珠一坳陷惠州西凹混源油研究

详细的原油和烃源岩抽提物分析表明,珠江口盆地东部地区存在两套有效的烃源岩。源自始新统湖相烃源岩的典型原油具有丰富的C304-甲基甾烷和相对较低的双杜松烷化合物(T)特征。与之相反,源自渐新统恩平组的典型原油则具有高含量的双杜松烷化合物(T)、高Pr/Ph比值以及相对低含量的C304-甲基甾烷。然而,绝大多数原油的化学组成特征与那些未知烃源岩不相匹配,而与这两套烃源岩的混合特征相一致。其油源对比结果表明,西江24-3、西江24-1原油主要来自西江24洼文昌组和恩平组烃源岩,而西江30-2原油主要来自西江30洼文昌组烃源岩。原油的化学组成受洼陷内烃源岩组合的控制,且油气具有近源成藏、短距离运移的特点。     

Oil: Source rock correlations of Al Baraka oil field,Komombo basin,South Egypt: An implication from biomarkers characteristics

The objectives of this study are the correlation between the oil samples recovered from the Lower Cretaceous reservoirs and Lower and Upper Cretaceous source rocks. The investigated biomarkers of five oils indicated the oils were derived from mixed marine and terrigenous (lacustrine) organic matter and deposited under suboxic to anoxic conditions. These oils were also generated from source rocks of high thermal maturity at the peak oil window. So, based on the molecular indicators of organic source input,depositional environment and maturity parameters of oils and extracts, we can conclude that the oil recovered from Al Baraka oil field were derived from Lower Cretaceous source rocks especially KomOmbo (B) source rocks where it reached the oil window. Furthermore, we can indicate that the other lower Cretaceous formations as Abu Ballas Formation will have the opportunity to generate and expel oil at the deeper part of the basin as shown in the eastern part of the basin.     

伊拉克中部白垩系油藏油源及运移特征

针对伊拉克中部Ahdeb油田白垩系油藏油源不清、油藏特征不明问题,以原油地化分析数据、三维地震解释、包裹体地化分析等作为研究对象,对其油源及运移特征进行分析。研究表明Ahdeb油田白垩系油藏烃类流体均形成于还原-强还原、相对闭塞海相有机质沉积,生物标志物特征对比表明,各油藏油源一致。结合伊拉克地区源岩地化特征对比分析,源岩应为上侏罗统Chia Gara组。运移以垂向为主,通道为受基底Najiad断裂控制形成的南西-北东向开启性走滑断裂,主要向断裂终点上白垩统Khasib组发生垂向运移,运移中遇横向发育高孔渗储层发生侧向运移,为次运移方向。Chia Gara源岩自白垩纪晚期开始排烃,整体可划分为2期运移:第一期发生于晚白垩世-新近纪,流体为低熟源岩排出的重质油,此时圈闭未形成,原油进入Khasib层后沿高孔渗地层向盆缘做大规模运移;第二期为新近纪后扎格罗斯造山运动使地层埋深迅速增加,源岩进入高成熟期排出的相对高成熟原油,随圈闭形成而聚集成藏。      

Oil Families and Their Potential Sources in the Southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt

Four oil families are identified in the southern Gulf of Suez, through high-resolution geochemical studies including gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and carbon isotope analyses. Biological features characterize oils in family 1a, suggesting tertiary carbonate source rocks for these oils, rich in type II organic matter and deposited under anoxic depositional environment. Family 1b oil shows minor variations in the source of organic matter and the depositional environment, as it was derived from carbonate source rock with more algal and bacterial contribution and minor input of terrestrial organic sources, deposited under less saline condition compared to family 1a oil. Family 2 oil, although genetically related to family 1a oil, has some distinctive features, such as diasterane to sterane and pristane to phytane ratios, which suggest clay-rich source rocks and a more oxic depositional environment. Also, the lack of oleanane indicates pre-tertiary source rocks for this oil. In contrast, family 3 oil is of mixed sources (marine and non-marine), generated from low sulfur and clay-rich source rock of tertiary and/or younger age. Family 4 oil seems to be mixed from family 1b and family 3 oils, sourced mainly from carbonate source rocks rich in clay minerals with algal and bacterial contributions. Family 4 oil is highly mature, family 1b oil lies within equilibrium values (peak oil generation stage), while the other families are more or less near equilibrium.     

Oil Families and Their Potential Sources in the Southern Gulf of Suez,Egypt

Abstract

Four oil families are identified in the southern Gulf of Suez, through high-resolution geochemical studies including gas chromatography, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and carbon isotope analyses. Biological features characterize oils in family 1a, suggesting tertiary carbonate source rocks for these oils, rich in type II organic matter and deposited under anoxic depositional environment. Family 1b oil shows minor variations in the source of organic matter and the depositional environment, as it was derived from carbonate source rock with more algal and bacterial contribution and minor input of terrestrial organic sources, deposited under less saline condition compared to family 1a oil. Family 2 oil, although genetically related to family 1a oil, has some distinctive features, such as diasterane to sterane and pristane to phytane ratios, which suggest clay-rich source rocks and a more oxic depositional environment. Also, the lack of oleanane indicates pre-tertiary source rocks for this oil. In contrast, family 3 oil is of mixed sources (marine and non-marine), generated from low sulfur and clay-rich source rock of tertiary and/or younger age. Family 4 oil seems to be mixed from family 1b and family 3 oils, sourced mainly from carbonate source rocks rich in clay minerals with algal and bacterial contributions. Family 4 oil is highly mature, family 1b oil lies within equilibrium values (peak oil generation stage), while the other families are more or less near equilibrium.     

Biomarkers Assessment of Crude Oils and Extracts from Jurassic-Cretaceous Rocks,North Qattara Depression,North Western Desert,Egypt

Abstract

Crude oils together with extracts from the Middle Jurassic (Khatatba Formation), Barremian-Early Aptian Alam El Bueib Formation, and Early Albian Kharita Formation were collected from five wells (Ras Qattara-Zarif-5, Ras Qattara-Zarif-3, and Zarif-1, Zarif-2, SW Zarif-1) in the North Qattara Depression. Biomarkers (pristane/phytane, isoprenoids/n-alkanes, steranes, triterpanes, C₂₉ steranes 20S/20S + 20R, C₂₃ tricyclic/C₃₀ hopane, Ts/Tm, C₃₀ moretane/C₃₀ hopane ratios, homohopane and gammacerane indices) of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction were analyzed in order to assess the source and maturity of the crude oils and the extracts. The results suggested that the oils from Khatatba and Alam El Bueib formations are mature, derived from source rocks containing marine and terrestrial organic matter, respectively. The source environments and maturity of the oil from the Khatatba Formation is similar to that of the Khatatba source rock extract. The oil from the Alam El Bueib formation differs from the extracts of the Alam El Bueib and Kharita formations. The Khatatba formation seems to be an effective source rock in the North Qattara Depression.     

Organic and Carbon Isotope Geochemistry of Crude Oils from Ashrafi Field,Southern Gulf of Suez Province,Egypt: Implications for the Processes of Hydrocarbon Generation and Maturation

Abstract

Four crude oil samples representing the Miocene formations of Belayim, Kareem, and Nukhul, and the Pre-Miocene Nubia Sandstone of Ashrafi Field, offshore southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt. These crude oil samples were analyzed using a variety of organic geochemical techniques including both C₇ and whole oil Gas Chromatography (GC), Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) in addition to stable carbon isotopes to the saturate and aromatic fractions. The organic geochemical results revealed that the Miocene and Pre-Miocene Nubia Sandstone oils generated from two different source rocks subjected to different maturation levels. The Miocene crude oil possesses geochemical properties rich in tricyclic terpanes and extended hopanes typical characteristics of oils generated from marine siliciclastic source rocks with angiosperm land plants input like Rudeis Formation as indicated from the oleanane index which exceeds 30% and low gammacerane index around 10%. Meanwhile the Pre-Miocene crude oil correlates with the marine carbonate sources of high salinity waters like Brown Limestone of Upper Cretaceous age as indicated from the oleanane index <10% and high gammacerane index >30%. The maturity parameters based on both ratios of 20S/(20S + 20R)-C₂₉ ααα cholestane and TAS/(MAS + TAS) were found to be around 0.5 for the Miocene crude oils, meanwhile both the ratios for the Pre-Miocene crude oil were >0.5. The concluded results further support the very high maturation level of the Pre-Miocene crude oil than the Miocene crude of Ashrafi Field which concordant with the reservoir stratigraphic depths.     

印度尼西亚Seram岛东部地区油源条件

印度尼西亚Seram岛东部油气显示活跃,已发现Bula油田和Oseil油田.BT-1 井、EN-1 井、BPM-26 井原油密度0.9～0.95 g/cm3,含蜡量较低,含硫量1.41%～2.69%,具有海相原油特征.原油族组分、碳同位素组成及正构烷烃、异构烷烃、甾萜烷等生物标志物分析进一步表明原油具有相似的海相碳酸盐岩来源.三叠系-侏罗系Saman-Saman层碳酸盐岩是由层状灰质泥灰岩和放射虫泥岩构成的海相石灰岩沉积,是该区的主要生油层系,Kobisonlah地区和Dawang Masiwang地区是两个最大的生油中心.原油成熟度分析表明该区存在两期油气生成与运移,生成的油气沿逆冲断层和不整合面运移,不同冲断块具有不同的油气来源,已发现的Oseil油田的低成熟度原油来自逆冲块中较浅的Saman-Saman层,而Bula油田的高成熟度原油来邻近的逆冲块中较深的Saman-Saman层.图7表2参16     

尕斯库勒油田原油成因类型与油源分析

尕斯库勒油田是柴达木盆地最大的油田, 关于其油源一直存在多种说法。通过密集采样和系统分析, 运用获取的大量生物标志物指标, 深入剖析了尕斯库勒油田深层和浅层油藏原油的地球化学特征和成因类型。认为两个油藏内部原油特征非常相似, 均属于盐湖相低成熟原油; 但二者之间存在差异, 应该来自于不同的油源。根据油源对比分析, 结合烃源灶的研究成果, 查明了尕斯库勒油田的油气来源。指出深层原油主要源自茫崖凹陷的E3 烃源灶, 浅层原油则由茫崖凹陷E3 和N1 烃源灶混合而成。     

稠油粘度与化学组成的关系

 测定了辽河油田、胜利油田、大港油田、大庆油田、渤海油田、中原油田、吐哈油田的25个不同黏度的稠油和油砂抽提物的黏度,并采用柱色谱法定量分析了它们的化学族组成,研究稠油黏度和其各化学组分之间的关系,提出了稠油黏度指标(Iv)概念。结果表明,稠油的黏度随非烃组分含量的增加而呈指数函数升高,即非烃组分对稠油黏度作正贡献,在相同含量下,贡献大小顺序依次是酸性非烃、沥青质、高极性非烃、中性非烃。稠油的黏度随饱和烃和芳烃组分含量的增加而呈指数函数降低,即饱和烃和芳烃组分对黏度作负贡献。稠油的黏度是其各化学组分共同贡献并相互作用的结果, 黏度指标(Iv)与稠油黏度之间具有良好的数学相关关系。     

塔里木盆地塔西南坳陷柯东构造带甫沙4井原油来源及充注过程

甫沙4井位于塔里木盆地塔西南坳陷昆仑山前冲断带的柯东构造带上，北部和东部分别发育有柯克亚和柯东1井油气田。为研究甫沙4井原油来源与充注过程，对原油样品和连续抽提后的含油砂样各组分（游离态、束缚态、包裹体）进行GC、GC?MS和 GC?IRMS分析，与柯克亚凝析油气田油样进行油—油对比。结果表明：甫沙4井晚期充注原油组分具有C_29?32重排藿烷、重排甾烷和Ts相对含量高，C_27?29甾烷ααα 20R分布呈反“L”型，以及正构烷烃单体碳同位素值较低等特征，与柯克亚凝析油气田来源于二叠系普司格组（P_2?3p）烃源岩的主体原油（I类）地球化学特征一致。而早期充注的原油组分具有重排藿烷、重排甾烷和Ts相对含量较低，C_27?29甾烷ααα 20R分布呈“V”型，以及正构烷烃单体碳同位素值较高等特征，与柯克亚凝析油气田来源于中—下侏罗统湖相泥岩的II类原油地球化学特征一致。甫沙4井经历3个阶段成藏过程：①在上新世，二叠系烃源岩于生油晚期阶段生成的I类原油运移至柯克亚构造带或柯东构造带深部形成油藏；②在更新世早期，侏罗系烃源岩于生油早—中期生成的II类原油运移至甫沙4井白垩系储层；③在第四纪，强烈的构造作用使深部I类原油沿断裂调整进入甫沙4井白垩系储层。最终造成甫沙4井白垩系储层II类原油先充注，I类原油后充注的特殊现象。     

江汉盐湖盆地盐间非砂岩油气运移聚集研究

江汉盆地盐间白云岩既是烃源岩又是非常规储集层。从资料显示的盐间顶部含油型高丰度油浸、油源对比所证实的存在下生上储多油源性、以及油气富集主要受控于古地形及裂缝带等表明,盐间白云岩内油气确实发生过运移。分析指出盐间油气成藏是在压实作用、浮力作用及毛细管压力等动力因素下,以盐间层内孔喉、微裂缝、盐层异常错位、盐间高压流体刺穿和盐间断层缝等４种通道模式,经历了盐间油气欠压实喉道阶段和盐间高压微裂缝间歇性阶段两大运移过程的结果。由于盐间储集层渗透性较差,油气运移规模和距离受到限制,因此,该区具有盐间白云岩油浸分布广泛、油藏不受构造控制的特点;形成的油气藏类型单调,区内主要形成孔隙型油藏,而局部裂缝发育带内形成孔隙一裂缝型油藏。最后,根据该区盐间白云岩油气运移、成藏的机理特点,提出了有针对性的油气运、聚效率新概念,即盐间油气初次运移效率、盐间油气可流动效率和盐间油气成藏效率,并分别给出多种解决计算方案。     

川东北地区典型海、陆相原油地球化学特征及来源

基于饱和烃和芳烃组分的GC/MS和GC/MS/MS分析,揭示了川东北天然气勘探区探井及露头剖面中发现的典型海、陆相原油（油苗）的分子地球化学特征,并结合烃源岩分析资料探讨其来源。研究结果表明,大普光构造带的新清溪1井和元坝构造带的元坝9井中侏罗统千佛崖组原油饱和烃呈姥鲛烷优势（Pr/Ph>1.5）;三环萜烷很少,ETR值低于1.2;芳烃中芴系列含量高;经与相关烃源岩干酪根碳同位素组成的对比,确认两者油源均来自本层位湖相烃源岩。但这两井原油的重排藿烷类化合物丰度相差悬殊,表征两者油源岩性质有所不同。大普光构造带的川岳84井二叠系原油Pr/Ph值（0.82）较低,三环萜烷丰富,含有C₂₆降胆甾烷,油-岩对比认为来源于上二叠统龙潭组海相烃源岩。江油二郎庙飞仙关组、长兴组油苗呈显著的C₂₉甾烷优势,24-异丙基-/24-正丙基-胆甾烷比值较高（1.1）,C₃₀甲基甾烷中以3β-、2α-甲基甾烷为主,C₂₆甾烷中27-降胆甾烷占优势,芳烃中缺少三芳甲藻甾烷,且全油碳同位素很轻（-34.1‰～-34.6‰）,表明源于寒武系-震旦系烃源岩。     

东营凹陷南斜坡东段原油的地球化学特征

东营凹陷南斜坡东段古近系原油具有“多源和远源”的复杂油源条件,原油成因分类成为该区油气地质研究中的一个难点。通过系统分析45处样点共61个原油及岩石氯仿抽提物的生物标志化合物构成特征,对该区原油进行了成因分类和油源判别。该区存在着3种成因类型原油。Ⅰ类原油具有m(Pr)/m(Ph)比值低、甾类化合物异构化程度低和伽马蜡烷相对含量高的特征,反映出Ⅰ类原油可能主要来自沙四上亚段生油岩;Ⅱ类原油的m(Pr)/m(Ph)比值高,甾类化合物异构化程度高和伽马蜡烷相对含量低,表明原油可能主要来自沙三下亚段生油岩;Ⅲ类原油的m(Pr)/m(Ph)比值较高,甾类化合物异构化程度较低,伽马蜡烷相对含量极高,并且相对富含三环萜烷和C₂₉规则甾烷,而δ¹³C值明显偏轻,表明该区可能存在一套尚未落实的生油岩。多种成因类型原油的存在表明,断陷盆地缓坡带油源多样、油气运移和聚集过程复杂,该类构造单元仍存在很大油气勘探潜力。     

车排子凸起西南缘油气来源与成藏过程

车排子凸起紧邻两大生烃凹陷,由于烃源岩层多,油气来源尚不明确,为了进一步明确油气来源,对研究区的原油根据地球化学特征进行了分类,同时厘定了主力烃源岩的地化特征。研究结果表明:研究区的原油可以分为两类,其中Ⅰ类原油是氧化环境下高等植物来源的高成熟原油,主要来源于四棵树凹陷侏罗系烃源岩,Ⅱ类原油是氧化一还原环境下高等植物及藻类来源的较低成熟原油,主要来源于四棵树凹陷侏罗系烃源岩与白垩系或古近系源岩的混源。结合油气输导条件及区域构造背景演化,认为侏罗系/石炭系不整合底砾岩及沙湾组一段1砂组的"板砂"是油气横向运移的有利通道,而喜山期形成的正断层则是油气垂向运移的有利通道。     

Characterization and correlation of crude oils from some wells in the North Western Desert,Egypt

Characterization and correlation of crude oils from some wells in the North Western Desert, based on six crude oil samples, were studied by different analytical techniques, including API gravity, sulfur content, nickel and vanadium, bulk compositions and saturated fraction obtained from gas chromatography have been studied. The results show that the crude oils are normal to medium aromatic oils, with high API gravity and high sulfur content. V, Ni, V/Ni and V/(V + Ni) reflecting oils might be sourced from non-clastic source rocks, possibly carbonates, deposited under anoxic-suboxic conditions. Bulk compositions revealing that the crude oils were derived from marine organic sources. While, the paraffins and naphthenes percent indicates that the oils belong to paraffinic to naphthenic oil types, deposited in slightly anoxic to suboxic conditions and contained marine organic matter. Thermal maturity data showed that the oil samples were generated from mature source rocks. This indicates the studied oil samples are well correlated with each other, where they are similar in their oil type maturation and source depositional environments.     

Application of Light Hydrocarbon (C7 ) and Biomarker Analyses in Characterizing Oil from Wells in the North and North Central Sinai, Egypt

Seven representative oil show samples from wells in the north and north central Sinai have been characterized by means of a variety of organic geochemical techniques (C₇ hydrocarbon and biomarker analyses), to illustrate origin, differences, and similarity among oils. These oils were obtained from Cretaceous and Jurassic reservoirs. The C₇ oil correlation star diagram (OCSD) suggests closely related oils, derived mainly from similar source rocks, while the C₇ oil transformation star diagram (OTSD) and C₇ light hydrocarbon analyses indicate a minor degree of transformation of some oils, as Misri-1, Halal-1, and Nakhl-1 oils were subjected to evaporative fractionation. Moreover, the studied oils show no sign of water washing and biodegradation. Molecular characteristics suggest pre-Tertiary shales and carbonate source rocks, deposited under a saline oxic environment, rich in terrigeneous organic sources with significant bacterial and algal input. Since the studied oils are of mixed marine and terrestrial origin, C₇ signature of these oils is not representative of their origin and should be supported by other geochemical evidence (e.g., biomarkers) to predict their origin.     

GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND RELATIONSHIP OF OILS AND SOLID BITUMENS FROM SE TURKEY

Solid bitumens from the Seridhalivein, occurring in the Upper Cretaceous—Palaeocene Germav Formation, and five oils from different oilfields in SE Turkey, were investigated by a variety of organic geochemical methods. Based on biomarker distributions (pristane/phytane, carbon number preference (CPI), Norhopane/hopane, extended hopane distribution, pregnanes/regular steranes), a marine carbonate depositional environment is inferred for the source of these oils. The oils are "early mature', as indicated by their ethylcholestane 20S/20S + 20R ratios, and the 17α(H), 21β(H)-bishomohopane 22S/22S + 22R ratios. Differences in relative abundance of some compounds typical of higher salinities in the depositional environment (docosane, pregnane) suggest different sources of facies variations within a common source. No aromatic sulfur compounds were detected in the oils.
The solid bitumens were characterized by a high abundance of dibenzothiophenes, naphthalenes, phenanthrenes and their alkyl-substituted homologues in the aromatic fractions, and an abundance of n-alkanes in the saturate fraction. The high maturity of the solid bitumen (epi-impsonite, R %equiv. ∽ 1.2) makes an interpretation on the origin of these substances difficult. An origin due to biodegradation of sulfur-rich oil is excluded, since the alkane and aromatic fractions do not show signs of a severe microbial degradation. The absence of sulfur compounds in the oil extracts and the pyrolysis products of the asphaltene fraction show genetic differences between the oils and solid bitumens of SE Turkey. Pyrolysis of the asphaltenes from the bitumen extracts and of the unextracted bitumens produced sulfur compounds similar to those found in the aromatic fraction.     

东濮凹陷北部地区油气相态演化主控因素及充注模式

以油气藏气油比统计、热压模拟实验等资料为基础,结合成藏条件分析,探讨了东濮凹陷北部地区油气相态分布及相态演化的主控因素,并建立了油气充注模式。研究表明,研究区由浅至深依次出现液态烃、含凝析油的气态烃和气态烃,但不同地区油气相态的分布区间、区分度及不同时期的充注特征均具有明显差异。油气相态演化主要受源岩有机质类型、生烃演化阶段与运聚过程中温压环境控制。深层天然气主要为原油裂解成气,中浅层天然气主要为油溶天然气出溶气。油气来源有"单洼单源"、"单洼多源"和"多洼多源"3种类型,相应的相态演化有"早油相晚气相"、"早混相晚气相"、"侧向多期油相"和"垂向多期油相"4种形式,从而造成不同洼陷的油气充注模式各具特色。     

Oil Source of Reservoirs in the Hinterland of the Junggar Basin

Through oil-oil and oil-source correlation and combined with the comprehensive study of hydrocarbon generation and accumulation history, the oil sources of typical reservoirs of different geologic periods in the hinterland of the Junggar basin are revealed. It is concluded that the crude oils in the study area can be classified into four types The oil in the area of well Zhuang-1 and well Sha-1 belongs to type-Ⅰ, which was generated from Cretaceous to Paleogene (K-E) and its source rocks are distributed in the Fengcheng formation of the Permian in the western depression to the well Pen-1. The oil in the area of well Yong-6 (Kltg) belongs to type-Ⅱ, which was generated from Cretaceous to Paleogene and its source rocks are distributed in the Wuerhe formation of the Permian in the Changji depression. The oil in the area of well Yong-6 (J2x) belongs to type-Ⅲ, which was generated at the end of the Paleogene and its source rocks are distributed in the coal measures of the Jurassic in the Changji depression. The oil of well Zheng-1 and well Yong-1 belongs to type-Ⅳ, which was generated in the Paleogene, and its source rocks are distributed in the Wuerhe formation of the Lower Permian and coal measures of the Jurassic. It is indicated that the hydrocarbon accumulation history in the study area was controlled by the tectonic evolution history of the Che-Mo palaeohigh and the hydrocarbon generation history of well Pen-1 in the western depression and Changji depression.