Ecological Risk Management of Drinking Water Project: The Case Study of Kunming City

Following rapid infrastructure development and industrialization, the problems of water pollution and water shortage have become more severe. Whether there is safe drinking water in cities has attracted wide attention.The ecological risk management of drinking water project is an important means of ensuring the safety of a drinking water source. Based on ecological risk assessment and management theories, this paper establishes an ecological risk management model and assessment system with the aim of providing theoretical guidance and scientific basis for formulating a policy on the safety and protection of drinking water sources in a city. Kunming is one of the cities plagued by severe water shortage in China. Its ecological risk management of drinking water has attracted the attention of both the local government and the public.Using Kunming as the case study, this paper conducts a comparative analysis and assessment on three major reservoirs that face ecological risks. It highlights the existing problems and gives helpful suggestions.     

压力容器风险评估初探

制冷压力容器设计按照《固定式压力容器安全技术监察规程》3.6条进行风险评估过程中,广泛查阅,了解“风险”“风险管理”,很有触动,将心得整理成文,介绍风险、风险管理概念,提出压力容器设计过程进行风险评估的一般流程,可以作为压力容器设计风险评估参考.     

Assessing and managing the health risk due to ingestion of inorganic arsenic from fish and shellfish farmed in blackfoot disease areas for general Taiwanese

This paper assesses health risks due to the ingestion of inorganic arsenic from fish and shellfish farmed in blackfoot disease areas by general public in Taiwan. The provisional tolerable weekly intake of arsenic set by FAO/WHO and the target cancer risk assessment model proposed by USEPA were integrated to evaluate the acceptable consumption rate. Five aquacultural species, tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), milkfish (Chanos chanos), mullet (Mugil cephalus), clam (Meretrix lusoria) and oyster (Crassostrea gigas) were included. Monte Carlo analysis was used to propagate the parameter uncertainty and to probabilistically assess the health risk associated with the daily intake of inorganic As from farmed fish and shellfish. The integrated risk-based analysis indicates that the associated 50th and 95th percentile health risk are 2.06×10(-5) and 8.77×10(-5), respectively. Moreover, the acceptable intakes of inorganic As are defined and illustrated by a two dimensional graphical model. According to the relationship between C(inorg) and IR(f) derived from this study, two risk-based curves are constructed. An acceptable risk zone is determined (risk ranging from 1×10(-5) to 6.07×10(-5)) which is recommended for acceptable consumption rates of fish and shellfish. To manage the health risk due to the ingestion of inorganic As from fish and shellfish in BFD areas, a risk-based management scheme is derived which provide a convenient way for general public to self-determine the acceptable seafood consumption rate.     

Arsenic removal from water/wastewater using adsorbents--A critical review

Arsenic's history in science, medicine and technology has been overshadowed by its notoriety as a poison in homicides. Arsenic is viewed as being synonymous with toxicity. Dangerous arsenic concentrations in natural waters is now a worldwide problem and often referred to as a 20th-21st century calamity. High arsenic concentrations have been reported recently from the USA, China, Chile, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Mexico, Argentina, Poland, Canada, Hungary, Japan and India. Among 21 countries in different parts of the world affected by groundwater arsenic contamination, the largest population at risk is in Bangladesh followed by West Bengal in India. Existing overviews of arsenic removal include technologies that have traditionally been used (oxidation, precipitation/coagulation/membrane separation) with far less attention paid to adsorption. No previous review is available where readers can get an overview of the sorption capacities of both available and developed sorbents used for arsenic remediation together with the traditional remediation methods. We have incorporated most of the valuable available literature on arsenic remediation by adsorption ( approximately 600 references). Existing purification methods for drinking water; wastewater; industrial effluents, and technological solutions for arsenic have been listed. Arsenic sorption by commercially available carbons and other low-cost adsorbents are surveyed and critically reviewed and their sorption efficiencies are compared. Arsenic adsorption behavior in presence of other impurities has been discussed. Some commercially available adsorbents are also surveyed. An extensive table summarizes the sorption capacities of various adsorbents. Some low-cost adsorbents are superior including treated slags, carbons developed from agricultural waste (char carbons and coconut husk carbons), biosorbents (immobilized biomass, orange juice residue), goethite and some commercial adsorbents, which include resins, gels, silica, treated silica tested for arsenic removal come out to be superior. Immobilized biomass adsorbents offered outstanding performances. Desorption of arsenic followed by regeneration of sorbents has been discussed. Strong acids and bases seem to be the best desorbing agents to produce arsenic concentrates. Arsenic concentrate treatment and disposal obtained is briefly addressed. This issue is very important but much less discussed.     

A Comprehensive Approach to Dynamic Project Risk Management

A large percentage of projects suffer performance, cost, and/or schedule problems. There are many reasons why projects fail, including an inadequate approach to risk management. Inadequate approaches result when a comprehensive identification of risks is not performed at project commencement, when risk assessment fails to consider important aspects, when no subsequent follow-up is carried out for mitigation strategies adopted, when no further identification of risks during project execution is completed, or a combination of these occurs. A number of publications have dealt with different facets of risk management, but not in a comprehensive way. This article compiles the approaches applied and observed by the author based on 25 years of industry experience; these observations were synthesized and result in a procedure for dynamic risk management successfully applied to a number of projects. The use of a broad array of techniques is suggested to identify risks, which are then thoroughly analyzed. The assessment was performed using a comprehensive array of criteria. The complete set of criteria included essential ones such as aggregability factor, triggering factor, early warning, immediacy, and recoverability. The thorough assessment was done dynamically. The initial assessment enables the adoption of the most adequate mitigation strategies, which later on are dynamically validated. New risks are also detected and dealt with dynamically throughout project execution. The main contribution of this work is the synthesis of state-of-the-art knowledge into a state-of-the-practice procedure, which can be applied by engineering managers in all sectors and in all phases of project execution.     

Getting beyond ‘grin and bear it’ in the practice of risk management

Risk perception researchers frequently notice major discrepancies between expert judgment and lay opinion concerning the identity of ‘large’ risks. These discrepancies are particularly disconcerting because they lead to a significant misallocation of scarce resources devoted to public risk management. Yet, democratic decision-making also appeals to many risk perception researchers, and some see such little prospect for a solution thaty they seem close to surrendering to decision-making based on lay risk perception. This article argues that such a ‘grin and bear it’ strategy is also unsatisfactory; that risk perceptions are unstable grounds for decision-making; that expert risk assessment and lay risk perception differ by design rather than accident; that risk experts' search for ‘virtuous lawmakers’ who would make public decisions for the greatest public good is a vain one; that the dissonance risk perception researchers now observe will likely get worse in the new information age; and that risk perception researchers need to return to first principles to find solutions to these dilemmas. In particular, the gap between expert judgment and lay perception will close only when non-experts are permitted and expected to make their own risk management decisions, so far as that is possible, while bearing full responsibility for their choices.     

Quantitative risk assessment for accidental release of titanium tetrachloride in a titanium sponge production plant

This paper outlines the quantitative risk assessment for storage and purification section of a titanium sponge production facility. Based on qualitative HAZAN technique, which involves a detailed FETI and HAZOP study of the entire plant, the storage and the purification section were found to be the most hazardous sections. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl(4)) is the major reactant used in this plant. TiCl(4) is a toxic, corrosive water reactive chemical and on spillage from containment creates a liquid pool that can either boil or evaporate leading to the evolution of toxic hydrogen chloride (HCl). Fault tree analysis technique has been used to identify the basic events responsible for the top event occurrence and calculate their probabilities. Consequence analysis of the probable scenarios has been carried out and the risk has been estimated in terms of fatality and injuries. These results form the basic inputs for the risk management decisions.     

中国水利建设的成就 问题和展望

扼要总结了在1949至2000的50年间中国大陆取得的主要水利建设成就，分别从防洪、灌溉、供水、通航和水能利用等方面加以叙述，并反映到水利科学、技术、教育、管理方面的发展。分析了在取得成就的同时所发生的问题与缺点，探讨了近年来出现的一些新矛盾和新问题，主要有江河防洪标准仍然偏低，未形成可靠和完整的防洪体系；洪水位不断抬高，防汛负担与风险不断增加；水资源过度开发与严重浪费，水质广泛污染，水环境不断恶化以及水利工程配套不全，质量不高，管理粗放，经济效益低落等，并认为产生这些情况的主要因素是思想意识的片面和政策     

Physicochemical principles behind the preparation of high-purity arsenic compounds from lewisite detoxification products

High-purity arsine suitable for the growth of gallium arsenide-based epitaxial heterostructures has been prepared by processing a lewisite detoxification product: hydrolytic sodium arsenite. The proposed method involves the dissolution of hydrolytic sodium arsenite in water; electrolysis of the solution, resulting in the formation of arsenic acid and sodium hydroxide, which is subsequently used to absorb released chlorine; electrochemical arsine synthesis from the arsenic acid; and arsine purification by fractionation to a level of 99.9999%.     

A review of NAPL source zone remediation efficiency and the mass flux approach

A number of previous studies are reviewed to examine the actual reduction of NAPL from source zones and the effectiveness of the specific technique of remediation used at sites under study. It has been shown that complete removal of the NAPL in free phase or residual is not possible due to the complex entrapment architecture of NAPLs at field sites. Consequently, the assessment of remediation efficiency should not be solely based on the reduction of entrapped NAPL mass from source zone. Instead, it should be based on the reduction of risk achieved through the lowering of the concentration of the dissolved constituents emanating from the entrapped NAPL during source zone clean-up. The prediction of the concentration in the plume requires a knowledge of the dissolution of NAPLs in the source zone. Attention is directed to the need for the understanding the mass transfer from entrapped NAPLs in the source zone before and after remediation. In this paper, the current knowledge of mass transfer processes from the non-aqueous phase to the aqueous phase is summarised and the use of mass flux measurements (monitoring the concentration of contaminants in aqueous phase due to source zone NAPL–groundwater mass transfer) is introduced as a potential tool to assess the efficiency of technologies used in source zone remediation. Preliminary results of numerical simulations reveal that factors such as source zone morphology as determined by the heterogeneity of the formation control the post-remediation dissolution behaviour, than the local mass transfer. Thus, accurate site characterization is essential for predicting NAPL dissolution and mass flux relationships as well as for assigning site-specific remediation target values.     

Asymmetric Redox-Polymer Interfaces for Electrochemical Reactive Separations: Synergistic Capture and Conversion of Arsenic

Advanced redox-polymer materials offer a powerful platform for integrating electroseparations and electrocatalysis, especially for water purification and environmental remediation applications. The selective capture and remediation of trivalent arsenic (As(III)) is a central challenge for water purification due to its high toxicity and difficulty to remove at ultra-dilute concentrations. Current methods present low ion selectivity, and require multistep processes to transform arsenic to the less harmful As(V) state. The tandem selective capture and conversion of As(III) to As(V) is achieved using an asymmetric design of two redox-active polymers, poly(vinyl)ferrocene (PVF) and poly-TEMPO-methacrylate (PTMA). During capture, PVF selectively removes As(III) with exceptional uptake (>100 mg As/g adsorbent), and during release, synergistic electrocatalytic oxidation of As(III) to As(V) with >90% efficiency can be achieved by PTMA, a radical-based redox polymer. The system demonstrates >90% removal efficiencies with real wastewater and concentrations of arsenic as low as 10 ppb. By integrating electron-transfer through the judicious design of asymmetric redox-materials, an order-of-magnitude energy efficiency increase can be achieved compared to non-faradaic, carbon-based materials. The study demonstrates for the first time the effectiveness of asymmetric redox-active polymers for integrated reactive separations and electrochemically mediated process intensification for environmental remediation.     

欧盟化学品安全评估与高关注物质评估

欧盟化学品安全管理制度是全球最为系统完善的管理体系之一。欧盟实施的化学品安全评估是化学品安全管理以及控制和减少有毒有害化学品风险的主要技术手段,而高关注物质评估是按照化学品危害实施化学品分类管理的技术基础。本文就欧盟化学品安全评估程序进行了介绍,并对欧盟高关注物质评估的程序、标准和方法进行了综述,旨在为我国化学品安全管理提供借鉴。     

面向饮用水制备过程的纳滤膜分离技术

纳滤膜分离技术在饮用水制备方面具有独特的作用，是制备优质饮用水的有效方法．依据电荷效应，纳滤膜可以降低水质硬度，去除饮用水中对人体有害的硝酸盐、砷、氟化物和重金属等无机污染物；依据筛分效应，纳滤膜可以有效地去除农药残留物、三氯甲烷及其中问体、激素以及天然有机物等有机污染物．文章详细综述了国内外纳滤膜技术在饮用水制备中应用研究的最新进展，纳滤膜对地表水或地下水中存在的各种无机、有机污染物的分离特性及饮用水制备过程中的纳滤膜污染与防治对策．     

Formal safety assessment based on relative risks model in ship navigation

Formal safety assessment (FSA) is a structured and systematic methodology aiming at enhancing maritime safety. It has been gradually and broadly used in the shipping industry nowadays around the world. On the basis of analysis and conclusion of FSA approach, this paper discusses quantitative risk assessment and generic risk model in FSA, especially frequency and severity criteria in ship navigation. Then it puts forward a new model based on relative risk assessment (MRRA). The model presents a risk-assessment approach based on fuzzy functions and takes five factors into account, including detailed information about accident characteristics. It has already been used for the assessment of pilotage safety in Shanghai harbor, China. Consequently, it can be proved that MRRA is a useful method to solve the problems in the risk assessment of ship navigation safety in practice.     

可连续取水的移动应急净水车结构设计与分析

灾区居民获取饮用水较为困难,为切实保障其饮水安全,设计了一种滤水精度较高的可连续取水的移动应急净水车,可满足小群体的饮水需求。首先,从总体上设计了可连续取水的移动应急净水车的结构,并详细介绍了其取水装置、滤水装置、储水装置和运水装置的设计;然后,运用SolidWorks软件对该移动应急净水车的运水装置进行三维建模,并利用Simulation功能对其储水装置、滤水装置放置支架进行了有限元分析;最后,搭建了可连续取水的移动应急净水车样机,并进行了取水、滤水、储水和运水试验。试验结果表明,该移动应急净水车的封闭性良好,能够实现预期的连续取水、储水功能;其平均运水速度达到48 m/min,且滤出后的水达到了饮用标准。所设计的可连续取水的移动应急净水车功能齐全,兼具取水、滤水、储水和运水功能;取水方便,可直接从湖泊、河流和水库中取水;储水量大,可采用10 L的TPU （thermoplastic polyurethanes,热塑性聚氨酯弹性体橡胶）伸缩水桶;运水省力,取水、滤水和储水装置均集成在手拉式运水装置上。可连续取水的移动应急净水车可有效解决灾区居民饮水困难的问题。     

Perspectives on risk: review and discussion of the basis for establishing a unified and holistic approach

There exist many perspectives on risk, including safety engineering, social scientist perspectives, risk perception research and economic decision analysis. Traditionally, some of the different perspectives have been viewed to represent completely different frameworks, and the exchange of ideas and results has been difficult. Much of the existing discussions on risk perspectives have in our view lacked a sufficient level of precision on the fundamental ideas of risk assessments and management. For example, there is more than one line of thinking in risk analysis and assessment and mixing all approaches into one, gives a rather meaningless discussion. In this paper, we review some of the most common perspectives on risk. We show that it is possible to establish a common basis for the different perspectives, by looking at risk as the full spectrum of the dimensions (a) possible consequences and (b) associated uncertainties. Examples from the offshore oil and gas industry are included to illustrate ideas.     

Time effects in criteria for acceptable risk

A simple normative theory is proposed for the responsible management of risks to the public. A ‘lifesaving’ alternative, if it is truly to save lives, should return to the community more years of life expectancy in good health than the years of work consumed to pay for its cost. This common-sense time principle of risk management provides a criterion for acceptable risk that is applicable in connection with cost-utility analysis. The principle is a benchmark, providing a unified rationale for the assessment of risks in health care and technology. Integration of acceptable risk criteria with criteria for national performance can be achieved via applicable compound social indices such as the Life Quality Index or the Human Development Index.     

我国生活饮用水中铅、砷检测能力验证分析

分析2012年由中国测试技术研究院承担的国家认监委能力验证项目＂CNCA-12-A08生活饮用水中重金属及无机阴离子的检测＂中铅、砷的能力验证结果,对生活饮用水中铅、砷检测方法进行比较和探讨。能力验证结果表明：ICP-MS法测定铅和砷的结果满意率最高,测定结果中位值及平均值与理论值最为接近。     

饮用水安全问题及净水技术发展

回顾了城市饮用水净水技术发展的历史足迹,即20世纪初的第一代工艺——常规工艺和20世纪70年代的第二代工艺——深度处理工艺,并提出了第三代工艺——以超滤为核心技术的组合工艺;提出了城市水源突发污染的技术对策——针对污染物投加多种药剂;介绍了30年来由哈尔滨工业大学引领开发的新的饮用水净化技术——高锰酸钾及其复合剂净水技术。