Effect of Volume Fraction of Primary Alpha Phase on Solid Particle Erosion Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

The present article evaluates the influence of independent control factors such as percentage of primary alpha phase, impact velocity, impingement angle, and erodent size on solid particle erosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy using a statistical approach. Microstructural variation in terms of different percentage of primary alpha phase of investigated alloy has been introduced by solution annealing it at different temperatures followed by thermal aging. Solid particle erosion tests have been carried out using a sand blast–type test rig following an experimental schedule based on Taguchi's orthogonal arrays. It is observed that erosion rate and the value of percentage elongation decreased with an increase in the content of primary alpha phase from 10 to 20% and then increased for the value corresponding to the content of 30% primary alpha phase in this alloy. We observed that the solid particle erosion behavior of the investigated alloy consisting of various percentages of primary alpha phase is related to their ductility. Among all four control factors, impact velocity of the erodent has been found to be the most significant control factor influencing the solid particle erosion behavior of this alloy followed by impingement angle, percentage of primary alpha phase, and erodent size. Impact velocity has greatest static influence of 91.35%, impingement angle has an influence of 4.69%, percentage of primary alpha phase has an influence of 2.28%, and erodent size has an influence of 0.42% on solid particle erosion having R² = 0.99. Material loss during solid particle erosion of this alloy was found to be ductile in nature. Ploughing or pile-up leading to platelet formation is the primary mechanism of material loss during erosion of the alloy.     

应用激光微小光斑进行颗粒分析

目前已有多种颗粒分析的方法,它们都有各自的特点,本文介绍一种应用激光微小光斑进行颗粒分析的技术,该方法应用聚焦光斑直径与被测样品平均颗粒粒径相近的激光光斑,使其落在样品颗粒上,在后向获取信号,经处理得到样品颗粒分析的结果,它适用于河道与港口水样品的泥沙分析,也可以应用在类似的场合。     

Evaluating the role of particle distribution and shape in two-body abrasion by statistical simulation

Previous work suggests that particle shape—specifically, its variation with particle size—is unlikely to be the dominant cause of the particle size effect (PSE) encountered in abrasion. In theory, the statistically similar nature of particle geometry implies that wear rate in two-body abrasion should be independent of particle size when all other conditions are unchanged and boundary effects are negligible. In practice, however, the severity of wear can be influenced substantially by the cumulative effect of relatively small variations of each governing factor. This paper deals with numerous issues related to the shape of abrasive particles and surfaces, with the view of understanding how shape contributes to wear and the manifestation of the PSE. It has been discovered, for example, that among the various solids of revolution used in the past to model the asperities of particles, the most representative possesses a power-law generatrix. Particle shape alone, however, constitutes a modest part in determining the properties of abrasive tools, such as grinding wheels and abrasive coated paper. Consequently, the density and distribution of the particles on the surface must also be given due consideration. To this end a statistical simulation of two-body abrasion has been developed. The effects of varying asperity shape and distribution on wear rate are clearly demonstrated and compared to results obtained from two-body experiments.     

落球冲击破碎下的非限制料层夹持形态

为提高球磨粉碎的效率,构建了球形介质对非限制料层的冲击粉碎模型,开展了落球冲击破碎下的料层夹持形态研究。通过石英砂料层的落球冲击破碎实验,分析了初始料层厚度、落球冲击能量、冲击速度、落球大小以及料层颗粒大小对料层夹持形态的影响。实验结果表明,夹持颗粒完全破碎时,料层夹持厚度为2层颗粒的堆叠厚度情况下,夹持范围受落球大小和夹持角度的影响较大。根据夹持角度与安息角的关联性,建立了料层夹持半径与落球大小、安息角的数学模型。     

Study of solid particle erosion on AISI D2 using angular silicon carbide and steel round grit particles

Abstract

In this study, the performance of AISI D2 steel subjected to solid particle erosion tests was analysed. This material has applications for tools and dies for blanking, wood milling cutters, cold-extruding and other operations requiring high compressive strength and excellent wear resistance. The erosion tests performed by using a rig developed according to some parameters of the ASTM G76-95 standard. Two abrasive were used, angular silicon carbide (SiC) and steel round grit, both, with a particle size of 400–420 μm. This allowed comparing the erosion severity of each abrasive particle. The tests were conducted using four different incident angles 30, 45, 60 and 90° with a particle velocity of 24±2 m s^?1 and a flow rate of 21±2·5 g min^?1 for silicon carbide and 48·5±3·5 g min^?1 for the steel round grit. The exposure testing time was 10 min. Subsequently, the surface damage was analysed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to identify the wear mechanisms. Additionally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was conducted in order to obtain roughness of the surface damage at 60°. The results indicated that higher amount of mass loss was obtained by angular silicon carbide particles.     

Particle sizes and their distributions estimated from line- and point-sampled intercepts. Including graphical unfolding

Information about particle size is currently obtained almost exclusively by the use of stereological methods which lead to estimates of the number distribution of linear particle size. The main point of this presentation is to stress the freedom to choose more appropriate parameters for size among a host of options, including particle surface area and volume. Moreover, particle size information may often be considered advantageously in terms of particle distributions based on structural characteristics rather than number distributions. Some of these other distribution types are correctly represented in samples of intercept lengths obtained by line- and point-sampling, respectively. The known and quite simple theory of sampling intercepts is summarized and developed further in several different directions, including a derivation of the distribution of intercept length in ellipsoids, graphical unfolding procedures, and mean size estimators. The potential of the approach is illustrated—but not exhausted—by the existence of a general mean size estimator based on minimal assumptions regarding particle shape.     

Effect on Particle Size to Emitted X-Ray Intensity in Pellet Cement Sample Analyzed with WDXRF Spectrometer

Abstract

The particle size and heterogeneity effects on the analyte line were investigated for the analysis of powdered samples by X-ray fluorescence technique. In the analysis of samples utilizing the powder method, these effects caused serious errors with variations in particle size for the emitted intensity. The fluorescence intensities of some elements in pellet samples of cement (the range of particle sizes, < 32 µm, 32–38 µm, 38–45 µm, 45–63 µm, 45–75 µm, 75–106 µm, and 106–150 µm and, at press pressure 3.50 and 1.41 × 10⁷ kg/m²), are measured using a wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometer for 14 pellets prepared according to the powder method. The results show that the K _α X-ray fluorescence intensities from samples can effect about 17% maximum differences in normalized intensities within selected particle sizes. These experimental results were interpreted by comparing with the other experimental results in the literature.     

颗粒粒度在线测量的多对波长消光法

本文提出一种新的能实现颗粒粒度在线监测的多对波长消光法。理论分析及实验研究证实了这种方法的有效性。     

新型在线粒度检测仪的设计与研究

提出了一种基于精确物理测量和统计学原理的直接、在线粉末颗粒粒度测量方法，并设计了相应的测量仪器。从理论上推导了确定目数网筛的筛下重量百分含量和测量仪器输出值之间存在的对应关系。应用该仪器和方法，对白云鄂博铁矿矿石颗粒样品进行了实验，实验数据验证了对应关系的存在。应用回归分析的方法，拟合出该关系的函数表达式，量后分析了整个方法中存在的误差，并提出了改进方法。该仪器已经在包钢选矿厂投入使用。     

颗粒尺寸在线测量的光透消光法

提出了用光透消光法（或称全散射法）对颗粒尺寸及其分布进行实时在线测量的方法。并模拟生产现场颗粒状况,用标准粒子作了一系列验证实验,实验结果很好地证实了本方法的有效性。     

Solid-liquid mixture flow through a slim hole annulus with rotating inner cylinder

An experimental study was conducted to study solid-liquid mixture upward hydraulic transport of solid particles in vertical and inclined annuli with rotating inner cylinder. Lift forces acting on a fluidized particle play a central role in many important applications, such as the removal of drill cuttings in horizontal drill holes, sand transport in fractured reservoirs and sediment transport, etc. Annular fluid velocities varied from 0.4 m/s to 1.2 m/s. Effect of annulus inclination and drill pipe rotation on the carrying capacity of drilling fluid, particle rising velocity, and pressure drop in the slim hole annulus have been measured for fully developed flows of water and of aqueous solutions of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and bentonite, respectively. For higher particle feed concentration, the hydraulic pressure drop of mixture flow increases due to the friction between the wall and solids or among solids. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Gihun Son Sang-Mok Han received a B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Sung-kyunkwan University in 2001. He then went on to receive his M.S. degrees from Sungkyunkwan University in 2003. He is a candidate for Ph.D. from 2006 to the present at the School of Mechanical Engineering at Sungkyunkwan University in Suwon, Korea. His research interests are in the area of Multi-phase flow and drilling. Nam-Sub Woo received a B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Sungkyunkwan University in 1997. He then went on to receive his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Sunkyunkwan University in 1999 and 2007, respectively. Dr. Woo is currently a Senior Researcher at the Fire & Engineering Services Research Center at Korea Institute of Construction and Technology in Goyang, Korea. Dr. Woo’s research interests are in the area of fluid dynamics and plant engineering. Young-Kyu Hwang received a B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Sungkyunkwan University in 1977. He then went on to receive his M.S. from University of Wis-consin at Madison in 1980 and Ph.D. degrees from State Uni-versity of New York at Buffalo in 1984, respectively. Dr. Hwang has served as a Professor, from 1984 to the present at the School of Mechanical Engineering at Sungkyunkwan University in Suwon, Korea. His research interests are in the area of drilling hydraulics, molecular gas flow and hydrodynamic instability.     

颗粒直径对阻尼器减振性能影响的试验研究

通过试验,研究了颗粒直径的大小对颗粒阻尼器减振性能的影响。搭建了简支梁试验装置,将颗粒阻尼器安装在简支粱上,通过激振器给简支梁不同频率的正弦激振力,用加速度传感器测出了简支梁在不同频率振动下的加速度幅值。试验结果表明：在一阶固有频率时,颗粒阻尼器最大减振效果可以达到50．00％,但也会加剧振动;在其他频率时,最大减振效果可达到94．74％,也会加剧振动;颗粒阻尼器都对高频振动减振效果好。这为颗粒阻尼器减振机理的理论研究提供了依据。     

The Wear of Copper,Aluminum, Mild Steel,and Zinc,and Their Wear Particle Shape Factors

Unlubricated, highly loaded sliding experiments were conducted for systems of mild steel, copper, aluminum, and zinc. Load is critical in determining the wear mode. A Cocks wedge mechanism is the primary method of wear for copper, and for aluminum until a critical temperature is reached. The wear of steel is characterized by the formation of small un-joined fragments.

The surfaces of wear particles were of two types; copper showed one type, and aluminum, mild steel, and zinc the other.

Wear particle shape can be characterized by the ratios of dimensions (L/W) and (L/H). These factors are easily determined to good accuracy, and have distributions which are both far different in form and mean values for the various metals. The mean values of the shape factors are independent of particle size, and of each other.

Surface roughness is not related to wear particle size for highly loaded sliding.     

旋流泵内颗粒分布特性及对泵性能的影响

基于Eulerian多相流模型和RNG κ-ε两方程湍流模型对旋流泵内的液固两相流场进行了数值模拟,获得了不同粒径、浓度时泵内的颗粒分布特性及对泵性能的影响。研究结果表明:固体颗粒进入泵内后主要集中于无叶腔内,无叶腔中的颗粒分布以泵轴为中心呈现一定的轴对称分布,随着粒径的增大,颗粒在无叶腔内壁面聚集的更加明显,随着浓度的增大,颗粒在无叶腔内的分布规律几乎没有变化,随着流量的增大,无叶腔中心部分颗粒浓度几乎不变的区域扩大;在叶轮内,叶片工作面附近的颗粒浓度要大于叶片背面的;随着粒径及浓度的增大旋流泵的效率会降低,随着粒径的增大泵的扬程会降低。     

液固两相介质多频超声粒径分布测量

液固两相流动广泛存在于工业过程中,其粒径分布信息在线测量对生产优化与控制十分重要。超声法作为无扰动式多相流动参数测量方法,其衰减特性与固相颗粒粒径、体积分数等密切相关,可用于实现粒径分布在线测量。本文搭建液固两相介质超声衰减实验装置,装置采用石英砂作为固相颗粒,自来水为液相,利用线性调频超声信号激励研究液固两相介质的超声衰减特性。实验结果表明,随着激励频率和固相体积分数的升高,超声衰减系数逐渐增加,采用Twomey及遗传算法等对液固两相介质粒径分布进行反演,测试结果与马尔文激光粒度分析仪的粒径分布结果相比,相关系数为0.918。     

Measurement of particle/bubble motion and turbulence around it by hybrid PIV

Characteristics of bubble flow are influenced by bubble motion, liquid flow and interactions between bubbles, and between a bubble and liquid phase. Thus because behavior of a single bubble and liquid around it is regarded as one of the basic elements characterizing bubble flow, the single bubble motion in stagnant water was investigated experimentally by using flow visualization and image processing methods. The bubble motion is influenced by several factors, that is, bubble size, density difference between gas and liquid, bubble shape and deformation in motion. In order to separate the effect of each factor, some solid particles with different size, shape and/or density were also measured and the characteristic of each factor was discussed. Two-dimensional water velocity field and the motion of a rising particle/bubble in the water were simultaneously measured by PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) and PTV (Particle Tracking Velocimetry), respectively (Hybrid PIV). The experimental results showed that the large density difference between a particle and water caused high relative velocity and induced zigzag motion of the particle. Furthermore, the turbulence intensity of a bubble was about twice in the case of the spherical solid particle of similar diameter.     

Effect of particle size, forging and ageing on the mechanical fatigue characteristics of Al6082/SiCp metal matrix composites

Addition of inexpensive silicon carbide particulates (SiC_p) in the aluminium alloy matrix results in materials with properties non-obtainable in monolithic materials. The forging process results in improved properties as well as forms a shape of the final product. The age-hardening processes accelerate the coarse hardening process of the composites and improve strength and ductility. The size, morphology and volume fraction are the key controlling factors that control the plasticity and the thermal residual stresses in the matrix and thereby it’s mechanical and fatigue properties. This research paper focuses on the effect of particle size, forging and ageing on the mechanical and fatigue properties of the cast, forged and age-hardened aluminium 6082 (AI6082) reinforced with SiC_p. Al6082 reinforced with three different particle sizes of SiC_p (average particles size of 22, 12 and 3 µm) in the forged and ageing conditions were studied. The samples were characterised by optical microscopy, hardness, tensile and fatigue tests. The forged microstructure shows a more uniform distribution of SiC_p in the aluminium matrix. The addition of SiC_p results in improved tensile strength, yield strength and elastic constants of the composites with reduction in ductility. It also increases the fatigue strength of the composites by increasing the number of cycles required for fatigue failure of the composites for the given value of stress. The results also show considerable improvements in mechanical fatigue properties due to forging and ageing heat treatment of the metal matrix composites     

基于固体颗粒尺寸分布的微孔滤膜堵塞机理分析

滤膜堵塞法是一种半定量的油液污染度检测方法,研究固体颗粒尺寸分布与滤膜堵塞机理的关系有助于该检测方法的定量化。利用AC细粉尘及煤粉配制了8种不同尺寸分布的悬浮溶液,选择了10 μm、15 μm两种不同尺寸的微孔滤膜,对其堵塞机理与溶液中固体颗粒尺寸分布的关系进行试验研究。基于膜孔尺寸将颗粒划分为可通过颗粒、敏感颗粒、架桥颗粒及易挡孔颗粒,将溶液恒压下通过微孔滤膜的流量衰减曲线与经典堵塞模型的堵塞指数相结合,分析不同类型颗粒在膜孔堵塞中的作用以及不同颗粒尺寸分布对应的滤膜堵塞机理。分析结果表明,微孔滤膜堵塞机理与溶液尺寸分布规律相对应,与膜孔尺寸的选择无关;溶液中的敏感颗粒越多,对滤膜的初始堵塞会越严重,越易形成滤饼;对于可通过小颗粒较多、敏感颗粒和架桥颗粒适量、易挡孔颗粒较少这种液压系统中常见的颗粒尺寸分布规律,微孔滤膜的堵塞以标准堵塞-滤饼过滤为主要机理。首次从颗粒尺寸分布的角度分析微米级滤膜堵塞机理,分析结果有助于建立滤膜通量与固体污染颗粒尺寸分布之间的关系,从而提高滤膜堵塞法的油液污染度检测精度。     

测量多峰分布模式颗粒尺寸的一种计算方法

散射式激光测粒仪在微小颗粒的粒度分析中国用途广泛。本文提出一种基于该类仪器的用于测量多峰分布模式颗粒粒度的计算方法，即Row方法与多峰分布模式的组合算法。大量的计算机模拟计算和实测证实了这种算法的有效性和实用性。     

Sampling Efficiency of the Tsi Aerodynamic Particle Sizer

Abstract

The Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS) has been tested and used in a variety of laboratory and field situations for indoor air quality research of both industrial and livestock buildings. The APS is capable of providing rapid, real-time measurement of particle size distribution. However, no literature was found in which the sampling efficiency of the APS was addressed. This paper presents a method to evaluate the sampling efficiency of the APS, considering both the aspiration efficiency and the penetration efficiency. Six tests were conducted and measurements were taken by a cascade impact sampler and the APS simultaneously. The results obtained by the APS were compared with the results of the cascade impact sampler.