利用畜禽废水中的氨氮驯化矿化垃圾填料氧化填埋场的CH4

探讨通过利用畜禽废水中氨氮实现矿化垃圾中铵氧化菌的富集,再利用其对CH4同等氧化能力实现垃圾填埋场温室气体总量减排。研究结果表明：矿化垃圾对畜禽污水中氨氮具备较强的硝化能力,运行120 d内氨氮去除率高于60%;投加200 mg·kg -1氨氮后的培养研究中,120 h驯化后矿化垃圾硝酸盐氮的生成量分别为原生矿化垃圾样品和粘土样品的2.0倍和3.8倍;矿化垃圾和粘土样品中CH4消耗和CO2的净生成趋势可分别采用一级和零级动力学模型来表征(R 2>0.68);与氮转化趋势类似,基于CO2的净生成速率,120 d驯化后矿化垃圾的CH4氧化能力比粘土样和原生矿化垃圾分别提高了59.3%和10.6%。矿化垃圾经高氨氮畜禽养殖废水驯化可有望提高其对CH4的氧化能力,而污水中其他组分(CODCr、SS及磷素等)富集对CH4氧化过程的影响还亟待进一步研究。     

双污泥反硝化聚磷系统污泥的培养与驯化

以污水处理厂氧化沟污泥为泥种,采用进水低碳高磷、两阶段的运行方式进行反硝化聚磷污泥的培养,约100 d成功驯化培养出反硝化聚磷污泥。第1阶段以厌氧/好氧的运行方式驯化好氧聚磷污泥,运行约40 d,最大释磷量、最大聚磷量和最大除磷量分别可达到77.2、89.4、25.0 mg/L,表现出较强的聚磷能力;第2阶段采用厌氧/缺氧/好氧的运行方式驯化反硝化聚磷污泥,运行60 d,缺氧聚磷量占总聚磷量的百分比呈上升趋势。硝化污泥经过100 d的驯化可去除约50 mg/L的氨氮,硝化率基本稳定在98.5%以上。硝化速率本符合零级动力学方程,比硝化速率常数为0002 4 h-1;好氧聚磷速率和缺氧聚磷速率基本符合一级动力学方程,速率常数分别是0.377、0740 g/(L·h-1)。利用驯化培养成功的反硝化聚磷污泥和硝化污泥进行了A 2N-SBR试验,结果表明：在进水COD、氨氮和磷分别为188.0、54.8、725 mg/L时,去除率分别为93.5%、76.7%和941%,驯化培养的双污泥具有良好的脱氮除磷效果。     

新型短程硝化工艺的反硝化除磷特性

构建以厌氧(An)、好氧(O1和O2)、缺氧(A1和A2)、快速曝气(O3)单元组成的新型短程硝化同步反硝化除磷工艺。在其中厌氧(An)/缺氧(A1)的运行环境,成功驯化出了一种能以硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌(DPB),其兼具脱氮与除磷双重功能,实现了一碳两用的目的,节约了能耗和曝气量。通过静态试验发现,亚硝酸盐型反硝化除磷速率为4.78 mg/(L·h),硝酸盐型反硝化速率为6.24 mg/(L·h)。反硝化除磷量占到了系统总除磷量的60%以上,其中缺氧1池就占到了50%。     

两段SBR双污泥系统的短程硝化/反硝化除磷研究

针对传统脱氮除磷工艺存在的占地面积大、运行成本高等问题,将短程硝化与反硝化除磷工艺相结合而构建了两段SBR双污泥短程硝化反硝化除磷工艺.在成功启动短程硝化反应器后,亚硝酸盐氮的积累率达到94.23%,系统对氨氮的平均去除率>95%;在以亚硝酸盐氮为电子受体的反硝化除磷菌培养驯化阶段,吸磷率达到了64.44%,同时NO2--N由17.79 mg/L降低为0.05 ms/L,电子受体被完全消耗,基本达到了以NO2--N为电子受体进行反硝化聚磷菌富集的目的.在此基础上,考察了N/P值对系统脱氮除磷效果的影响.结果表明,当N/P为3.0、2.2、1.7时对COD和氨氮的去除效果均较好,对COD的去除率分别为90%、89%、90%,对氨氮的去除率分别为96%、95%和96.7%;当N/P为3.0和2.2时除磷效果良好,平均去除率分别达到了88.5%和91%;而当N/P为1.7时除磷效果明显下降,仅为75.6%.     

曝气生物滤池对晚期垃圾渗滤液的短程脱氮研究

采用固定化微生物曝气生物滤池（I—BAF）对晚期垃圾渗滤液进行了短程脱氮试验研究。经过微生物固定化和硝化茵培养后，通过控制溶解氧等条件可使反应器（I—BAF1）实现稳定的亚硝化，亚硝化速率平均值是硝化速率的21．5倍，对氨氮的去除率达到90％左右，且氮主要是由同步硝化反硝化作用去除的；与全程脱氮相比，短程脱氮对总氮的去除率更高，其COD主要通过反硝化作用去除；以NaAc为外加碳源，提高C／N值为1．6～2，2时，对总氮的去除率可达60％以上，继续提高C／N值至4．5时，硝化茵因受到异养菌的抑制而活性降低，导致脱氮效果变差。当将两级I—BAF（I—BAF2充分曝气）与Fenton工艺联用时，对COD、氨氮和总氮的去除率分别为95．1％、99．1％和73．8％。     

硝酸盐浓度对反硝化聚磷菌诱导的影响

通过控制缺氧段硝酸盐浓度,研究了反硝化聚磷菌的诱导方法及效果.批式试验表明,碳源浓度一定时,缺氧段硝酸盐消耗量与聚磷量呈线性关系,且与厌氧释磷量之比等于该线性关系式的斜率.在反硝化聚磷菌诱导过程中,按此比例调整缺氧段的硝酸盐浓度可很快达到良好的脱氮除磷效果,反硝化聚磷率＞95%,反硝化脱氮率＞96%.由同等条件下的缺氧与好氧最大聚磷速率可推知,诱导前反硝化聚磷菌占总聚磷菌的27.61%,诱导后则高达78.61%.     

传统与短程反硝化的影响因素及特性研究

分别研究了传统反硝化中硝酸盐氮负荷、COD N、pH值对反硝化速率及效率的影响 ,得出传统反硝化时最大硝酸盐氮负荷为 0 .0 8kg (kgMLSS·d) ,合适的COD N为 6～ 7,适宜的pH值为 7.5～ 8。对分别以NO-3 和NO-2 为初始基质的反硝化速率进行的对比试验结果表明 ,在温度为 2 5℃、pH值为 7、基质浓度 <30 0mg L时以NO-2 为初始基质的反硝化速率较快 ,但当基质浓度 >30 0mg L后反而是以NO-3 为初始基质的反硝化速率较快     

好氧池内反硝化脱氮现象的研究

通过中试对好氧池内的反硝化现象进行考察。结果表明，在好氧池内出现硝化反应的情况下，当温度〉20℃时，将好氧池的泥龄缩短到3～7d，溶解氧浓度控制在1～2mg／L，则好氧池内反硝化去除的硝酸盐氮量占氨氮硝化生成的硝酸盐氮量的比例〉50％。为促进好氧池内反硝化作用的发生并保证出水水质，提出了在曝气池内投加填料或采用双污泥脱氮除磷工艺的构想。     

颗粒污泥的反硝化除磷研究

借助SBR反应器,采用厌氧/好氧/缺氧的运行方式,对富集的以反硝化聚磷菌（DNPAOs）为优势菌的活性污泥进行颗粒化培养,约35 d后得到了较成熟的颗粒污泥.考察了该颗粒污泥的脱氮除磷性能,结果表明：当以厌氧/缺氧方式运行时系统具有良好的反硝化除磷性能,缺氧结束时除磷率＞96%,对氨氮的去除率为95%左右;外加NO3^- -N的浓度对缺氧段的反硝化吸磷速率有一定影响;颗粒污泥中的DNPAOs可以利用内碳源进行反硝化吸磷,从而实现了同步脱氮除磷.     

活性污泥反硝化除磷性能的影响因素研究

以富含反硝化聚磷菌的污水处理厂(采用厌氧+ Carrousel氧化沟工艺)活性污泥为研究对象,进行静态厌氧释磷及反硝化聚磷试验研究,探讨碳源、硝酸盐及温度等因素对活性污泥反硝化聚磷性能的影响.结果表明:污水处理厂进水COD控制在200 mg/L左右时,能够在满足厌氧段释磷所需碳源的同时,使缺氧段有较少的碳源残留;厌氧段硝酸盐氮浓度宜控制在10 mg/L以下,而缺氧段的硝酸盐氮浓度应控制在40 mg/L左右,且水温为25℃左右时有利于反硝化聚磷的发生.此外,因厌氧释磷转变为缺氧聚磷需要一定的过渡时间(0.5～2 h),因此应适当延长缺氧段的水力停留时间,以保证反硝化聚磷效果.     

序批法工艺设计几个问题的探讨

本文从工艺设计出发,讨论了SBR法用于城市污水处理工程的工艺计算中如:系统泥龄,产泥量,NH4+ -N的硝化,NO3- -N的反硝化,容积负荷及运行工序等几个方面的问题     

Simultaneous organic and nitrogen removal from municipal landfill leachate using an anaerobic-aerobic system

An anaerobic-aerobic system including simultaneous methanogenesis and denitrification was introduced to treat organic and nitrogen compounds in immature leachate from a landfill site. Denitrification and methanogenesis were successfully carried out in the anaerobic reactor while the organic removal and nitrification of NH4+,-N were carried out in the aerobic reactor when rich organic substrate was supplied with appropriate hydraulic retention time. The maximum organic removal rate was 15.2 kg COD/m3 d in the anaerobic reactor while the maximum NH4+-N removal rate and maximum nitrification rate were 0.84kg NH4+-N/m3/d and 0.50kg NO3--N/m3/d, respectively, in the aerobic reactor. The pH range for proper nitrification was 6-8.8 in the aerobic reactor. The organic compounds inhibited nitrification so that the organic removal in the anaerobic reactor could enhance the nitrification rate in the following aerobic reactor. The gas production rate was 0.33 m3/kg COD and the biogas compositions of CH4, CO2, and N2 were kept relatively constant, 66-75, 22-32, and 2-3%, respectively.     

序批式生物膜法的脱氮除磷功效研究

采用序批式生物膜工艺进行了处理广州地区城市污水的脱氮除磷试验研究，结果表明：在碳、氮、磷比例失调（碳量偏低）的情况下，达到了既去除有机物又能脱氮除磷的效果，出水BOD5、COD分别为6．0～9．8、12．7～35．5mg／L，而TN、NH3-N、TP分别在14．8、4．0、0．5mg／L以下；磷的厌氧释放是好氧吸磷和除磷的前提；DO浓度会影响好氧段的磷吸收速率，但不影响磷的去除量；在好氧运行初期发生了同步硝化反硝化，其去除的总氮约为15％。     

Simultaneous carbon and nitrogen removal from high strength domestic wastewater in an aerobic RBC biofilm

High strength domestic wastewater discharges after no/partial treatment through sewage treatment plants or septic tank seepage field systems have resulted in a large build-up of groundwater nitrates in Rajasthan, India. The groundwater table is very deep and nitrate concentrations of 500-750 mg/l (113-169 as NO3(-)-N) are commonly found. A novel biofilm in a 3-stage lab-scale rotating biological contactor (RBC) was developed by the incorporation of a sulphur oxidising bacterium Thiosphaera pantotropha which exhibited high simultaneous removal of carbon and nitrogen in fully aerobic conditions. T. pantotropha has been shown to be capable of simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification thereby helping the steps of carbon oxidation, nitrification and denitrification to be carried out concurrently. The first stage having T. pantotropha dominated biofilm showed high carbon and NH4(+)-N removal rates of 8.7-25.9 g COD/m2 d and 0.81-1.85 g N/m2 d for the corresponding loadings of 10.0-32.0 g COD/m2 d and 1.0-3.35 g N/m2 d. The ratio of carbon removed to nitrogen removed was close to 12.0. The nitrification rate increased from 0.81 to 1.8 g N/m2 d with the increasing nitrogen loading rates despite a high simultaneous organic loading rate. However, it fell to 1.53 g N/m2 d at a high load of 3.35 g N/m2 d and 32 g COD/m2 d showing a possible inhibition of the process. A simultaneous 44-63% removal of nitrogen was also achieved without any significant NO2(-)-N or NO3(-)-N build-up. The second and third stages, almost devoid of any organic carbon, acted only as autotrophic nitrification units, converting the NH4(+)-N from stage 1 to nitrite and nitrate. Such a system would not need a separate carbon oxidation step to increase nitrification rates and no external carbon source for denitrification. The alkalinity compensation during denitrification for that destroyed in nitrification may also result in a high economy.     

Biological nitrogen removal from municipal landfill leachate: low-cost nitrification in biofilters and laboratory scale in-situ denitrification

The slow leaching of nitrogen from solid waste in landfills, resulting in high concentrations of ammonia in the landfill leachate, may last for several decades. The removal of nitrogen from leachate is desirable as nitrogen can trigger eutrophication in lakes and rivers. In the present study, a low-cost nitrification-denitrification process was developed to reduce nitrogen load especially in leachates from small landfills. Nitrification was studied in laboratory and on-site pilot aerobic biofilters with waste materials as filter media (crushed brick in upflow filters and bulking agent of compost in a downflow filter) while denitrification was studied in a laboratory anoxic/anaerobic column filled with landfill waste. In the laboratory nitrification filters, start-up of nitrification took less than 3 weeks and over 90% nitrification of leachate (NH4-N between 60 and 170mg N l(-1), COD between 230 and 1,300 mg l(-1)) was obtained with loading rates between 100 and 130 mgNH4-N l(-1) d at 25 degrees C. In an on-site pilot study a level of nitrification of leachate (NH4-N between 160 and 270 mg N l(-1), COD between 1,300 and 1,600 mg l(-1)) above 90% was achieved in a crushed brick biofilter with a loading rate of 50mg NH4-N l(-1) d even at temperatures as low as 5-10 degrees C. Ammonium concentrations in all biofilter effluents were usually below the detection limit. In the denitrification column. denitrification started within 2 weeks and total oxidised nitrogen in nitrified leachate (TON between 50 and 150mg N l(-1)) usually declined below the detection limit at 25 degrees C, whereas some ammonium, probably originating from the landfill waste used in the column, was detected in the effluent. No adverse effect was observed on the methanation of waste in the denitrification column with a loading rate of 3.8 g TON-N/t-TS(waste) d. In conclusion, nitrification in a low-cost biofilter followed by denitrification in a landfill body appears applicable for the removal of nitrogen in landfill leachate in colder climates.     

Effect of salinity and inorganic nitrogen concentrations on nitrification and denitrification rates in intertidal sediments and rocky biofilms of the Douro River estuary, Portugal

The regulatory effects of salinity and inorganic nitrogen compounds on nitrification and denitrification were studied in intertidal sandy sediments and rocky biofilms in the Douro River estuary, Portugal, over a 12-month period. Nitrification and denitrification rates were measured in slurries of field samples and enrichment experiments using the difluoromethane and the acetylene inhibition techniques, respectively. Salinity did not regulate denitrification in either environment, suggesting that halotolerant bacteria dominated the denitrifier communities. However, nitrification rates were stimulated when salinity increased from 0 to 15 practical salinity units. NO3- addition experiments revealed that NO3- availability stimulates denitrification rates in sandy sediments, but not in rocky biofilms; however, in rocky biofilms a positive and linear relationship was observed between denitrification rates and water column NO3- concentrations (r=0.92) during the monthly surveys. The N2O:N2 ratios increased rapidly when NO3- increased from 63 to 363 microM; however, results from monthly surveys showed that environmental parameters other than NO3- availability may be important in controlling the variation in N2O production via denitrification. Ammonium additions to sandy sediments stimulated nitrification rates by 35% for the 20 microM NH4+ addition, but NH4+ appeared to inhibit nitrification at high concentration addition (200 microM NH4+). In contrast, rocky biofilm nitrification was stimulated by 65% when 200 microM NH4+ was added.     

The Distribution Characteristics of Nitrogen in the Yellow River Estuary in Summer

Nitrogen is the main elements causing eutrophication, in order to study its distribution characteristics in the surface water of Yellow River Estuary in summer, samples were collected in August 2013 for analyzing. The result shows that: the concentration of NH4+-N and NO2--N is164.30ug/L and 6.14ug/L respectively. The highest concentration of NO3--N is 2.1mg/L. the concentration of NH4+-N and NO2--N decreases with the increase in salinity, which is mainly affected by physical mixing process of dilution. NO3--N is low in freshwater side and high in sea side, mainly affected by phytoplankton.     

MLSS、pH及NO-2-N对反硝化除磷的影响

利用DPB反硝化聚磷污泥以SBR进行试验,以考察MLSS、pH值和NO-2-N浓度对聚磷菌厌氧放磷和缺氧吸磷过程的影响.结果表明:增大MLSS可缩短放磷和缺氧吸磷反应时间,但MLSS过高易导致反硝化吸磷后期出现磷的二次释放;随着pH值的升高(pH=6～8)则P/C值也升高,继续升高pH值到8以上时发生了磷酸盐的沉淀,影响到正常的放磷反应.此外,在反硝化吸磷过程中pH值的大幅升高也会对生物除磷效果造成干扰;控制NO-2-N浓度为5.5～9.5mg/L可使聚磷污泥以NO-2-N作为电子受体进行吸磷反应,当NO-2-N达到15 mg/L时反硝化和吸磷反应均受到了抑制.     

UCT工艺处理低C/N值城市污水的试验研究

采用UCT工艺处理低C/N值城市污水,考察了其处理效果及影响因素。结果表明:UCT工艺对COD的平均去除率为87.3%,进水中较高浓度的氨氮对COD去除效果有一定的影响;系统运行稳定后,对氨氮的去除率可保持在90%以上,硝化效果较好;在无外加碳源的情况下,UCT工艺对总氮的去除率为50%左右,投加甲醇碳源调节污水的C/N值为6.2左右时,对总氮的去除率可稳定在80%以上;进水中较高浓度的氨氮对系统除磷效果的影响较大,在硝化效果不好的情况下对总磷的去除率可达86%,在硝化效果较好的情况下除磷效率较低,为50%左右。