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1.
Porous Carbon Nanofibers Encapsulated with Peapod‐Like Hematite Nanoparticles for High‐Rate and Long‐Life Battery Anodes 下载免费PDF全文
Fe2O3 is regarded as a promising anode material for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high specific capacity. The large volume change during discharge and charge processes, however, induces significant cracking of the Fe2O3 anodes, leading to rapid fading of the capacity. Herein, a novel peapod‐like nanostructured material, consisting of Fe2O3 nanoparticles homogeneously encapsulated in the hollow interior of N‐doped porous carbon nanofibers, as a high‐performance anode material is reported. The distinctive structure not only provides enough voids to accommodate the volume expansion of the pea‐like Fe2O3 nanoparticles but also offers a continuous conducting framework for electron transport and accessible nanoporous channels for fast diffusion and transport of Li/Na‐ions. As a consequence, this peapod‐like structure exhibits a stable discharge capacity of 1434 mAh g?1 (at 100 mA g?1) and 806 mAh g?1 (at 200 mA g?1) over 100 cycles as anode materials for LIBs and SIBs, respectively. More importantly, a stable capacity of 958 mAh g?1 after 1000 cycles and 396 mAh g?1 after 1500 cycles can be achieved for LIBs and SIBs, respectively, at a large current density of 2000 mA g?1. This study provides a promising strategy for developing long‐cycle‐life LIBs and SIBs. 相似文献
2.
Exploring Critical Factors Affecting Strain Distribution in 1D Silicon‐Based Nanostructures for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes 下载免费PDF全文
Soojin Sim Hyunsoo Ma Min Choi Yeonguk Son Noejung Park Jaephil Cho Minjoon Park 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2018,30(15)
Despite the advantage of high capacity, the practical use of the silicon anode is still hindered by large volume expansion during the severe pulverization lithiation process, which results in electrical contact loss and rapid capacity fading. Here, a combined electrochemical and computational study on the factor for accommodating volume expansion of silicon‐based anodes is shown. 1D silicon‐based nanostructures with different internal spaces to explore the effect of spatial ratio of voids and their distribution degree inside the fibers on structural stability are designed. Notably, lotus‐root‐type silicon nanowires with locally distributed void spaces can improve capacity retention and structural integrity with minimum silicon pulverization during lithium insertion and extraction. The findings of this study indicate that the distribution of buffer spaces, electrochemical surface area, as well as Li diffusion property significantly influence cycle performance and rate capability of the battery, which can be extended to other silicon‐based anodes to overcome large volume expansion. 相似文献
3.
With extremely high specific capacity, silicon has attracted enormous interest as a promising anode material for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries. However, silicon suffers from a large volume variation during charge/discharge cycles, which leads to the pulverization of the silicon and subsequent separation from the conductive additives, eventually resulting in rapid capacity fading and poor cycle life. Here, it is shown that the utilization of a self‐healable supramolecular polymer, which is facilely synthesized by copolymerization of tert‐butyl acrylate and an ureido‐pyrimidinone monomer followed by hydrolysis, can greatly reduce the side effects caused by the volume variation of silicon particles. The obtained polymer is demonstrated to have an excellent self‐healing ability due to its quadruple‐hydrogen‐bonding dynamic interaction. An electrode using this self‐healing supramolecular polymer as binder exhibits an initial discharge capacity as high as 4194 mAh g−1 and a Coulombic efficiency of 86.4%, and maintains a high capacity of 2638 mAh g−1 after 110 cycles, revealing significant improvement of the electrochemical performance in comparison with that of Si anodes using conventional binders. The supramolecular binder can be further applicable for silicon/carbon anodes and therefore this supramolecular strategy may increase the choice of amendable binders to improve the cycle life and energy density of high‐capacity Li‐ion batteries. 相似文献
4.
Miao Zhang Lei Xiang Massimiliano Galluzzi Chunlei Jiang Shanqing Zhang Jiangyu Li Yongbing Tang 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2019,31(18)
Aluminum (Al) is one of the most attractive anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical specific capacity, excellent conductivity, abundance, and especially low cost. However, the large volume expansion, originating from the uneven alloying/dealloying reactions in the charge/discharge process, causes structural stress and electrode pulverization, which has long hindered its practical application, especially when assembled with a high‐areal‐density cathode. Here, an inactive (Cu) and active (Al) co‐deposition strategy is reported to homogeneously distribute the alloying sites and disperse the stress of volume expansion, which is beneficial to obtain the structural stability of the Al anode. Owing to the homogeneous reaction and uniform distribution of stress during the charge/discharge process, the assembled full battery (LiFePO4 cathode with a high areal density of ≈7.4 mg cm?2) with the Cu–Al@Al anode, achieves a high capacity retention of ≈88% over 200 cycles, suggesting the feasibility of the interfacial design to optimize the structural stability of alloying metal anodes for high‐performance LIBs. 相似文献
5.
Wenxiang Zhao Xiang Hu Suqin Ci Junxiang Chen Genxiang Wang Qiuhua Xu Zhenhai Wen 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2019,15(46)
Although graphite materials have been applied as commercial anodes in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), there still remain abundant spaces in the development of carbon‐based anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, an electrospinning route is reported to fabricate nitrogen‐doped carbon nanofibers with interweaved nanochannels (NCNFs‐IWNC) that contain robust interconnected 1D porous channels, produced by removal of a Te nanowire template that is coelectrospun within carbon nanofibers during the electrospinning process. The NCNFs‐IWNC features favorable properties, including a conductive 1D interconnected porous structure, a large specific surface area, expanded interlayer graphite‐like spacing, enriched N‐doped defects and active sites, toward rapid access and transport of electrolyte and electron/sodium ions. Systematic electrochemical studies indicate that the NCNFs‐IWNC exhibits an impressively high rate capability, delivering a capacity of 148 mA h g?1 at current density of as high as 10 A g?1, and has an attractively stable performance over 5000 cycles. The practical application of the as‐designed NCNFs‐IWNC for a full SIBs cell is further verified by coupling the NCNFs‐IWNC anode with a FeFe(CN)6 cathode, which displays a desirable cycle performance, maintaining acapacity of 97 mA h g?1 over 100 cycles. 相似文献
6.
Alloying anodes such as silicon are promising electrode materials for next‐generation high energy density lithium‐ion batteries because of their ability to reversibly incorporate a high concentration of Li atoms. However, alloying anodes usually exhibit a short cycle life due to the extreme volumetric and structural changes that occur during lithium insertion/extraction; these transformations cause mechanical fracture and exacerbate side reactions. To solve these problems, there has recently been significant attention devoted to creating silicon nanostructures that can accommodate the lithiation‐induced strain and thus exhibit high Coulombic efficiency and long cycle life. In parallel, many experiments and simulations have been conducted in an effort to understand the details of volumetric expansion, fracture, mechanical stress evolution, and structural changes in silicon nanostructures. The fundamental materials knowledge gained from these studies has provided guidance for designing optimized Si electrode structures and has also shed light on the factors that control large‐volume change solid‐state reactions. In this paper, we review various fundamental studies that have been conducted to understand structural and volumetric changes, stress evolution, mechanical properties, and fracture behavior of nanostructured Si anodes for lithium‐ion batteries and compare the reaction process of Si to other novel anode materials. 相似文献
7.
Jiaxin Li Zebiao Li Weijian Huang Lan Chen Fucong Lv Mingzhong Zou Feng Qian Zhigao Huang Jian Lu Yangyang Li 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2019,15(18)
For Si anode materials used for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), developing an effective solution to overcome their drawbacks of large volume change and poor electronic conductivity is highly desirable. Here, the composites of ZnO‐incorporated and carbon‐coated silicon/porous‐carbon nanofibers (ZnO‐Si@C‐PCNFs) are designed and synthesized via a traditional electrospinning method. The prepared ZnO‐Si@C‐PCNFs can obviously overcome these two drawbacks and provide excellent LIB performance with excellent rate capability and stable long cycling life of 1000 cycles with reversible capacity of 1050 mA h g?1 at 800 mA g?1. Meanwhile, anodes of ZnO‐Si@C‐PCNFs attached with Ag particles display enhanced LIB performance, maintaining an average capacity of 920 mA h g?1 at a large current of 1800 mA g?1 even for 1000 cycles with negligible capacity loss and excellent reversibility. In addition, the assembling method with important practical significance for a simple pouch full cell is designed and used to evaluate the active materials. The Ag/ZnO‐Si@C‐PCNFs are prelithiated and assembled in full cells using LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2(NCM523) as cathodes, exhibiting higher energy density (230 W h kg?1) of 18% than that of 195 W h kg?1 for commercial graphite//NCM523 full pouch cells. Importantly, the comprehensive mechanisms of enhanced electrochemical kinetics originating from ZnO‐incorporation and Ag‐attachment are revealed in detail. 相似文献
8.
Considering Critical Factors of Li‐rich Cathode and Si Anode Materials for Practical Li‐ion Cell Applications 下载免费PDF全文
Minseong Ko Sujong Chae Woongrae Cho Jaephil Cho 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2015,11(33):4058-4073
In order to keep pace with increasing energy demands for advanced electronic devices and to achieve commercialization of electric vehicles and energy‐storage systems, improvements in high‐energy battery technologies are required. Among the various types of batteries, lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are among the most well‐developed and commercialized of energy‐storage systems. LIBs with Si anodes and Li‐rich cathodes are one of the most promising alternative electrode materials for next‐generation, high‐energy batteries. Si and Li‐rich materials exhibit high reversible capacities of <2000 mAh g?1 and >240 mAh g‐1, respectively. However, both materials have intrinsic drawbacks and practical limitations that prevent them from being utilized directly as active materials in high‐energy LIBs. Examples for Li‐rich materials include phase distortion during cycling and side reactions caused by the electrolyte at the surface, and for Si, large volume changes during cycling and low conductivity are observed. Recent progress and important approaches adopted for overcoming and alleviating these drawbacks are described in this article. A perspective on these matters is suggested and the requirements for each material are delineated, in addition to introducing a full‐cell prototype utilizing a Li‐rich cathode and Si anode. 相似文献
9.
Ranganath Teki Moni K. Datta Rahul Krishnan Thomas C. Parker Toh‐Ming Lu Prashant N. Kumta Nikhil Koratkar 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2009,5(20):2236-2242
Rechargeable lithium ion batteries are integral to today's information‐rich, mobile society. Currently they are one of the most popular types of battery used in portable electronics because of their high energy density and flexible design. Despite their increasing use at the present time, there is great continued commercial interest in developing new and improved electrode materials for lithium ion batteries that would lead to dramatically higher energy capacity and longer cycle life. Silicon is one of the most promising anode materials because it has the highest known theoretical charge capacity and is the second most abundant element on earth. However, silicon anodes have limited applications because of the huge volume change associated with the insertion and extraction of lithium. This causes cracking and pulverization of the anode, which leads to a loss of electrical contact and eventual fading of capacity. Nanostructured silicon anodes, as compared to the previously tested silicon film anodes, can help overcome the above issues. As arrays of silicon nanowires or nanorods, which help accommodate the volume changes, or as nanoscale compliant layers, which increase the stress resilience of silicon films, nanoengineered silicon anodes show potential to enable a new generation of lithium ion batteries with significantly higher reversible charge capacity and longer cycle life. 相似文献
10.
Subramanian Natarajan Krishnan Subramanyan Vanchiappan Aravindan 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2019,15(49)
Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) toward large‐scale energy storage applications has fascinated researchers in recent years owing to the low cost, environmental friendliness, and inestimable abundance. The similar chemical and electrochemical properties of sodium and lithium make sodium an easy substitute for lithium in lithium‐ion batteries. However, the main issues of limited cycle life, low energy density, and poor power density hamper the commercialization process. In the last few years, the development of electrode materials for SIBs has been dedicated to improving sodium storage capacities, high energy density, and long cycle life. The insertion type spinel Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) possesses “zero‐strain” behavior that offers the best cycle life performance among all reported oxide‐based anodes, displaying a capacity of 155 mAh g?1 via a three‐phase separation mechanism, and competing for future topmost high energy anode for SIBs. Recent reports offer improvement of overall electrode performance through carbon coating, doping, composites with metal oxides, and surface modification techniques, etc. Further, LTO anode with its structure and properties for SIBs is described and effective methods to improve the LTO performance are discussed in both half‐cell and practical configuration, i.e., full‐cell, along with future perspectives and solutions to promote its use. 相似文献
11.
In recent years, with the growing demand for higher capacity, longer cycling life, and higher power and energy density of lithium ion batteries (LIBs), the traditional insertion‐based anodes are increasingly considered out of their depth. Herein, attention is paid to the structural reorganization electrode, which is the general term for conversion‐based and alloying‐based materials according to their common characteristics during the lithiation/delithiation process. This Review summarizes the recent achievements in improving and understanding the lithium storage performance of conversion‐based anodes (especially the most widely studied transition metal oxides like Mn‐, Fe‐, Co‐, Ni‐, and Cu‐based oxides) and alloying‐based anodes (mainly including Si‐, Sn‐, Ge‐, and Sb‐based materials). The synthesis schemes, morphological control and reaction mechanism of these materials are also included. Finally, viewpoints about the challenges and feasible improvement measures for future development in this direction are given. The aim of this Review is to shed some light on future electrode design trends of structural reorganization anode materials for LIBs. 相似文献
12.
Guorui Yang P. Robert Ilango Silan Wang Muhammad Salman Nasir Linlin Li Dongxiao Ji Yuxiang Hu Seeram Ramakrishna Wei Yan Shengjie Peng 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2019,15(22)
In the scenario of renewable clean energy gradually replacing fossil energy, grid‐scale energy storage systems are urgently necessary, where Na‐ion batteries (SIBs) could supply crucial support, due to abundant Na raw materials and a similar electrochemical mechanism to Li‐ion batteries. The limited energy density is one of the major challenges hindering the commercialization of SIBs. Alloy‐type anodes with high theoretical capacities provide good opportunities to address this issue. However, these anodes suffer from the large volume expansion and inferior conductivity, which induce rapid capacity fading, poor rate properties, and safety issues. Carbon‐based alloy‐type composites (CAC) have been extensively applied in the effective construction of anodes that improved electrochemical performance, as the carbon component could alleviate the volume change and increase the conductivity. Here, state‐of‐the‐art CAC anode materials applied in SIBs are summarized, including their design principle, characterization, and electrochemical performance. The corresponding alloying mechanism along with its advantages and disadvantages is briefly presented. The crucial roles and working mechanism of the carbon matrix in CAC anodes are discussed in depth. Lastly, the existing challenges and the perspectives are proposed. Such an understanding critically paves the way for tailoring and designing suitable alloy‐type anodes toward practical applications. 相似文献
13.
Nanoscale Engineering of Heterostructured Anode Materials for Boosting Lithium‐Ion Storage 下载免费PDF全文
Gen Chen Litao Yan Hongmei Luo Shaojun Guo 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2016,28(35):7580-7602
Rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), as one of the most important electrochemical energy‐storage devices, currently provide the dominant power source for a range of devices, including portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, due to their high energy and power densities. The interest in exploring new electrode materials for LIBs has been drastically increasing due to the surging demands for clean energy. However, the challenging issues essential to the development of electrode materials are their low lithium capacity, poor rate ability, and low cycling stability, which strongly limit their practical applications. Recent remarkable advances in material science and nanotechnology enable rational design of heterostructured nanomaterials with optimized composition and fine nanostructure, providing new opportunities for enhancing electrochemical performance. Here, the progress as to how to design new types of heterostructured anode materials for enhancing LIBs is reviewed, in the terms of capacity, rate ability, and cycling stability: i) carbon‐nanomaterials‐supported heterostructured anode materials; ii) conducting‐polymer‐coated electrode materials; iii) inorganic transition‐metal compounds with core@shell structures; and iv) combined strategies to novel heterostructures. By applying different strategies, nanoscale heterostructured anode materials with reduced size, large surfaces area, enhanced electronic conductivity, structural stability, and fast electron and ion transport, are explored for boosting LIBs in terms of high capacity, long cycling lifespan, and high rate durability. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of future materials design for high‐performance LIB anodes are considered. The strategies discussed here not only provide promising electrode materials for energy storage, but also offer opportunities in being extended for making a variety of novel heterostructured nanomaterials for practical renewable energy applications. 相似文献
14.
Jiantie Xu In-Yup Jeon Jianmin Ma Yuhai Dou Seok-Jin Kim Jeong-Min Seo Huakun Liu Shixue Dou Jong-Beom Baek Liming Dai 《Nano Research》2017,10(4):1268-1281
Phosphorus has recently received extensive attention as a promising anode for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity of 2,596 mAh·g-1.To develop high-performance phosphorus anodes for LIBs,carbon materials have been hybridized with phosphorus (P-C) to improve dispersion and conductivity.However,the specific capacity,rate capability,and cycling stability of P-C anodes are still less than satisfactory for practical applications.Furthermore,the exact effects of the carbon support on the electrochemical performance of the P-C anodes are not fully understood.Herein,a series of xP-yC anode materials for LIBs were prepared by a simple and efficient ball-milling method.6P-4C and 3P-7C were found to be optimum mass ratios of x/y,and delivered initial discharge capacities of 1,803.5 and 1,585.3.mAh.g-1,respectively,at 0.1 C in the voltage range 0.02-2 V,with an initial capacity retention of 68.3% over 200 cycles (more than 4 months cycling life) and 40.8% over 450 cycles.The excellent electrochemical performance of the 6P-4C and 3P-7C samples was attributed to a synergistic effect from both the adsorbed P and carbon. 相似文献
15.
Shaozhuan Huang Lixiang Liu Yun Zheng Ye Wang Dezhi Kong Yingmeng Zhang Yumeng Shi Lin Zhang Oliver. G. Schmidt Hui Ying Yang 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2018,30(20)
Alloying‐type materials are promising anodes for high‐performance sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) because of their high capacities and low Na‐ion insertion potentials. However, the typical candidates, such as P, Sn, Sb, and Pb, suffer from severe volume changes (≈293–487%) during the electrochemical reactions, leading to inferior cycling performances. Here, a high‐rate and ultrastable alloying‐type anode based on the rolled‐up amorphous Si nanomembranes is demonstrated. The rolled‐up amorphous Si nanomembranes show a very small volume change during the sodiation/desodiation processes and deliver an excellent rate capability and ultralong cycle life up to 2000 cycles with 85% capacity retention. The structural evolution and pseudocapacitance contribution are investigated by using the ex situ characterization techniques combined with kinetics analysis. Furthermore, the mechanism of efficient sodium‐ion storage in amorphous Si is kinetically analyzed through an illustrative atomic structure with dangling bonds, offering a new perspective on understanding the sodium storage behavior. These results suggest that nanostructured amorphous Si is a promising anode material for high‐performance SIBs. 相似文献
16.
Matthew Li Jun Lu Zhongwei Chen Khalil Amine 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2018,30(33)
Over the past 30 years, significant commercial and academic progress has been made on Li‐based battery technologies. From the early Li‐metal anode iterations to the current commercial Li‐ion batteries (LIBs), the story of the Li‐based battery is full of breakthroughs and back tracing steps. This review will discuss the main roles of material science in the development of LIBs. As LIB research progresses and the materials of interest change, different emphases on the different subdisciplines of material science are placed. Early works on LIBs focus more on solid state physics whereas near the end of the 20th century, researchers began to focus more on the morphological aspects (surface coating, porosity, size, and shape) of electrode materials. While it is easy to point out which specific cathode and anode materials are currently good candidates for the next‐generation of batteries, it is difficult to explain exactly why those are chosen. In this review, for the reader a complete developmental story of LIB should be clearly drawn, along with an explanation of the reasons responsible for the various technological shifts. The review will end with a statement of caution for the current modern battery research along with a brief discussion on beyond lithium‐ion battery chemistries. 相似文献
17.
18.
锂离子电池已广泛应用于各种便携式电子设备及新能源汽车等领域, 但随着电子设备的不断更新换代及电动汽车的快速发展, 理论比容量较低的传统石墨负极(372 mAh/g)已无法满足社会的需求。基于此, 本工作设计并制备了一种Zn基金属有机物框架(ZIF-8)衍生的三维网络状硅碳(Si@NC)复合材料用于锂离子电池性能研究。首先对纳米硅表面进行化学改性,然后在改性的硅表面原位生长ZIF-8小颗粒(Si@ZIF-8), 最后对Si@ZIF-8碳化得到Si@NC复合材料。研究表明, Si@NC复合材料的三维网络状多孔结构既可以很好地限制硅的体积膨胀, 又能极大地提升材料的电导率, 展现出稳定的循环性能和良好的倍率性能, 在5 A/g的大电流下能保持760 mAh/g的放电比容量。与商业三元正极材料组装的全电池也表现出较好的性能, 在0.4C (1C =160 mA/g)下循环50圈依然可以保持60.4%的比容量。这些研究结果说明该Si@NC复合材料具有较好的应用前景。 相似文献
19.
Low‐Temperature Growth of All‐Carbon Graphdiyne on a Silicon Anode for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries 下载免费PDF全文
Hong Shang Zicheng Zuo Le Yu Fan Wang Feng He Yuliang Li 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2018,30(27)
In situ weaving an all‐carbon graphdiyne coat on a silicon anode is scalably realized under ultralow temperature (25 °C). This economical strategy not only constructs 3D all‐carbon mechanical and conductive networks with reasonable voids for the silicon anode at one time but also simultaneously forms a robust interfacial contact among the electrode components. The intractable problems of the disintegrations in the mechanical and conductive networks and the interfacial contact caused by repeated volume variations during cycling are effectively restrained. The as‐prepared electrode demostrates the advantages of silicon regarding capacity (4122 mA h g?1 at 0.2 A g?1) with robust capacity retention (1503 mA h g?1) after 1450 cycles at 2 A g?1, and a commercial‐level areal capacity up to 4.72 mA h cm?2 can be readily approached. Furthermore, this method shows great promises in solving the key problems in other high‐energy‐density anodes. 相似文献
20.
Antipulverization Electrode Based on Low‐Carbon Triple‐Shelled Superstructures for Lithium‐Ion Batteries 下载免费PDF全文
Lianhai Zu Qingmei Su Feng Zhu Bingjie Chen Huanhuan Lu Chengxin Peng Ting He Gaohui Du Pengfei He Kai Chen Shihe Yang Jinhu Yang Huisheng Peng 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2017,29(34)
The realization of antipulverization electrode structures, especially using low‐carbon‐content anode materials, is crucial for developing high‐energy and long‐life lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs); however, this technology remains challenging. This study shows that SnO2 triple‐shelled hollow superstructures (TSHSs) with a low carbon content (4.83%) constructed by layer‐by‐layer assembly of various nanostructure units can withstand a huge volume expansion of ≈231.8% and deliver a high reversible capacity of 1099 mAh g?1 even after 1450 cycles. These values represent the best comprehensive performance in SnO2‐based anodes to date. Mechanics simulations and in situ transmission electron microscopy suggest that the TSHSs enable a self‐synergistic structure‐preservation behavior upon lithiation/delithiation, protecting the superstructures from collapse and guaranteeing the electrode structural integrity during long‐term cycling. Specifically, the outer shells during lithiation processes are fully lithiated, preventing the overlithiation and the collapse of the inner shells; in turn, in delithiation processes, the underlithiated inner shells work as robust cores to support the huge volume contraction of the outer shells; meanwhile, the middle shells with abundant pores offer sufficient space to accommodate the volume change from the outer shell during both lithiation and delithiation. This study opens a new avenue in the development of high‐performance LIBs for practical energy applications. 相似文献