基于公共DF中继的认知无线电中继选择和功率分配

为提高认知无线电网络中主用户和次用户的通信质量,并可简单有效地利用中继节点来控制主用户和次用户之间的相互干扰,提出了一种基于公共中继的最佳中继选择和功率分配方案.首先,在认知无线电网络中建立了基于公共DF中继的无线通信模型;然后,根据无线通信理论推导出要优化的目标函数;最后,在保证主用户中断概率低于目标值的前提下,利用凸优化理论得出了模型中的最佳中继选择和功率分配方案.仿真实验结果表明,与常见的直接传输方案和功率平均分配的中继方案相比,本文提出的中继选择和功率分配方案提高了次用户的通信距离和速率,并且降低了主用户的中断概率,为更好地解决认知无线电网络中主用户和次用户的相互干扰问题提供了新的思路.     

802.20协议物理层关键技术OFDM和Flash-OFDM

就802.20协议物理层目前采用的OFDM/OFDMA技术和Flash-OFDM技术进行比较.OFDMA是一种多载波调制技术,它的原理是无线通信信道划分为多个窄带子信道同时传送,在每个了信道上使用一个子载波进行调制.Flash-OFOM技术采用FDD双工方式,上下行链路是数百个子信道组成的宽带载波,传输数据时给每个用户分配了信道.每个子信道采用了自适应调制和先进的编码技术,其频谱利用率比CDMA2000系统高3倍.Flash-OFDM在时间上以跳频方式使用OFDM的子载波,以实现信号扩频.它还有频率分集能力,减小了同一小区内的用户间干扰,同时具有OFDM和跳频扩频技术的优点,因而相邻节点可以使用相同频率的子载波.Flash-OFDM为解决小区间干扰,采用了功率控制,用户只发射能有效通信的功率.     

消除小区间干扰的OFDMA系统多小区上行资源分配方案

针对OFDMA系统多小区上行链路资源分配问题,提出了一种新的基于基站合作(BSC)和软频率复用(SFR)的资源分配方案。该方案通过相邻小区使用不同的子载波的软频率复用减少小区间干扰,利用基站合作对边缘用户的信号重构,使小区间干扰进一步消除,从而将多小区资源分配转化为单一小区资源分配。然后根据选择子载波避免冲突原则进行第一次子载波分配。最后根据速率要求,在不影响其他用户最低速率要求的前提下,对子载波进行二次分配。分析和仿真结果表明,该方案可以很好地解决小区边缘干扰严重的问题,降低用户的中断率,使多小区资源分配更加简单、公平、有效,尤其可保证边缘用户的服务质量,从而改善了系统的性能。     

认知OFDM系统的一种公平有效的多用户资源分配方案

在可用子载波、干扰温度、次级用户功率预算及公平性等约束条件下,提出了一种适用于认知OFDM系统的公平有效的多用户资源分配方案.该方案将子载波和功率分配分为两个相继的步骤,以降低计算复杂度.第一步引入子载波分配的比例公平原则,保证每个用户都能满足一定的通信要求;第二步采用一种改进的快速迭代注水算法,通过选择适当的调整步长...     

基于基站间合作的下行干扰协调方法及其性能评估

从基站间合作的角度研究了蜂窝系统下行多小区干扰协调问题.引入了合作虚拟小区的概念,并提出了三扇区合作虚拟小区规划方案和双扇区合作虚拟小区规划方案.所提方案在实现小区间干扰协调的同时,还可使系统实现同频组网和无缝切换.仿真结果显示,与传统的频率复用方式相比,合作虚拟小区方案能很好地平衡小区内不同位置频谱效率的分布,改善边缘用户的性能.其中,双扇区合作方案可使系统中断概率比频率复用方式(1,3,3)下降5%以上,而且其扇区吞吐量与频率复用方式(1,3,1)相当.     

一种新颖的多用户OFDM资源分配算法

在多用户正交频分复用(OFDM)系统中设计一种新颖的子载波-功率分配方法来最大化用户数据传输速率.这个方案分成两部分,子载波分配和功率分配.其中,子载波分配方法是在信道容量矩阵中将信道容量最好的子载波首先进行分配,功率分配采用注水方法.研究和模拟结果表明,该算法在只改变各个子载波增益系数的基础上,基本保持了较低的复杂度,并且极大地提高了用户数据传输速率.     

OFDMA系统资源优化综述

在正交频分多址(OFDMA)系统中,有效的资源分配可以充分发挥系统性能.目前的资源优化主要分为频谱效率优化与系统能效优化两个方面.频谱效率优化即在给定的总功率下,最大化系统总容量;系统根据信道状态信息,分步对子载波和功率进行分配.根据不同的业务需求,频谱效率优化又细分为仅考虑频谱效率的优化以及考虑用户公平性与复杂通信环境下的优化.系统能效优化是在保证系统总容量的同时,降低系统的总功率消耗.能效优化算法采用了分式规划、约束条件松弛与拉格朗日对偶分解等最优化理论的方法进行资源分配的优化.在加入不同约束的考虑下,能效优化算法分为保证用户公平性、回程线路容量、通信安全等不同的能效优化方案.但是,这两方面的资源优化对不完整信道信息的情况考虑较少,对于多业务的资源分配,未能针对业务多样性进行高效资源优化.另外,资源优化在跨层资源分配上仍有不足.     

基于混合拓扑的机械无线传感器网络多信道数据传输方法

针对机械振动无线传感器网络节点因信道带宽窄导致网络传输速率过低,在大量原始数据传输需求下实时性较差的问题,提出一种基于簇树星型混合拓扑的多信道数据传输方法。对各传感器网络节点进行树间通信干扰最小化信道分配,避免邻频干扰影响树间并行通信,在数据同步采集结束后,各节点以分配信道组建簇树星型混合拓扑网络进行数据传输;采用树间通信握手机制和树间通信优先级抢占机制解决簇树星型混合拓扑带来的树间互盲问题;将各采集节点短地址作为调度信息载入信标进行广播,各采集节点根据调度信息决定进行数据传输或者休眠,实现树内通信能耗最小化时序调度。将提出的多信道数据传输方法与载波侦听多路访问/冲突避免机制进行对比,实验结果表明该方法能有效提高机械振动无线传感器网络数据传输速率。     

基于波束训练的大规模MIMO多用户度调度算法

在毫米波多用户大规模天线阵列多输入多输出(MIMO)系统中,由于使用混合波束形成结构,使得用户调度问题面临新的挑战,调度问题转变为在同一时频资源选择调度用户子集和用户与基站之间通信波束对的问题,需要从用户和波束两个维度来进行考虑。大规模MIMO由于在基站端和用户端使用大量的天线阵列,如果使用穷举搜索算法运算量极大,在实际应用中是不现实的。本文提出了一种基于波束训练的多用户调度方案,该方案分为2步。第1步,由于波束间的干扰大多数来自于相邻波束,因此对相邻波束进行分组,同时根据用户反馈的信干燥比(SINR)最大值的基站波束索引号把相关的用户映射到对应波束组。第2步,为了减小干扰,每个波束组的最小波束索引根据一定的原则来选取调度用户,然后通过基站和用户之间的波束训练选取最接近于SINR门限值的用户波束来进行通信。仿真结果表明,该方案具有逼近最优穷举方案的性能并且具有较低的计算复杂度。     

谐波干扰作用下柔性结构振动的增益调度H∞控制

针对柔性结构受到随系统运行工况的变化而改变频率的谐波干扰作用下的振动控制问题，提出了一种新的增益调度H∞控制器设计方案，首先，对谐波干扰信号建模，并将该模型与系统结构模型结合形成广义模型，然后，选取二次性能指标将谐波干扰作用下振动抑制问题转换为标准的H∞控制器设计问题，最后，采用增益调度技术对典型谐波频率所设计H∞控制器的输出进行模糊加权插值，从而获得随谐波干扰频率变化的控制器输出，通过与LQC和一般的H∞控制器进行数值的仿真比较，验证了方法的有效性。     

Energy-Efficient Low-Complexity Algorithm in 5G Massive MIMO Systems

Energy efficiency (EE) is a critical design when taking into account circuit power consumption (CPC) in fifth-generation cellular networks. These problems arise because of the increasing number of antennas in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, attributable to inter-cell interference for channel state information. Apart from that, a higher number of radio frequency (RF) chains at the base station and active users consume more power due to the processing activities in digital-to-analogue converters and power amplifiers. Therefore, antenna selection, user selection, optimal transmission power, and pilot reuse power are important aspects in improving energy efficiency in massive MIMO systems. This work aims to investigate joint antenna selection, optimal transmit power and joint user selection based on deriving the closed-form of the maximal EE, with complete knowledge of large-scale fading with maximum ratio transmission. It also accounts for channel estimation and eliminating pilot contamination as antennas M → ∞. This formulates the optimization problem of joint optimal antenna selection, transmits power allocation and joint user selection to mitigate inter-cell-interference in downlink multi-cell massive MIMO systems under minimized reuse of pilot sequences based on a novel iterative low-complexity algorithm (LCA) for Newton’s methods and Lagrange multipliers. To analyze the precise power consumption, a novel power consumption scheme is proposed for each individual antenna, based on the transmit power amplifier and CPC. Simulation results demonstrate that the maximal EE was achieved using the iterative LCA based on reasonable maximum transmit power, in the case the noise power is less than the received power pilot. The maximum EE was achieved with the desired maximum transmit power threshold by minimizing pilot reuse, in the case the transmit power allocation ρ_d = 40 dBm, and the optimal EE = 71.232 Mb/j.     

Energy-Efficient Resource Optimization for Massive MIMO Networks Considering Network Load

This paper investigates the resource optimization problem for a multi-cell massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) network in which each base station (BS) is equipped with a large number of antennas and each base station (BS) adapts the number of antennas to the daily load profile (DLP). This paper takes into consideration user location distribution (ULD) variation and evaluates its impact on the energy efficiency of load adaptive massive MIMO system. ULD variation is modeled by dividing the cell into two coverage areas with different user densities: boundary focused (BF) and center focused (CF) ULD. All cells are assumed identical in terms of BS configurations, cell loading, and ULD variation and each BS is modeled as an M/G/m/m state dependent queue that can serve a maximum number of users at the peak load. Together with energy efficiency (EE) we analyzed deployment and spectrum efficiency in our adaptive massive MIMO system by evaluating the impact of cell size, available bandwidth, output power level of the BS, and maximum output power of the power amplifier (PA) at different cell loading. We also analyzed average energy consumption on an hourly basis per BS for the model proposed for data traffic in Europe and also the model proposed for business, residential, street, and highway areas.     

Distributed algorithm for optimal sequence and power allocation in uplink code division multiple access systems

An alternative approach is presented for centralised algorithms that design optimal sequences and powers under quality of service constraints in the uplink of a code division multiple access systems. The authors propose a distributed algorithm, where each user designs its optimal codeword in such a way to transmit minimum power, based on certain feedback information sent from the base station. The authors define the user cost function, which is the user power written as a convex function of user codewords for a defined signal-to-interference plus noise ratio target. For the constrained optimisation problem, optimal codewords are designed based on feasible direction method and the optimal user powers are the minimum values of the user cost functions. For the optimal configuration, the matched filter employed at receiver will have the same performance as the minimum mean squared error filter. Even if the optimal user powers are unique, the optimal codewords do not correspond to a unique allocation, but rather to an entire class of codewords that can be related by unitary transformations. The algorithm works properly in the presence of multiple access interference with white or coloured additive noise and requires no ordering. The proposed algorithm is analysed and illustrated with numerical examples obtained from simulations.     

Adaptive opportunistic fair scheduling in power-controlled code division multiple access systems

The authors treat the multiuser scheduling problem for practical power-controlled code division multiple access (CDMA) systems under the opportunistic fair scheduling (OFS) framework. OFS is an important technique in wireless networks to achieve fair and efficient resource allocation. Power control is an effective resource management technique in CDMA systems. Given a certain user subset, the optimal power control scheme can be derived. Then the multiuser scheduling problem refers to the optimal user subset selection at each scheduling interval to maximise certain metric subject to some specific physical-layer constraints. The authors propose discrete stochastic approximation algorithms to adaptively select the user subset to maximise the instantaneous total throughput or a general utility. Both uplink and downlink scenarios are considered. They also consider the time-varying channels where the algorithm can track the time-varying optimal user subset. Simulation results to show the performance of the proposed algorithms in terms of the throughput/ utility maximisation, the fairness, the fast convergence and the tracking capability in time-varying environments are presented.     

Maintenance strategy for tilting table of rolling mill based on reliability considerations

Reliability centred maintenance (RCM) is a new strategic framework for ensuring that any asset continues to perform, as its users want it to perform. RCM is a process used to determine the maintenance requirement of any physical asset in its operating context. RCM process entails asking seven questions about each of the selected assets. It makes use of two documents namely, RCM information worksheet and RCM decision worksheet. RCM decision diagram integrates all the decision processes into a single strategic framework. RCM concept developed by US commercial airlines industry has been successfully implemented by Military, Navy, Nuclear power plants, electric power generation and distribution undertakings and several other sectors. These projects have been carried out in the United Kingdom, The Republic of Ireland, the United States, Hong Kong, Australia, Spain and Singapore. The fact that people has enthusiastically received RCM at all levels and has enabled users to achieve some remarkable successes in all of these countries, suggests that it can be universally employed. Literature review indicates that RCM approach is not conventionally applied in process industries in India. Presently, predictive maintenance (PDM) approach along with conventional preventive maintenance is used in continuous/process industries. This approach if implemented in totality will increase the production cost to a large degree and make the production uneconomical. Similarly breakdown maintenance (BDM) approach cannot be applied in such industries as each breakdown involves huge costs. RCM approach is a compromise between PDM and BDM approach for optimising the cost and ensuring the availability of machine.The RCM approach has been applied to the tilting table system of rolling mill for the research work reported in this paper. In the present study, preventive maintenance tasks suggested for power transmission subsystem, guiding and transportation subsystem and hydraulic subsystem in tilting tables are 14 scheduled on-condition tasks, 10 scheduled on-restoration tasks, seven scheduled discard task. Whereas for 14 failure modes no scheduled maintenance has been proposed. Existing maintenance schedule for tilting tables indicates the maintenance action as and when required. Hence RCM based schedule specifies that additional preventive maintenance tasks need to be executed as compared to none initially. Cost incurred for this can be offset from the savings accrued from reduction in loss of production due to repetitive breakdowns. The methodology of RCM adopted in western industries cannot be applied as it is to Indian industries because of labour oriented nature, partially computerised information systems, non-availability of the information about cost of loss of production due to breakdown and age-reliability pattern of equipment, insufficient maintenance database. These problems can be overcome by development of sound MMIS, formulation of RCM review group and imparting suitable training to acquire the relevant skills in RCM. Thus RCM methodology can be applied to Indian industry for reduction of breakdowns as well as optimisation of preventive maintenance cost. This can further boost up the prospects of Indian industry to offer the products at globally competitive prices.     

基于QFD与FBS的可移动电力检测设备创新设计

目的为了客观准确地将目标用户认知需求转化为产品技术特性的设计要求,提升可移动电力检测设备目标用户认知需求满意度及明确产品创新方向,提出QFD和FBS集成的创新设计模式。方法首先,通过访谈和问卷调研获取用户需求,借助AHP法求解用户认知需求权重;其次,运用QFD法构建质量屋,明确可移动电力检测设备待改进的关键技术特性指标;最后,将用户旅程图引入FBS的功能—行为—结构展开模型中,以解决可移动电力检测设备的关键技术特性问题,指导产品创新设计。结论QFD与FBS理论的融合应用能够将用户认知需求精准转化为技术特性层面的设计要求,对可移动电力检测设备的人机、造型、功能、收纳等方面的不足提出了相应的解决方案,实现了用户认知需求与产品技术特性之间的映射转换,证明了该方法具有可行性。     

Transmission of a Scheduled Message Using a Foundation Fieldbus Protocol

In the last decade, process instrumentation field devices such as sensors and actuators that have a direct contact with industrial processes have become increasingly intelligent. An important property of such intelligent field devices is their ability to be networked. The Foundation fieldbus (FF) is one of the most widely used fieldbus protocols for process instrumentation and control systems applications. This paper presents a study that validates the effectiveness of a new scheduling method that satisfies the performance requirements for a scheduled message using an FF protocol. Our scheduling method generates a schedule list that records the scheduled starting time and the scheduled period of each scheduled message. Then, it allocates scheduled message traffic to a bandwidth-limited fieldbus medium. As part of this study, an experimental model of an FF network was developed. The experimental results from our model confirmed that our scheduling method restricts the delay of a scheduled message to a prespecified bound.     

The deployment of TH-MC-CDMA systems over two-tier femtocell environments

The time-hopped multi-carrier coded-division multiple-access (TH-MC-CDMA) system is deployed under a two-tier femtocell environment. Femtocells were originally designed to serve a group of subscribers located in a small coverage area, such as a small office, home office, or a house. The coverage area is typically up to about 100?m in radius. The femtocell is applied to serve indoor subscribers, thus, Rayleigh fading is adopted to characterize the propagation channel. The TH-MC-CDMA technique transmits each symbol alternatively with fair time (slotting)/frequency (coding) for each user in hot spots (the area around the 0th femtocell). The signal intensity estimated at a mobile unit located in the second tier, i.e., the femtocell coverage area, is an important issue. This article evaluates the system performance with both bit error rate and outage probability according to the most important parameters. For example, the activating user number, the hopping numbers, subcarrier number, and transmitting power provided by the TH-MC-CDMA system. The analytical results are compared with results from published papers for reliability.     

网络仪用高效率多路电源设计

目的　设计网络仪用多路开关电源 .方法　控制电路采用了 PWM脉宽调制技术 ,输出电路采用了开关串调及输出滤波电感共绕同一磁芯的方法 .结果与结论　本文设计的多路开关电源具有输出效率高、纹波电压低、多路输出相互独立的特点 ,满足了用户的技术要求 .该电源不但适用于网络仪 ,还可广泛用于仪器仪表等设备     

Multiplexed Biosensing Diagnostic Platforms Detecting Autoantibodies to Tumor-Associated Antigens from Exosomes Released by CRC Cells and Tissue Samples Showed High Diagnostic Ability for Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The five-year survival rate of CRC patients depends on the stage at diagnosis, being higher than 80% when CRC is diagnosed in the early stages but lower than 10% when CRC is diagnosed in advanced stages. Autoantibodies against specific CRC autoantigens (tumor-associated antigens (TAAs)) in the sera of patients have been widely demonstrated to aid in early diagnosis. Thus, we herein aim to identify autoantigens target of autoantibodies specific to CRC that possess a significant ability to discriminate between CRC patients and healthy individuals by means of liquid biopsy. To that end, we examined the protein content of the exosomes released by five CRC cell lines and tissue samples from CRC patients by means of immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry analysis. A total of 103 proteins were identified as potential autoantigens specific to CRC. After bioinformatics and meta-analysis, we selected 15 proteins that are more likely to be actual CRC autoantigens in order to evaluate their role in CRC prognosis by Western blot (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). We found dysregulation at the protein level for 11 of these proteins in both tissue and plasma exosome samples from patients, along with an association of nine of these proteins with CRC prognosis. After validation, all but one showed a statistically significant high diagnostic ability to distinguish CRC patients and individuals with premalignant lesions from healthy individuals, either by luminescence Halotag-based beads, or by a multiplexed biosensing platform involving the use of magnetic microcarriers as solid support modified with covalently immobilized Halotag fusion proteins constructed for CRC detection. Taken together, our results highlight the usefulness of the approach defined here to identify the TAAs specific to chronic diseases; they also demonstrate that the measurement of autoantibody levels in plasma against the TAAs identified here could be integrated into a point-of-care (POC) device for CRC detection with high diagnostic ability.