克拉玛依油田吸水剖面测试方法研究及应用

在油田的注水开发过程中，油田储层的低渗透、非均质性导致吸水剖面不均衡，需采取分层注水的方式如油套地面分注和偏心配水器井下分注方式加队解决。而分层注水方式及其他异常情况如深穿透射孔与地层大孔道等因素使放射性同位素示踪法测试资料的准确性变差，难以适应复杂开发条件下吸水剖面的测试求。超声波流量法、连续流量法、脉冲中子氧活化法等吸水剖面测试方法的应用，解决了放射性同位素示踪法所无法解决的吸水剖面测试难题，取得了较好的测试效果，为新疆油田的高效开发做出了贡献。     

同位素五参数测井在现场测井中若干问题分析

同位素五参数测井仪可在一次下井过程中,录取到磁定位、井温、压力、伽马、流量这五个参数,对于注水井的吸水剖面的解释更加全面、更加准确。然而由于实际井况、投源点的选择、地层因素等诸多原因的影响,会使同位素五参数测井过程中出现一些问题,本文将对这些问题进行分析,并提出相应的对策。     

注入剖面测井方法及优化选择

对于油田的开发过程而言,了解注水井吸水剖面有着十分重要的作用。注入剖面测井方法的方法有很多种,包括电磁流量计法、同位素示踪法、脉冲氧活化法以及放射性相关法等。笔者通过对这些测井方法的分析和比较,得出了一些结论,希望可以为测井的精确度和测井的质量上提供一些帮助。     

示踪注水剖面测井资料的分析应用

放射性同位素示踪注水剖面测井资料在单井分析、区块分析、编制与调整开发方案及工程监测评价等发面应用广泛。利用放射性同位素示踪测井资料,可以划分注水井的注入剖面,识别大孔道地层、检验油、水井存在的管外窜槽、套管技术状况及井下管柱工作状况等。     

同位素吸水剖面在油田上的应用

在油田开发过程中，通过同位素吸水剖面可以了解不同时期的注水状况为油田动态分析、注水调整提供了可靠依据。但是在测井时会受到诸多因素的影响，这些因素都会对资料的解释精度产生一定的影响，降低准确性。通过对比分析现场施工和异常井的吸水剖面资料，对各种影响因素的识别与矫正能更好地监测单井注入动态，揭示层间、层内矛盾，调整注水剖面，间接了解相邻油井采出状况，优化注水井调整方案，对指导油田开发具有积极的指导意义。     

聚合物沉积物对注入剖面测井的影响

由于聚合物水溶液粘度大 ,流动剖面拉长 ,不利于同位素示踪剂载体的均匀扩散。在井底出现絮状物、果冻状松散沉淀物和颗粒状沉淀物分别组成的 3个沉积段。井筒沉积物使电磁流量计的测量值偏高或计数不规则。在测量注聚剖面时 ,宜采用多参数测量 ,运用综合解释技术消除沉积物给注聚剖面测井带来负面的影响。     

用流量计分段测试数据校正同位素吸水剖面

针对同位素吸水剖面测量存在的问题，提出了以流量计分层测试结果为标准来校正同位素吸水剖面测量结果的一种方法。     

直读外流式电磁流量计在注入剖面测井中的应用

注入剖面测井是油气藏开发中的重要监测技术,充分发挥注入剖面测井资料解释的作用,可解决重要的油藏、地质、工程等多方面的问题。本文结合直读外流式电磁流量测井资料应用实例,说明直读外流式电磁流量测井在各种注入剖面测井中的成功应用,为改善注采系统以及为油水井采取相应措施所发挥了很好的作用,给出开发和完善这种应用技术,能为油田开发录取到更加准确可靠的注入剖面资料这一事实,拓宽了注入剖面测井资料的应用领域。     

不同粒径的同位素载体适用性研究

注入剖面同位素测井在应用上受注入量、沾污、地层渗透性等因素影响使其在载体粒径的选择上存在难度，不合适的载体粒径导致测试结果不符合实际注入情况、解释分析难度大。为解决该类测试问题，本文对不同井况选用100—300μm、200—400μm、300—600μm三种同位素载体粒径试验结果结合相关资料进行综合对比分析，得出结论。为不同井况选用适合的同位素载体粒径提供了指导，能够更准确进行方案设计、现场施工以及资料解释，给出符合地层实际情况的注入剖面解释结果。     

脉冲中子氧活化测井技术在油田的应用

脉冲中子氧活化测井是一种能测定井下水流速度的方法,适用于地面油套分注井、井下偏心配水器分注井．存在大孔道地层的井及注聚合物井的注入剖面测试,还可以用于油、水井的查窜找漏。因此,脉冲中子氧活化测井技术在油田注入剖面监测及油、水井查窜,找漏等工作中将发挥越来越重要的作用。     

特低渗透油田提压注水效果探讨与实践

大庆西部外围地区特低渗透扶余油层具有埋藏深、厚度薄、砂体零散的特点,针对首次注水开发的特低渗透油田注水井吸水能力差、难以有效开发动用的实际,在搞清该区块微观特征的基础上,为确保特低渗透储层达到建立有效驱替,“注够水、注好水”的目的,经过反复理论研究和论证,提出了单井增压注水试验,现场应用后注水井能够完成配注,周围油井明显见到增油效果,实现了特低渗透储层有效驱替。利用无源微地震和同位素监测资料分析,改善了吸水状况,缓解了层间矛盾,储层动用程度得到提高。随注水压力升高降低,注水波及区范围随之升高、降低,增压注     

Generating daily production plans for complex manufacturing facilities using multi-objective genetic algorithms

Modern production tracking and planning systems produce good inventory plans. Unfortunately, daily production problems often produce an inventory profile that is significantly different from that of the production plan. Several manufacturing objectives are available to remedy inventory profile problems, but a weighted combination of them can be more effective. We propose using genetic algorithms to search for best weight assignments in multi-objective daily production planning problems. This approach takes snapshots of a factory's inventory, equipment capacity and demands to generate a near optimal shop floor daily production plan. The implemented system runs on a daily basis at midnight for 40 min and generates the following day's production plan. Tests of this system in a large-scale semiconductor manufacturing facility show the proposed approach generates production plans of high quality in reasonable run times under many factory conditions.     

光纤光栅传感技术及其在石油工业中的应用

阐述了光纤光栅温度和应变传感的响应机理．对光纤光栅多参量区分测量技术和光纤光栅传感网络复用与解调技术进行了综合评述．结合光纤光栅传感技术的本质突出优势和石油工业特点,讨论了其在油气生产中温度和压力测量、测井技术、地震波检测、长距离石油管道监测等方面的应用．     

Effect of the carbon isotope composition on the properties of diamond

Parameters of the interatomic interaction potential for ¹²C and ¹³C carbon isotopes in the crystal lattice of diamond have been determined. Based on these data, the isotope dependence of the properties of diamond such as the Debye temperature, molar heat capacity, thermal expansion coefficient, vacancy formation energy, self-diffusion activation energy, surface energy, and longitudinal sound velocity is described. This approach is used for estimating a change in the bulk compression modulus of lithium crystals upon the passage from ⁷Li to ⁶Li. As the temperature increases, the isotope dependence of the heat capacity at constant volume vanishes; at a certain temperature, the isotope dependence of the thermal expansion coefficient changes from growth to decay. The expected isotope dependence of the parameters of phase transitions is predicted. It is shown that carbon condensates formed upon deposition from the gas phase must be enriched with the heavy isotope.     

基于遗传算法的自然语言参数阈值优化方法

提出了一种基于遗传算法的动词-动词搭配参数阈值自动优化方法.该方法的主要优点表现在三个方面:①该方法是一种数据驱动的机器学习方法,在一定程度上避免了经验性方法确定参数阈值所固有的人为误差;②与经验性方法每次分别确定一个参数阈值不同,该方法是一种多参数整体阈值优化方法;③不像经验性方法那样给不同数据提供的是同一组参数阈值,该方法能动态获得适合于不同规模或不同领域数据的参数阈值.对比实验表明,使用本方法所获得的4个阈值对于提高动词-动词搭配F值的效果明显.本方法不仅适用于动词-动词搭配参数阈值的选取,也适用于其它多参数阈值选取问题,如规则边界优化,分类与聚类参数阈值优化等.     

Automated On-Line Isotope Dilution Analysis with ICP-MS Using Sandwich Flow Injection

An automated flow injection (FI) manifold is described to perform the addition of isotopic spikes to aqueous samples on-line with ICP-MS for isotope dilution (ID) analysis. The manifold uses the sandwich technique (with the nested loop approach) to perform an injection of the isotopic spike solution within a sample (or standard) plug, the resulting sample-spike-sample sequence being pushed toward the nebulizer by a 1% HNO(3) carrier. A standard, which must contain one element not present in the spike solution to allow the determination of the dispersion coefficient, must also be used to allow a reverse isotope dilution analysis, as well as corrections for mass discrimination and/or spectroscopic interferences. Indeed, because the signals from the individual isotopes are monitored continuously, only one isotope free of spectroscopic interference is required for elements whose isotopic distribution does not vary in nature (two isotopes are still needed for the other elements), as a correction for the interference can be made by comparison with the signals from the standard. Furthermore, this automated approach makes ID-ICP-MS a faster method and does not require any preliminary analysis of the sample because the concentration profile resulting from FI allows the selection of the best isotopic ratio. It was successfully applied to the determination of Mo in saline water.     

Experimental investigation of bubble behavior in gas-solid fluidized bed

In this work, to investigate the source of pressure fluctuations, behavior of a single bubble in a two-dimensional gas–solid fluidized bed was studied. Pressure sensors located at different heights of the bed measured presure fluctuations, and simultaneously a high speed camera was used to pursue all steps from formation to eruption of bubbles. Two types of particles were applied with different sizes and densities. Experiments showed that the maximum amplitude of formation was independent of the bubble diameter. But, it depended on density of particles, velocity of injection and the distance from bed surface. When injection stopped, there was a minimum in pressure profile related to the higher dense phase voidage for a higher superficial gas velocity after injection. Also, the maximum pressure fluctuation of bubble eruptions was related to the bubble diameter, density and size of particles. It was concluded that pressure fluctuations of formation, passing and eruption of bubbles in fluidized beds are originated due to changes in dense phase voidage, bed voidage and movement of particles during bubble eruption.     

A novel method to enhance polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans removal by adding bio-solution in EAF dust treatment plant

In order to understand the effect of different amounts of powder-activated carbon (PAC) injection and bio-solution (NOE-7F) addition on the removal efficiencies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in a fly ash treatment plant with Waelz rotary kiln process, the PCDD/F concentrations in the stack flue gasses were measured and discussed. In the amount of 20, 40 and 50 kg/h PAC injection, the removal efficiencies of PCDD/Fs in the stack flue gas were 86, 96 and 97%, respectively. While adding more amounts of PAC did enhance the removal efficiencies, the reduction fractions of low chlorinated PCDD/F congeners were much higher than those of highly chlorinated PCDD/F congeners. Particularly, a lower amount of PAC injection (20 kg/h), not only cannot remove highly chlorinated PCDD/Fs, but also the carbon surface of the PAC can act as a precursor for the formation promotion of highly chlorinated PCDD/F congeners. The addition of NOE-7F in the raw materials had the dechlorination effect on the PCDD/F removal and mainly inhibited highly chlorinated PCDD/F formation. The combination of both PAC injection and NOE-7F addition has a high potential for practical application.     

轻烃分析录井技术在海拉尔盆地的应用

为适应海拉尔盆地快速勘探开发工作的需要,有效解决在快速钻井（钻井提速）条件下,岩屑录井、地化录井等依托岩屑样品发现油气显示以及评价储层所面临的技术难题,按照优选先进适用录井技术的要求,在海拉尔盆地进行了轻烃分析录井技术应用。笔者阐述了轻烃分析录井技术的原理和特点,并对该项技术的实际应用效果进行了分析,为轻烃分析录井技术的推广应用奠定了坚实基础。