等方面的应用。     

太赫兹波谱与成像技术

太赫兹波谱与成像是太赫兹科学与技术的重要内容,在生物、物理、化学、安检、航空航天等领域有重要的应用前景,是近年来的研究热点。首先简单介绍了太赫兹时域光谱、时间分辨光谱和超连续谱等波谱技术,并列举了相关波谱技术对爆炸物识别和对半导体材料超快载流子动力学的研究结果。讨论了时域扫描成像、实时焦平面成像、连续波成像和被动成像等太赫兹成像技术。相应地分别给出了利用上述技术对葵花籽、玩具手枪、航天泡沫和人体的成像研究结果。     

基于子带信号处理的太赫兹SAR运动误差补偿方法

太赫兹合成孔径雷达（terahertz synthetic aperture radar,THz-SAR）波长短,可以工作在灰尘、雾霾等复杂战场环境。由于工作波长短,平台微小振动误差会使图像散焦严重。受高频振动误差的影响,目标除了自身响应外,沿方位向还会出现成对回波,给传统相位梯度自聚焦（phase gradient autofocus,PGA）算法强点提取和加窗操作增加了难度,影响运动误差提取精度。为了提高PGA算法精度,提出一种基于子带分解共轭消除相位误差的THz-SAR运动补偿方法,利用该概念可以重建出等效频率更低的SAR图像。由于相同运动误差对等效低频SAR图像影响大大降低,孤立强散射体散焦减弱,有利于强点提取和加窗。利用该图像结合PGA算法可实现运动误差信息的有效提取,并最终用于对原始THz-SAR图像的运动误差补偿。利用仿真数据和0.3 THz雷达实测数据进行了原理验证实验,结果验证了所提算法的有效性。     

太赫兹光谱分析中用误差理论确定样品厚度的研究

太赫兹（1 THz=1012 Hz）时域光谱作为一种新型的光谱探测技术,被广泛用来研究各种材料在远红外频谱范围内的光学特性。在太赫兹透射光谱分析中,多数情况下需要知道被测样品的厚度,才能准确提取样品的光学参数。然而,有些样品的厚度不宜测量准确甚至不能直接测量。文中介绍和讨论了利用误差理论给出了准确确定样品厚度的同时提取样品的太赫兹波段光学参数的方法,该方法可以广泛应用于该类样品的太赫兹透射谱分析过程。     

On the Influence of Delay Line Uncertainty in THz Time-Domain Spectroscopy

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz TDS) is a well-known tool for material analysis in the terahertz frequency band. One crucial system component in every time-domain spectrometer is the delay line which is necessary to accomplish the sampling of the electric field over time. Despite the fact that most of the uncertainty sources in TDS have been discussed, the delay line uncertainty has not been considered in detail. We model the impact of delay line uncertainty on the acquired THz TDS data. Interferometric measurements of the delay line precision and THz time-domain data are used to validate the theoretical model.     

Measurement and DFT Calculation on Terahertz Spectroscopy of 4-aminobenzoic Acid

We report the measurement of the terahertz (THz) spectra of 4-aminobenzoic acid by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in the 1.5–19.5 THz. Low frequency intermolecular (or phonon) modes between 0.3 and 2.4 THz were also investigated via THz time-domain spectroscopy. Structure and vibrational frequencies of the sample were calculated through density functional theory(DFT). The calculated results are in agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, we have interpreted observed vibrational frequencies using DFT. Two intermolecular or phonon modes were identified at 1.54 and 2.19 THz.