Extracellular polymers in partly ozonated return activated sludge: impact on flocculation and dewaterability.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of partial ozonation of return activated sludge on settling properties and dewaterability of sludge. Sequencing batch reactors with two sets of aerobic and alternating anoxic/aerobic conditions were used. In each set, one reactor served as a control and the other was subject to the ozone treatment (doses in the range of 0.016-0.080 mg O3/mg TSS of initial excess sludge). The level of total suspended solids (TSS) in each reactor was controlled at 1,800 mg/l. To evaluate settleability and dewaterability, settling kinetic studies, sludge volume index (SVI) and capillary suction time test (CST) were used. For extraction and quantifying sludge biopolymers, thermal-ethanolic extraction was employed. The ratio of bound-to-total extracellular polymer substances (EPS) was higher for the strictly aerobic reactor than for the alternating anoxic/aerobic one, indicating the stronger structure of the aerobic flocs. After ozone treatment, the fraction of bound EPS was released and solubilized, increasing soluble EPS. Increased apparent food-to-microorganism (F/M) ratio favoured production of EPS in ozonated reactors, enhancing flocculation, which had potential to improve settling. Dewaterability, measured by CST test, was better in alternating anoxic/aerobic reactors than in aerobic ones, indicating that incorporation of an anoxic zone for biological nutrient removal leads to improvement in sludge dewatering. The negative impact of ozonation on dewaterability was minimal in terms of the long-term operation.     

基于降雨时空变化的山洪预警临界雨量

为提高山洪灾害预警精度,以彭坊小流域为例,基于概率分布等控制条件生成随机雨型,探究不同前期影响雨量下随机雨型对山洪预警临界雨量的影响,进一步分析降雨空间分布对山洪预警临界雨量的影响。结果表明：在雨峰位置偏后、雨峰峰值较大的雨型集下,临界雨量波动较大,有较高的不确定性;雨型对临界雨量的影响小于前期影响雨量对临界雨量的影响,在前期土壤较干燥时,雨峰位置系数较小,临界雨量值相对较大,雨型峰值倍比较大时,临界雨量值相对较小,更容易致灾;在降雨空间分布上,当降雨集中在下游时,临界雨量值最小,越容易达到警戒流量,但降雨空间分布对临界雨量的影响小于前期影响雨量的影响,且这种影响会随前期影响雨量的增加而不断减小。     

降雨时程分布对山洪灾害预警影响初步研究

由降雨时间分布的不均匀性带来的流域产流峰值的变化较大,在同一个流域,成灾流量及其它条件相同,但降雨过程不同,所需要的临界降雨量是不同的。因此,山洪灾害预警实践中,通常会因为实际的降雨过程与拟定山洪灾害预警指标所依据的雨型不一致而导致预警不准确。以云南省云县爱华镇田心村下轻木林和涌宝镇涌宝村岔河两个典型小流域为研究对象,构建雨量时程分布不均匀程度计算模型,以介于[-1,1]的无量纲不均匀系数表示降雨的时程分布特性,分析降雨时程分布不均匀系数与临界雨量的相关关系。结果表明:不均匀系数介于-0.8~0.8之间的14种雨量分布模式所引起的临界雨量变化在6.3%~29.6%之间,降雨时程分布越不均匀,临界雨量越小,其中主雨峰偏后的更为明显,说明流域降雨时程分布对山洪灾害预警影响显著。因此在山洪灾害预警实践中应根据实际的降雨过程对预警指标适当修正。     

Modelling pathogen fate in stormwaters by a particle-pathogen interaction model using population balances

Stormwater is polluted by various contaminants affecting the quality of receiving water bodies. Pathogens are one of these contaminants, which have a critical effect on water use in rivers. Increasing the retention time of water in stormwater basins can lead to reduced loads of pathogens released to the rivers. In this paper a model describing the behaviour of pathogens in stormwater basins is presented including different fate processes such as decay, adsorption/desorption, settling and solar disinfection. By considering the settling velocity distribution of particles and a layered approach, this model is able to create a light intensity, and particle and pathogen concentration profile along the water depth in the basin. A strong effect of solar disinfection is discerned. The model has been used to evaluate pathogen removal efficiencies in stormwater basins. It includes a population of particle classes characterized by a distribution of settling velocities in order to be able to reproduce stormwater quality and treatment in a realistic way.     

Removal of total suspended solids and turbidity within experimental vegetated channel: optimization through response surface methodology

Vegetation plays an important role in transport and settling of suspended sediment in natural waterways. In this study, effectiveness of emergent vegetation in an open channel for the removal of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and turbidity is empirically investigated. To this end, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize three variables of vegetated channel including flow velocity at the entrance, density of vegetation, and the length of vegetation zone. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed to verify the precision of the mathematical models and their relative parameters. Optimum values generated by RSM were compared with experimental results of percentage TSS and turbidity removal and good agreement was observed.     

小城镇低影响开发雨洪控制效果模拟

选择山东营丘镇区为研究对象,运用SWMM软件结合镇区地形地势和土地利用现状对研究区域进行合理概化,参考潍坊市暴雨强度公式设计降雨模型,完成对确定及不确定性参数的设定,并基于径流系数法对不确定性参数进行校准,最后利用多场降雨对校准后的理想解集进行稳定性验证。同时,结合研究区所布设的低影响开发雨水综合蓄集利用系统,完成对其低影响开发(LID)措施参数的设定,最终实现对研究区在不同重现期(1a、3a、10a)下有无LID设施时的水量及水质情况的模拟。结果表明,LID措施对径流总量、径流系数、峰现时间、峰值流量和TSS排放负荷等方面的控制效果显著,且LID措施在重现期较小的降雨情景中对地表径流的滞纳效果更明显。     

河湖淤泥絮凝沉降特性试验研究

絮凝沉降性能是河湖疏浚淤泥资源化处理中重要且未完善的研究课题。以武汉沙湖、官桥湖及南湖3种淤泥为研究对象,通过沉降筒试验,利用清浑交界面沉降速度和上清液浊度研究了粒径分布、初始含沙量及高分子聚合物对河湖淤泥絮凝沉降特性的影响规律,并探讨了沉降筒尺寸对试验结果的影响。试验结果表明:河湖淤泥粒径越小,淤泥絮凝沉降越慢,上清液浊度越小;随初始含沙量的增加,河湖淤泥整体沉降速度变小,但当初始含沙量增加到一定值后,初始含沙量的影响作用开始变弱;高分子聚合物会促进河湖淤泥絮凝沉降;沉降筒尺寸虽然对试验结果略有影响,但对于分析河湖淤泥絮凝沉降特性无较大影响。研究河湖淤泥絮凝沉降特性对于河湖通航、蓄洪、水质修复、疏浚淤泥的处理均有重要意义。     

渝东北地区强降雨诱发地质灾害险情分析

渝东北一直以来都是地质灾害高发地区,地质环境条件脆弱,极端降雨事件频发,是区域地质灾害预警高度关注地区。以2014年8月底至9月初持续强降雨诱发地质灾害过程为例,运用统计方法,从空间和时间角度,分析地质灾害的空间分布、时间分布与降雨的相关关系,得到该区域降雨诱发地质灾害的规律特点及临界阈值。结果表明:①奉节、云阳、巫山属于地质灾害高易发区,巫溪、开县属于地质灾害中等易发区,其他地区属于低易发区;②渝东北地区的降雨模式常见为持续强降雨型(奉节)和暴雨型(云阳、巫山、巫溪及开县);③渝东北地区各区县临界雨强不同,奉节临界雨强为90 mm/d,险情特点有明显滞后性;云阳临界雨强为85 mm/d,巫山临界雨强为80 mm/d,巫溪、开县临界雨强推荐值为(100±5)mm/d;在持续强降雨作用且不小于30 mm/h的雨强下,险情伴随发生概率极高。渝东北地区强降雨诱发地质灾害险情分析成果,可为系统全面提出一套预警阈值、指导减灾防灾工作提供技术支撑。     

Probleme bei Planung und Betrieb von Absetzbecken für Straßenabwässer

Sedimentation basins are incorporated into runoff infiltration systems and serve as a retention system, in which the sedimentation of particles occurs as a result of gravitational force. The effectiveness of sedimentation basins in terms of removing particles is highly dependent on design parameters such as their dimensions and drainage times. To evaluate the flow distribution within sedimentation basins, a conceptual model was developed using a tracer and compared to the actual condition at the treatment system. Here, a significant difference in the height of the connecting tube between settling basin and filter basin was found. This leads to a drying out of the basin, which significantly affects the flow rates and hence the sedimentation there. Based on a model experiment with colour tracer, the flow paths were visually represented in the basin, and both the concrete variant and the effects of internal structures were considered. It was found that the incorporation of a baffle led to an improved utilization of the basin, and to water being retained for longer times. Due to the lower flow rate and these longer times, fine and medium-sized sediments could be easily settled. In a field study, the performance of a sedimentation basin for the removal of particles was evaluated based on the influent and effluent concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS). The street runoff treatment plant was monitored for one year and results showed that there was no particle accumulation in the sedimentation basin (there was no permanent retention of the particle loads). The mean TSS concentrations were 89 mg/L at the inlet of the sedimentation basin and 94 mg/L at the end of the settling tank, respectively. The structural design and operation of the system showed higher flow and turbulent flow conditions in the sedimentation basin, in which settlement of fine and medium sized particles was very low; as a result, the soil filter basin was loaded with runoff particles. Thus the particulate matter had to be removed either on the surface of the filter basin or within the porous space of the filter. The build-up of such particles can result in a significant increase of head loss due to clogging; therefore, filters must be maintained by removing the accumulated particles on a regular basis.     

城市暴雨强度公式复核 −以杭州主城区为例

在气候变化与快速城镇化共同影响下,很多城市暴雨特性发生变化,现行的暴雨强度计算公式可能不再适用,需要复核和更新。以杭州市主城区为例,根据钱塘江江畔闸口站1982—2022年降雨极值资料,分别选用皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布和耿贝尔分布曲线进行线型拟合,采用粒子群优化算法推求暴雨强度公式参数,与现行规范给出的暴雨强度公式进行复核分析。结果表明：在重现期为2~20 a时,根据皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布和耿贝尔分布推求得到暴雨强度新公式的平均绝对均方差均小于0.05mm/min,平均相对均方差均小于5%,符合精度要求;仅当降雨历时为10min时,2个新公式的暴雨强度要小于现行公式的暴雨强度,其他历时下2个新公式的暴雨强度都明显大于现行公式的暴雨强度;经合理性分析,本研究根据最新暴雨资料推求的暴雨强度公式可为杭州市主城区排水防涝工程设计和相关设施建设提供参考。     

降雨量空间分布对山洪临界雨量的影响

山洪临界雨量是山洪灾害预报预警的重要基础,受降雨、土壤含水量以及下垫面的影响,其中降雨量空间分布是重要的影响因素之一。以湖北省崇阳县高堤河流域为例,采用HEC-HMS分布式水文模型计算设计洪水,试算法计算临界雨量,提出了降雨量空间分布系数,分析了降雨量空间分布系数与临界雨量的关系,探讨了降雨空间分布对临界雨量的影响。结果表明:当降雨从上游到下游逐渐减少时,达到相同成灾流量对应的临界雨量最大,暴雨中心在下游时临界雨量最小,说明降雨量空间分布对临界雨量影响显著。由分析可知,在山洪灾害预警实践中应根据实际的降雨空间分布对预警指标适当修正,对山洪进行动态雨量预警。     

Hydraulic and treatment performance of pervious pavements under variable drying and wetting regimes

Pervious pavements are an effective stormwater treatment technology. However, their performance under variable drying and wetting conditions have yet to be tested, particularly under a continuous time scale. This paper reports on the clogging behaviour and pollutant removal efficiency of three pervious pavement types over 26 accelerated years. These pavements were monolithic porous asphalt (PA), Permapave (PP) and modular Hydrapave (HP). Over a cycle of 13 days, the period of which was equivalent to the average annual Brisbane, Australia rainfall (1,200 mm), the pavements were randomly dosed with four different flows. Drying events of 3 h duration were simulated during each flow. Inflow and outflow samples were collected and analysed for Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Phosphorus (TP) and Total Nitrogen (TN). To evaluate the rate of clogging, a 1 in 5 year Brisbane storm event was simulated in the 6th, 8th, 12th, 16th, 20th and 24th week. Under normal dosing conditions, none of the pavements showed signs of clogging even after 15 years. However, under storm conditions, both PA and HP started to clog after 12 years, while PP showed no signs of clogging after 26 years. The drying and various flow events showed no effects in TSS removal, with all systems achieving a removal of approximately 100%. The average TP removal was 20% for all flows except for low flow, which had a significant amount of leaching over time. Leaching from TN was also observed during all flows except high flow. The TSS, TP and TN results observed during storm events were similar to that of high flow.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHANGES IN TOTAL SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN AN OXBOW LAKE AFTER IMPLEMENTING AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

The Wolf–Broad oxbow lake (417 ha) was evaluated by the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality and included on the Mississippi 303(d) list of impaired waterbodies for total suspended solids (TSS). A study was undertaken for 2 years to evaluate and document changes to TSS (mg L^?1) and overall lake turbidity (NTU) through best management practice implementation. These two objectives were analysed with routine monthly surface sampling events of turbidity (Eureka Manta 2, automated data sonde) as well as 20 random samples per sampling trip for TSS from June 2008 to June 2010. Results from a non‐parametric Kruskal–Wallis analysis indicated a significant month‐by‐year effect on turbidity and TSS (chi‐squared = 76.08, p = 0.001), but reach (chi‐squared = 2.45, p = 0.784) and depth by reach (chi‐squared = 2.44, p = 0.784) did not show significant effects on turbidity. There were no significant correlations between TSS concentrations and turbidity and 2 days and 7 days summed or mean rainfall for the duration of the evaluation. Spearman correlation analysis for TSS indicated significant correlations between TSS and mean two‐day (r² = 0.62, p = 0.002) and seven‐day (r² = 0.51, p = 0.014) wind speeds. All other variables used in the analysis did not show significant correlation with TSS ( p > 0.05). This suggests that wind conditions, rather than rainfall, predict the greatest variability in TSS and turbidity in Wolf Lake. These documented correlations between lake water column TSS, turbidity and wind highlight the difficulties of demonstrating success of management practices in the short temporal period between project initiation and completion. Unmanageable environmental conditions (wind speed and direction) and limited temporal monitoring scales (1 1/2 years post‐BMP implementation) limit the possibility of demonstrating successful water‐quality improvement within a 303(d) listed waterbody such as Wolf Lake. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

祁连山北麓牧区植被生长季不同等级降水时空变化特征

以祁连山北麓肃南县牧区为研究区,选取周边7个气象站1961-2016年的日降水资料,采用气候倾向率、Hurst指数、Mann-Kendall检验和反距离加权插值等方法,对肃南县植被生长季降水的时空变化特征进行研究。结果表明:肃南县植被生长季降水量和降水强度距平百分率趋势显著增加,而降水日数增加趋势不显著;植被生长季降水量和降水强度在1998年发生显著突变,而降水日数无显著突变;植被生长季降水以小雨为主,中雨降水变异系数较大,但近年来趋于稳定上升状态;植被生长季降水日数和降水强度在空间上呈东南多西北少,小雨降水分布与其分布类似,而中雨强度呈南少北多的空间分布差异;小雨对肃南县植被生长季降水量贡献较大,但近年来中雨比小雨增加明显,降水时空分布呈不均衡发展趋势。     

考虑降雨空间异质性的动态临界雨量预警指标推求

降雨空间分布的不均匀性对中小河流洪水预警的临界雨量有较大影响,而降雨的空间分布难以准确量化,成为制约洪水预警精度的重要难题。结合泰森多边形和等流时面,提出一种既能反映降雨空间分布不均匀程度,又能反映降雨中心位置的降雨空间异质性指数SHIP,进一步基于支持向量机的分类原理,将SHIP用于中小河流洪水动态临界雨量预警指标的推求。以汉江旬河上游为例,分析了降雨空间异质性对临界雨量及预警精度的影响。结果表明,降雨中心越靠近下游,临界雨量越小,若不考虑降雨空间分布的差异性,则可能会出现漏报的风险。由于间接考虑了流域的调蓄作用,引入SHIP推求的临界雨量指标可以显著提高洪水预警的精度。     

Sensitivity of a sediment transport model for Lake Michigan

A two-dimensional (vertical and cross-shore) sediment transport model was applied to several transects in southern Lake Michigan using observations of waves and currents recorded during the spring of 2000. Conditions during this period included several storms that are among the largest observed in the lake. The observations were used to examine the sensitivity of the model to variations in the input parameters (waves, currents, initial bottom sediment size distribution, settling velocity, and bottom stress required for erosion). The results show that changing the physical forcing (waves and currents) or the initial bottom sediment size distribution affected the results more than varying the particle properties (settling velocity and critical shear stress) or the size classes used to describe the size distribution. This indicates that for this model specification of input parameters are of first order importance and should be specified with some confidence before adding additional complexity by including processes such as flocculation and bed consolidation.     

Characterization of the potential impact of retention tank emptying on wastewater primary treatment: a new element for CSO management

Theoretical studies have shown that discharges from retention tanks could have a negative impact on the WWTP's (Wastewater Treatment Plant) effluent. Characterization of such discharges is necessary to better understand these impacts. This study aims at: (1) characterizing water quality during emptying of a tank; and (2) characterizing the temporal variation of settling velocities of the waters released to the WWTP. Two full-scale sampling campaigns (18 rain events) have been realized in Quebec City and laboratory analyses have shown a wide variability of total suspended solids (TSS) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) concentrations in the water released from the tank. Suspended solids seem to settle quickly because they are only found in large amounts during the first 15 min of pumping to the WWTP. These solids are hypothesized to come from the pumping in which solids remained after a previous event. When these solids are evacuated, low TSS containing waters are pumped from the retention tank. A second concentration peak occurs at the end of the emptying period when the tank is cleaned with wash water. Finally, settling velocity studies allowed characterizing combined sewer wastewaters by separating three main fractions of pollutants which correspond to the beginning, middle and end of emptying. In most cases, it is noticed that particle settling velocities increase as the pollutant load increases.     

Relationship between turbidity and total suspended solids concentration within a combined sewer system

This article confirms the existence of a strong linear relationship between turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) concentration. However, the slope of this relation varies between dry and wet weather conditions, as well as between sites. The effect of this variability on estimating the instantaneous wet weather TSS concentration is assessed on the basis of the size of the calibration dataset used to establish the turbidity - TSS relationship. Results obtained indicate limited variability both between sites and during dry weather, along with a significant inter-event variability. Moreover, turbidity allows an evaluation of TSS concentrations with an acceptable level of accuracy for a reasonable rainfall event sampling campaign effort.     

紫色土坡面径流与侵蚀特征模拟试验研究

应用人工模拟降雨试验,对紫色土坡面径流与侵蚀特征进行了模拟试验研究。结果表明：紫色土坡面初始产流时间随着雨强的增大而减少,且在小雨强下坡度对初始产流时间的影响显著;紫色土坡面径流总量有随坡度和雨强的增加而增大的趋势,坡度较大时,雨强对径流总量影响不明显;紫色土坡面侵蚀总量随坡度和雨强的增大而增大,１０°、１５°、２０°坡的侵蚀量较大,在３１０６．０３～８１１７．０９ｇ之间,故应在坡度≥１０°的坡地上实施有效的水土保持措施。     

降雨及地下水位对三峡库区非饱和土 边坡稳定性的影响

选取三峡库区内的某处非饱和土边坡进行研究,分别在初始地下水位、降雨强度以及降雨持时不同的工况条件下分析边坡的稳定性能。研究结果表明：降雨强度是对边坡稳定性产生重要不利影响的因素之一,但不是决定性的因素;处于雨季的边坡稳定性能还要受到前期降雨持时和初始地下水位的控制。另外,在整个长持时降雨周期内,用于评判边坡稳定性能的安全系数值并不是单调变化的,而是先较快减少后逐渐趋于常数值。因此,可将对应于最低安全系数值的降雨持时称为临界降雨持时。