热超声键合压电换能器的动力学特性

基于有限元方法和试验测试,研究了芯片封装用压电超声换能器的动力学特忡。借助ANSYS压电耦合和非线性接触分析功能,对换能器自由和约束状态下的振动特性进行了分析。探讨了超声能量在空间域、时域和频域的传递规律。由模态分析得到换能器的振动形式,通过谐响应分析提取其在正弦电压激励下的振动信息,经瞬态分析获得换能器的瞬态响应。结果表明,螺栓径向尺寸和预紧力影响换能器的模态分布和动态特性,压电晶堆加载电压的频率影响超声能量传递特性。通过键合试验考察了焊点质量与螺栓径向尺寸的关系。分析和试验结果为换能器设计和键合工艺优化提供了指导。     

Ultrasonic elliptical vibration transducer driven by single actuator and its application in precision cutting

The ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting has been successfully applied to precision cutting due to its superior performances, such as low cutting force, high quality surface finish and long tool life. This paper presented an asymmetrical structural model of the ultrasonic elliptical vibration transducer with only the longitudinal excitation. Based on the modal and static analysis with finite element method, various parameters of the model were modified to meet the needs of the vibration modality and the inherent frequency. A cutting system of the ultrasonic elliptical vibration driven by single longitudinal actuator was developed and the effect of the transducer amplitude and cutting depth on the cutting force was studied in detail. A part with surface roughness of R_a 0.08 μm was achieved. The results showed that the ultrasonic elliptical vibration transducer can be designed rationally with finite element method and single driven ultrasonic elliptical vibration machining can be used in precision cutting.     

Designing and evaluating transducers for narrowband ultrasonic spectroscopy

Introduction of new composite materials in aerospace applications has created a demand for an efficient NDE technique. Ultrasonic resonance inspection is especially suitable for the inspection of multilayered structures. In our previous work we have described the principle of narrowband ultrasonic spectroscopy (NBUS), where the surface of an inspected structure is scanned with a resonant transducer whose frequency response is monitored in a narrow frequency band. This paper is concerned with optimizing the NBUS setup consisting of a piezoelectric transducer coupled to a multi-layered structure. Differences in the electrical impedance of a piezoelectric transducer caused by variations of parameters of the inspected structure are estimated using an equivalent circuit model and a finite element analysis. The theoretical analysis presented in the paper results in design guidelines for NBUS transducers.     

超声椭圆振动切削技术及装置应用研究现状及进展

首先,阐述了超声椭圆振动切削技术、原理及其装置特点,着重论述了装置各构成部分的特点及其主要应用类型与材料。其次,分析了国内外学者在双激励、单激励方式下实现纵弯、纵扭、双弯曲和弯扭等复合超声振动装置结构设计及其优化方面的研究成果与进展,并且比较了超声椭圆振动切削与传统加工在加工性能、工件表面质量和加工精度等方面的加工优势与适用范围,以及不同超声振动装置在各切削加工中所能获得的加工效果。最后,对超声椭圆振动切削装置的发展趋势进行了总结和展望,指出该装置发展将朝着结合能场的方向发展。     

超声振动辅助微塑性成形系统设计与开发

针对微塑性成形工艺过程对位移、力等参数精确控制的要求,分析了超声振动辅助成形系统的设计要点,提出了关键设计参数。超声振动辅助微塑性成形系统由机床本体系统、超声振动系统和伺服控制系统等主要单元组成。机床本体设计参考四柱液压机结构形式,采用两端固支梁和压杆的简化模型,计算得到主要结构尺寸,并用ABAQUS验证其刚度。通过选用匹配的超声发生器和换能器,满足成形过程中的超声振动要求,利用理想变截面杆纵振波动方程设计变幅杆结构,并用ABAQUS进行变幅杆模态分析,确保设计振幅满足要求。伺服控制系统采用可编程多轴控制器PMAC卡控制伺服电机,通过光栅尺和力传感器反馈实现高精度的位置及成形压力控制。通过测试证明在纯铜压缩试验中叠加超声振动,成形压力显著降低,成形精度达到4μm。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ULTRASONIC NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING FOR WELDS

A computer simulation technique for ultrasonic propagation is utilized for the simulation of ultrasonic nondestructive testing (NDT).In this paper,one goal of the simulation is to compute ultrasonic field radiated by arbitrary transducers into pieces under examination.The other simulates a testing experiment.The simulation approach is based on the model for the computation of the ultrasonic field in isotropic media radiated from actual NDT transducers.After the field is known, remaining to be modeled is the interaction between this field and the scatters (defect) and the echo structure. The model of beam-defect interaction is based on the Kirchhoff‘s diffraction approximations theory applied to elastodynamics.We assumed that the incident wave fronts on the defect are plane in the case of a focused immersed transducer and material is isotropic and homogeneous.The simulating results demonstrate that the model in ultrasonic NDT of welds is practical in further research and useful in optimizing testing configurations.     

基于人工神经网络的超声加工振幅控制的研究

针对超声振动加工中,系统振幅随外界条件的变化而衰减的问题,提出了利用人工神经网络分析换能器的输入电流,以保证超声加工的振幅始终工作在最大值附近。通过人工神经网络训练数据,建立换能器输入电流与超声波发生器频率调整间的关系,达到实时调节超声波发生器频率使整个系统处于谐振的作用。最后,将此方案应用在功率超声珩磨加工中,通过换能器输入电流的稳定性和加工精度证明此方案的效果。     

超声焊接压电换能器的研制

基于变截面杆作一维纵向振动运动方程,在理论分析的基础上,根据四端网络传递方程和端面运动状态推导出了常用截面形状细杆在各种运动状态下边界条件和四端网络传递矩阵参数以及频率方程.研究了适用于超声焊接的压电换能器的设计方法.为说明设计方法,利用四端网络法对压电换能器和变幅杆进行了设计.利用阻抗分析仪测量和分析了超声换能系统的谐振特性,并进行了系统的振动测试.分析和测试结果验证了设计的正确性.     

超声-电弧复合焊接系统换能器优化设计

研究了超声-电弧复合焊接系统中超声换能器的优化设计方法.根据超声-电弧复合焊接系统工作条件确定了超声换能器整体形式和各部分材料.通过传统解析法推导了超声换能器整体谐振频率方程,求解各部分基础尺寸.利用有限元分析软件ANSYS对解析法设计的超声换能器结构进行了模态分析,研究了前后盖板尺寸对于超声换能器谐振频率的影响并优化...     

Applications of ultrasonic reflection mode conversion transducers in NDE

Linearly polarized ultrasonic shear waves constitute a privileged tool for investigation in the field of mechanical behavior of materials and metallic structures as well as for the determination of acoustical properties of porous materials. These waves are often generated by a piezoelectric plate vibrating in a direction perpendicular to its thickness. However, this way of production presents some difficulties to obtain a perfectly linear polarization. To palliate to this inconvenience, shear waves can be generated by the mode-conversion of a longitudinal wave.This paper deals with the principle and some applications of two types of mode conversion transducers which permit transmitting and receiving shear waves obtained by reflection mode-conversion. These transducers are made up with straight ultrasonic probes coupled, by contact, to acoustic delay lines (or relays) of different geometry. The first type of transducer uses an acoustic relay or delay line of big length. When it is buried in a recipient containing dry sand, it permits the detection of external mechanical disturbances as vibrations and transient shocks. The second type of transducer, for which the delay line has a reduced length, is used for the detection of material anisotropy and for the study of the polarization direction of conventional normal incidence shear wave transducers.     

超声键合换能系统的非稳态特性试验

测得超声键合振动系统的输入电流、电压,用激光多普勒测速仪测得换能杆系统的响应速度,研究了超声引线键合工艺中超声振动系统的非稳态动力学特性.据此对超声加卸载过程分段,进行频谱分析和非稳态特性建模,并研究了相关的试验方法.结果表明,振动系统拟共振态腹点的速度均方值可作为系统机械能的等效量,供系统动力学特性试验研究;快速键合时系统惯性使功率源的开关不等同于键合机超声振动系统的启停.这些均有助于键合机换能系统的工艺建模和优化.     

Influences on signal/noise ratio during ultrasonic inspection of composites

This paper investigates the correlation between transducer properties, defect size and depths, and the signal/noise ratio during ultrasonic inspection of polymeric composites. Samples of different fibre/matrix systems were produced, including artificial defects of various size and shape. These specimens were inspected ultrasonically with transducers in the frequency range from 1 to 150 MHz. It could be seen that the 5 MHz transducer possessed the highest signal/noise ratio in most cases. A transducer selection catalogue incorporating special usage terms for carbon fibre/epoxy resin composites is introduced.     

考虑负载切换的超声加工振动建模与控制

通过建立换能器和负载的等效M-C-K数学模型,分析了负载对超声波换能器的动态影响,并在Matlab软件中建立换能器的传递函数与仿真模型。提出了PID和H∞振动控制算法,其是建立在Matlab的Simulink仿真。通过对比分析发现,PID和H∞算法可实现准确、快速的控制效果。最后,对理论和仿真计算进行了实验验证。     

引线键合中多向超声波能量传输特性研究

引线键合主要是采用超声波热键合技术，而超声波振动传播和能量传递是超声波键合设备中一个非常关键和复杂的问题。利用波在弹性体中传播的机理，给出超声波聚能杆和劈刀的振动传递特性，利用多普勒振动计PSV-300-F(1．5MHz)测量了振动位移和速度，证实了理论分析结果，并对双向垂直传输超声波能焊具的性能进行了研究，阐明垂直双向加载是一种高效的传能模型。     

Frequency response of transducers used in acoustic emission testing of concrete

This paper describes two methods for calibration of the frequency response of transducers used in acoustic emission testing of concrete. The first uses two transducers to be calibrated coupled back-to-back. One of the transducers is excited by an input signal. The frequency response of the transducers is then deduced from analysis of the output signal. Two types of excitation may be used: sinusoidal excitation, which makes it possible to obtain the response point by point, and impulse excitation, which gives the frequency response directly. The second method uses the breaking of a pencil lead on the transducer face. The response obtained must then be corrected. Three types of transducers, used in specific applications for acoustic emission testing of concrete, are then characterized by these methods.     

三种基于夹心换能器驱动的球形超声马达设计

文章在换能器设计理论基础上利用有限元方法对夹心换能器进行了优化设计,通过改变前端变幅杆的长度、底座高度以及前端厚度的几何参数进行分析,得到了换能器前端变幅杆几何参数与换能器性能之间的关系,变幅杆的长度与换能器固有频率成反比,与振幅成正比,变幅杆的底座高度和前端厚度与固有频率和振幅放大系数皆成反比.以夹心换能器为驱动,提出三种新型多自由度球型马达结构设计,分别介绍了三种马达结构,分析了驱动原理和运动轨迹的实现,对比了相互之间的优缺点.对四换能器球形马达进行了样机试验,实际工作频率为33.300kHz,在驱动电压110V时,最大输出力矩为0.13Nm,最高转速可达46r/min.     

超声相控阵声束控制特性分析

超声相控阵技术通过对超声阵列换能器中各阵元进行相位控制,获得灵活可控的合成波束,从而实现对整个检测对象的扫描。它具有可进行动态聚焦、可成像检测、可检测复杂形状物体等一些优点,近年来正成为国际无损检测领域的研究热点,并已经在医学和工业领域得到应用。在研究超声相控阵技术原理的基础上,建立了数字声束模型来分析线阵换能器参数对声束控制的影响,并用计算机软件进行仿真分析声束的偏转聚焦。通过这种方法,可以很清楚的了解超声相控阵声束控制特性。     

基于DSP控制的超声金属焊接电源

为了进一步提高超声金属焊接的可靠性与稳定性,针对现有模拟超声焊接电源频率跟踪性能差、焊接过程振幅不可调的缺陷,文中提出了基于数字信号处理器(DSP)控制的超声电源方案.通过采集压电换能器两端电压、电流相位差,利用增量式PI控制算法实现了焊接过程的频率跟踪;采用脉冲宽度调节的方式实现了焊接过程超声振幅大小的调节.结果表明,采用数字控制的超声电源,实现了焊接过程振幅的连续可调;负载突变时,0.32 ms时间内可以实现频率跟踪过程.     

Internal pipeline inspection using virtual source synthetic aperture ultrasound imaging

Focused ultrasonic monolithic transducers are often used for internal imaging of pipelines. The transducers yield a high lateral resolution as long as the distance between the pipe wall and the transducer corresponds to the transducer focal length. If the distance to the wall changes, for example due to increasing pipe diameter or de-centering of the inspection robot, the lateral resolution is decreased. We propose using synthetic aperture focusing with the virtual source method to extend the effective range of the focused transducer. It is assumed that the measurements are performed over a cylindrical surface, and we employ the Cylindrical Phase Shift Migration algorithm to perform the synthetic aperture focusing. The imaging algorithm is applied to scans of both pointlike scatterers and a corroded pipe surface, and the results demonstrate that a high lateral resolution can be obtained even when the pipe wall is several focal lengths away from the transducer.     

一种用于焊接结构多帧满秩成像检测的超声SH导波换能器

超声水平剪切(shear horizontal, SH)导波换能器在对焊接板结构进行缺陷检测时具有重要的应用价值. 为了研制换能器以对焊接结构进行多帧满秩成像检测, 运用导波半波长理论对超声SH导波的激发和换能器内部多重散射回波进行了分析.根据多重散射理论推导了匹配层介质颗粒密度与衰减的关系, 确定匹配层的组分. 提出3种V型斜楔结构, 对平面型前楔结构换能器和非平面型前楔结构换能器内部的多重散射回波进行对比试验. 结果表明,正交前楔结构换能器内部二重以上散射回波幅值减小了45%以上. 对正交前楔结构换能器进行性能测试, 其所激发的SH导波对焊接结构板中尺寸当量为?12 mm的缺陷回波信号信噪比达到了14.5 dB,具有较为优异的检测能力. 试验验证了理论分析的有效性, 所研制的正交前楔结构超声SH导波换能器可对焊接结构板中与波长尺寸当量的缺陷进行多帧满秩成像检测.