四川省硕曲河干流乡城段水电规划方案优化研究

经审定的河流水电规划方案是开发该河流水能资源的重要依据。如果河流水电规划审查意见中留有待研究和落实的问题,应在梯级电站开发前进一步分析论证,为政府的最终决策提供科学依据。以达到合理利用水资源的目的。为实现四川省硕曲河流域水资源的合理开发、优化配置和高效利用。以硕曲河干流乡城段水电规划方案为基础．对“龙头”水库电站的开发方式、补偿效益。以及梯级合理衔接等进行深入研究。提出了经济合理、切实可行的水电规划优化方案．对促进该流域经济可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。     

四川省硕曲河干流乡城段水电规划方案优化与调整

梯级规划方案优化后表明,硕曲河干流乡城段的水能资源得到了合理开发、优化配置、高效利用,规划梯级开发方案总体布置格局更趋合理。     

牡丹江莲花以下河段水电梯级开发规划修编

牡丹江莲花水电站以下河道水电梯级开发建设规划工作即将完成,从综合指标分析比较,其下游梯级电站规划采用高坝方案较为经济、合理,并已获省发改委批复。规划修编后,各梯级电站的经济指标明显改善,为该流域水资源将合理开发利用提供了科学依据。     

农村小水电建设中的水电和谐开发

简要分析了我国农村小水电出现的“水电失和”现象。提出合理选择电站设计方案、增加水资源利用效益、保障河流环境与生态用水等工程措施来避免河流脱水。强调以科学发展观及和谐理念指导河流水资源开发,协调各行业用水规划以实现多方受益;加强水电开发中的环境监测与评价,减少工程建设对河流环境与生态的负面影响;通过河流水资源流域生态补偿来恢复水源地的环境与生态系统。在小水电开发中,辅助以水利旅游开发来提高水资源利用综合效益,促进区域经济、社会、环境和生态的和谐发展。     

汤旺河干流梯级水电站规划的必要性

汤旺河流域水能资源丰富,干流理论蕴藏量444MW,适合以水电为主的梯级开发,目前该河流水电工程建设基本处于无序状态,水资源开发利用程度较低.全面贯彻党和国家新时期的治水方针,从水能资源分布特征人手,分析和论证梯级水电站规划方案的可行性,通过对水能资源的合理开发和高效利用,科学管理汤旺河水资源,促进流域经济、社会和生态环境的协调发展,故汤旺河干流梯级水电站规划是十分必要的.     

云南普洱山区性河流梯级水电站整体开发研究

针对普洱市水资源丰富、中小水电开发项目较多的水电资源开发现状,探讨如何把水资源优势转化为经济优势,提高中小水电站经济效益的行之有效的开发模式。以小黑江流域中小梯级水电站开发为对象,分析了小黑江流域电站开发采取不同开发方案的水资源利用效率及产生的经济效益,提出以龙头水库建设为基础的梯级水电站开发模式。结果表明,该模式能够实现普洱市山区性河流中小梯级水电站的合理开发,且能充分利用水资源,提高水电站开发的经济效益。     

二道河水电梯级优化开发规划的决策分析

二道河是贵州省毕节地区水利水电资源最富集的河流之一。规划对主干流拟定10个梯级开发方案进行优化规划研究,通过动能经济工程技术和投入产出等综合分析,推荐采用由露布电站等共10个梯级组成的第X方案进行全河开发,从而为充分利用本河流水能资源、加速建设流域水电系统提供了合理、科学的依据。     

雅砻江流域梯级电站群联合优化调度研究

流域梯级电站群水电联合调度是一种先进的、高效率的调度模式。随着我国大中型流域水电梯级滚动开发建设的不断深人,各流域水电开发公司为追求综合效益最大化,在确保电网安全稳定运行的前提下,逐渐形成对梯级水库和电站进行统一水电联合调度管理的模式。作者总结出雅砻江公司集控中心在水电联合调度过程中采取的优化调度原则,并建立以发电收益最大化为目标的数学模型,寻求最优化联合调度方式,提高水资源利用率和电站的经济效益。     

硕多岗河流域梯级电站水情预报及服务系统建设

中小流域洪水预报技术是中小河流治理与山洪灾害防治的关键技术之一。以硕多岗河流域为研究对象,在流域暴雨洪水特性研究的基础上,针对流域梯级电站运行管理的实际需求,结合现代信息处理、网络和通信等技术,利用流域洪水预报方案研制成果,建设硕多岗河梯级电站水情预报及水情服务系统。该系统提供水雨情、发电机组出力、闸门开度等信息数据的实时查询和历史检索以及实时监控等功能,同时提供实时来水预报、防洪调度等综合管理功能,为硕多岗河梯级电站防洪发电调度、运行管理提供决策支持。     

以人为本、科学规划、和谐发展——创老挝南欧江干流水电规划精品

南欧江是湄公河左岸老挝境内最大支流,发源于中国云南省江城县与老挝丰沙里省接壤的边境山脉一带,河流水能资源丰富。通过精心的设计、科学的规划,在充分尊重河流水能资源特点的前提下,提出了"一库七级"开发方案,使南欧江水能资源得以合理开发利用,南欧江干流水电规划充分体现了中国企业绿色、可持续发展的水电开发理念,通过推行流域统一规划、建设、运行、管理的整体开发模式,实现了流域梯级电站快速、健康的发展,将为老挝社会经济发展做出巨大贡献。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).