逍遥河生态小流域的规划思路

随着人民生活水平的逐步提高,人民群众对创建生态清洁型小流域的要求日益迫切。生态清洁型小流域建设是遵循生态优先和人与自然和谐的原则,在治理水土流失、美化环境、提高生态质量的基础上,构筑＂生态修复、生态治理、生态保护＂的三道防线。结合农村产业结构调整,在治理水土流失的同时,达到保证粮食安全、水环境安全和景观协调的目标,促进了流域内社会经济的可持续发展。针对沁阳市逍遥河小流域的实际情况,根据生态清洁型小流域的内涵,提出了在该流域开展生态清洁型小流域建设规划的一些想法。     

易县生态清洁型小流域建设实践

<正>为适应经济社会发展新形势的需要,不断拓深小流域治理的内涵和拓宽流域治理的外延,根据水利部"关于开展生态清洁型小流域试点工程建设的通知(水保〔2006〕623号)及省市有关通知精神,易县于2007年开始,利用3年时间,在旺隆水库(县域水源地)上游的柴厂小流域开展了生态清洁型小流域试点工程建设。按照"景观优美、自然和谐、卫生清洁、人居舒适"的生态清洁型小流域目标要求,主要采取以打造     

平谷区熊儿寨乡生态清洁小流域建设

文章介绍了北京平谷区熊儿寨乡生态清洁小流域建设的思路、基本做法和取得的成效：以水源保护为中心，紧密结合新农村建设，引导和培育生态友好型产业，通过对熊儿寨小流域山、水、田、林、路、污水、垃圾、河道、环境综合治理，构筑“生态修复、生态治理、生态保护”三道防线，使流域内整体达到詈观优美，自然和谐，卫生清洁，人居舒适，有水则清，无水则绿，实现“房前屋后是菜园，公路两旁是花园，全乡是个大公园”的目标。     

北京市生态清洁型小流域建设促进山区发展的思考

北京市建设生态清洁小型流域,有效保护了首都水源地,优化了农村生产生活环境,为山区可持续发展提供了支撑和保障。在建设过程中也存在理念落实不到位、建设标准不高、流域管理机制不健全等一系列问题。本文结合生态清洁型小流域功能作用论述和存在问题分析,提出深化生态清洁型小流域建设的对策建议。     

三峡库区生态清洁小流域综合治理模式探讨

长江上游三峡库区坡耕地面积广,水土流失量大,对当地环境和经济社会的发展造成了严重危害。通过建立库区"生态修复、生态治理、生态保护"三道防线,并开展库区消落带的治理,生态清洁型小流域水土流失得到有效控制。结合生态清洁小流域建设的一般原则和技术要求,对三峡库区的生态清洁小流域治理模式进行了探讨,并针对当前生态清洁小流域建设和管理存在的不足和问题提出了相应的建议。     

妫水河流域生态清洁小流域建设跃上大流域治理新台阶

妫水河流域自1983年开展小流域治理,已经有20多个年头,积累了一定的经验。在北京面临严重缺水的形势下,以水源保护为中心,构筑"生态修复、生态治理、生态保护"三道防线正式启动,妫水河流域形成了自己的"养山保水、进村治水、入川护水"三道水土保持防线。在具体操作上,仍以小流域为单元进行治理,但又不拘泥于小流域,突破小流域的局限性,树立妫水河流域的整体观,充分完整地考虑妫水河大流域的特点,把生态清洁小流域建设与水源保护结合起来,使妫水河流域的生态清洁小流域建设跃上大流域治理的新台阶。     

桃花源生态清洁型小流域建设实践与体会

建设生态清洁型小流域是水利部按照科学发展观的要求提出的水土保持生态建设工作新理念．目标就是要实现人与自然和谐相处。泰安市在桃花源小流域水土保持治理中按照生态清洁型小流域建设目标要求积极实践,取得了显著成效。     

铜川市生态清洁小流域建设必要性及思路探析

铜川市位于陕西省中部,为黄河中游水土流失重点治理地区之一。多年来的小流域综合治理,未能有效解决水资源保护、非点源污染、河流生态退化、村庄环境脏乱差等问题。生态清洁小流域建设是以小流域为单元的水土流失综合治理工作的创新和发展,但铜川市开展此项工作起步较晚。针对铜川水资源短缺、水生态恶化等问题,因地制宜,因害设防,按照水源保护型、城郊型、水源保护型与城郊型相结合的三个功能类型开展生态清洁小流域建设试点工作,实现流域内的山青、水净、村美、民富,并通过示范带动作用,最终建成健康小流域。     

生态清洁小流域建设技术体系研究

介绍北京水土保持工作从小流域综合治理走向生态清洁小流域建设的背景,围绕生态清洁小流域建设全面开展北京山区小流域单元的划分、水源保护三道防线划分、小流域调查监测及评价方法、防治措施配置和治理关键技术等方面的研究工作,研究并规范生态清洁小流域建设中的调查、评价、规划、治理、监测和验收等技术环节、取得了初步的研究成果,对北京水源保护及生态清洁小流域建设工作起到重要的技术支撑作用.     

欧盟治水理念在上水沟生态清洁小流域建设中的应用研究

延庆区上水沟小流域2010年被列入生态清洁小流域治理工程。治理中借鉴欧盟近自然治水理念,恢复水体生态功能,建设村庄环境整治工程,减少水源污染,发展特色产业,增加农民收入。流域监测结果显示,流域治理控制了流域水土流失,改善河流生态,推动了绿色产业发展。本研究推动了北京市小流域治理与国际先进理念、技术的接轨,促进了新时期生态清洁小流域的跨越式发展。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.