低碳低合金钢的连续冷却相变组织特征及其形成机制

利用Formastor-Digital全自动相变仪测定低碳Mn,Ni,Mo,Cr,V,Ti等低合金化钢的静态CCT曲线,结合光学显微镜、透射电镜、显微硬度法分析冷却速率对相变组织演变规律的影响。结果表明:当冷速为0.03℃/s时,相变组织为多边形铁素体(PF)+珠光体(P);冷速为0.06℃/s时,出现退化珠光体(PD);冷速为0.29℃/s时,出现针状铁素体(AF);冷速为1.7℃/s时,组织为粒状贝氏体(GB)+板条贝氏体(LB);冷速为42℃/s时,出现马氏体(M)。提出极低冷速下低碳钢中出现退化珠光体是由于多元低合金元素的耦合交互作用,引起碳活度的变化所致。针状铁素体在晶内形核并长大,对后续相变组织起到分割作用,利于细化组织。低碳钢中局部孪生马氏体的形成归因于淬透性元素聚集对钢局域相变切应力过大所致。     

V、N含量和热处理对抗腐蚀油套管组织和性能的影响

研究了不同正火温度和不同V、N含量对1%Cr中碳钢的组织和力学性能的影响,结果表明,V、N含量提高,虽然增加了析出强化作用,但材料强度却随之降低,韧性大幅度提高。在950℃正火温度下较高V、N含量V3钢中的铁素体含量是较低V、N含量的V1钢中铁素体的6倍,而在850℃正火温度下V1钢中的珠光体晶粒尺寸是V3钢的3倍。随着正火温度提高,铁素体和珠光体含量均降低,贝氏体含量增加。因此可以看出增加V、N含量以及降低正火温度都有利于铁素体和珠光体组织转变。通过分析可知,未溶解的V(C,N)会阻碍奥氏体晶粒的粗化,并作为先共析铁素体的形核质点促进了铁素体转变,阻碍了贝氏体的形成,从而获得了具有良好抗腐蚀性能的铁素体+珠光体组织结构,并且使材料强度达到80ksi(552 MPa)。     

新型热轧低碳TRIP 钢的轧制工艺与疲劳性能

对比研究了现场不同工艺所得碳锰系车轮用钢及低碳低硅含磷铬系相变诱发塑性(TRIP)钢的力学性能、微观组织、疲劳性能和疲劳断口。结果显示,较传统碳锰系车轮用钢,新型TRIP钢具有相当的屈服强度,抗拉强度明显提高了100~150 MPa,疲劳极限提高了50~140 MPa。疲劳极限随抗拉强度的提高有增大趋势。铁素体、贝氏体、残余奥氏体组织较铁素体、贝氏体、珠光体组织和铁素体、珠光体、马奥岛组织具有更好的疲劳性能。     

冷却速度对低合金高强油罐用钢组织和硬度的影响

以含0.012Ti大型石油储罐用钢为研究对象,分析了不同冷却速度对石油储罐用钢显微组织和硬度的影响,结果表明在不同的冷却条件下,室温下得到的组织比较复杂,包含了多边形铁素体PF、珠光体P、退化珠光体PD、魏氏铁素体WF、块状铁素体BF、针状铁素体AF,粒状贝氏体GB、板条贝氏体LB、马氏体M及残余奥氏体等,相应的随着冷速的提高,硬度值明显增大。     

高强度贝氏体钢板不同焊接方法接头的组织和性能

利用二氧化碳保护焊、埋弧焊、手工电弧焊研究了高强度贝氏体钢板焊接接头的组织和力学性能.结果表明:二氧化碳保护焊焊后不热处理接头焊缝组织为贝氏体、少量铁素体和珠光体,热影响区为新型贝氏体组织;手工焊焊后不热处理焊缝组织主要为块状铁素体和少量珠光体,热影响区组织为新型贝氏体组织;埋弧焊焊后不热处理焊缝部分组织为针状铁素体,熔合线结合良好,组织分布均匀,晶粒细小,热影响区组织为新型贝氏体.各种焊接方法焊接接头具有良好的强韧性.     

16MnR低合金钢与Q235B铸钢焊接接头的组织与性能

通过拉伸、冲击、显微硬度试验以及金相观察对16MnR与Q235B铸钢异种材料焊接接头的组织形态及力学性能进行了研究。结果表明：16MnR与Q235B铸钢采用JM-56焊丝焊接时，焊接接头具有良好的低温冲击韧性。焊缝组织为先共析铁素体、针状铁素体和少量珠光体。16MnR侧的热影响区组织主要为先共析铁素体，晶内是一定量的魏氏组织铁素体、针状铁素体、粒状贝氏体和珠光体；Q235B铸钢侧的热影响区组织主要为先共析铁素体、魏氏组织铁素体和珠光体。16MnR母材组织为带状的铁素体和珠光体。Q235B铸钢母材组织为大块状的铁素体和珠光体。     

S355钢焊接接头的组织与力学性能

通过拉伸、冲击和金相检验等试验方法对S355钢半自动气体保护焊焊接接头的力学性能与显微组织进行了研究.结果表明:采用JM-56焊丝对S355钢进行焊接时,接头具有较好的抗剪强度和低温冲击韧性;焊缝组织主要为先共析铁素体、针状铁素体、少量珠光体和粒状贝氏体.熔合区、过热区主要为先共析铁素体及较多的珠光体和一定量的粒状贝氏体.     

2.25Cr-1Mo的焊接及回火脆化倾向评定

珠光体耐热钢是以Cr-Mo为主的合金钢,合金元素的质量分数一般小于10%,钢的显微组织为珠光体+铁素体或贝氏体+铁素体。珠光体耐热钢有较好的抗氧化性和高温蠕变强度,广泛用于石油化工行业中高压、高温、临氢设备的制造。珠光体耐热钢的焊接一直是压力容器生产制造过程中的重点难点。该文以2.25Cr-1Mo(12Cr2Mo1R)为例介绍一下珠光体耐热钢的焊接工艺,并对焊接接头进行回火脆化倾向评定。     

激光焊接工艺对65Mn弹簧钢焊接热影响区组织的影响

采用5KWCO2激光器对65Mn弹簧钢进行焊接处理,利用光学显微镜(OM)、D/Max-2200型全自动X射线衍射仪进行物相分析。结果表明,随着激光输出功率的增大,过热区中马氏体量减少,贝氏体量增多,奥氏体组织也随着输出功率的增大而变粗;相变重结晶区晶粒的大小也随之增大,铁素体及珠光体逐渐增多;部分相变区的组织由铁素体和珠光体组成,随着激光功率的增大,组织中细小铁素体的量逐渐增多,珠光体的量逐渐增多,未溶的铁素体减少。     

热处理工艺对12Cr1MoV钢显微组织和力学性能的影响

通过热模拟试验对12Cr1MoV钢进行了不同工艺的正火+回火热处理,研究了热处理工艺对该钢显微组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:12Cr1MoV钢正火+回火后的正常显微组织为回火贝氏体+铁素体或回火贝氏体+铁素体+珠光体或铁素体+珠光体;如果回火温度过高或正火冷却速率不足,则分别会导致钢中出现两相区组织黄块马氏体和钒的碳化物沿晶界及晶内聚集长大的情况,显著降低钢的力学性能。     

Structure and properties of as-hot-rolled Fe–0·06C–1·5Mn steel: potential for line-pipe application

Abstract

An investigation has been made to develop a simple duplex steel for line-pipe application. Controlled rolling of an Fe–0.06C–1.5 Mn alloy followed by direct quenching produced a duplex ferrite–bainite structure in which the coarse upper bainite regions were uniformly distributed within a fine-grained ferrite matrix. The microstructure and mechanical properties of this duplex structure were strongly influenced by the processing variables. Decreasing the finish-rolling temperature improved both tensile and impact properties. This was due mainly to a refinement of the ferrite grain size. There was an abrupt increase in the yield strength and a small increase in the ductile–brittle transition temperature as a result of cold working (pipe forming) because of the steel's continuous yielding behaviour and high initial work-hardening rate. The mechanical properties attained in this duplex steel are attractive for low-temperature line-pipe applicaiion.

MST/155     

Evolution of bainitic microstructure in vanadium-bearing microalloyed steel with two-step cooling

In the present work, a medium carbon vanadium-bearing microalloyed steel with low-alloy contents was subjected to air cooling followed by quenching (two-step cooling) which resulted in multiphase structures that consist of ferrite, bainite, martensite and austenite. The characterisation of the samples obtained by various two-step cooling methods was done using a SEM, a X-ray diffractometer and a magnetometer. Volume fractions of retained austenite (RA) and its carbon contents were determined and tensile properties were also evaluated. The RA content along with its carbon content has been found to increase to a maximum value and quenching at that point improves the ductility. Also, the lower transformation temperature of bainite enhances the toughness.     

Characterization of Austempered Ductile Iron Through Barkhausen Noise Measurements

The outstanding mechanical properties of austempered ductile irons (ADI) are linked to the microstructure of the matrix obtained by subjecting a ductile iron with an appropriate composition to a heat treatment called austempering. Then the microstructure of the matrix consists of bainitic ferrite with different volume fractions of retained austenite. The aim of this work is to use the magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) as a nondestructive method for characterizing the microstructure of ADI. First, it is shown that the amplitude and position of the peak-shaped MBN response is quite sensitive to the microstructure of the matrix of ductile irons. Thus each type of constituent (equiaxial ferrite, pearlite, martensite or bainite) exhibits a typical response and, in turn, it can be identified from the MBN response. Furthermore, a good correlation is found between MBN signal parameters and ADI heat treatment parameters, indicating that MBN is also quite sensitive to fine evolutions of the microstructure of ADI. MBN peak position is especially sensitive to the type of bainite, whereas peak amplitude is linked to the progress of the bainite reaction. Hence MBN measurements appear to be a powerful tool to assess some important microstructural features of ADI castings.     

Morphology and constitution of the phases in as-welded microstructure of austempered ductile iron

Abstract

It was found by optical and electron microscopic examination of the microstructure of as-weld austempered ductile iron that the weld matrix is composed of austenite and bainite, the volume fractions of which were determined. In addition, the carbon content of austenite was measured and therefore the average carbon content of the matrix was calculated. In the matrix of the weld metal two types of bainite, bainite ferrite and lower bainite, were found. According to the morphology and distribution of the bainite plates, the nucleation and growth modes of bainite was inferred.     

Effect of microstructural evolution in bainite,martensite, and δ ferrite on toughness of Cr–2W steels

Abstract

To investigate the effect of microstructural evolution during heat treatment in newly developed Cr–2W ferritic steels containing from 2 to 15%Cr, Charpy impact testing was carried out after quenching, tempering, and subsequent prolonged aging at 873 K for 3600 ks (1000 h). The ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT) and the upper shelf energy were determined as functions of heat treatment and Cr concentration. The fracture sequence was examined on fractographs obtained using scanning electron microscopy. The steels consisted of bainite, martensite, and δ ferrite phases and carbide precipitates, depending on the Cr concentration. The DBTT decreased considerably after tempering compared with after quenching, but increased again somewhat after subsequent prolonged aging. The upper shelf energy exhibited converse behaviour. Concerning the effect of alloy phases, the DBTT was increased significantly by the formation of δ ferrite and was slightly higher for the martensite than for the bainite. The effects of the alloy phases and heat treatments on the DBTT are discussed by considering the microstructural evolution, such as dislocation recovery and carbide precipitation, during heat treatment.

MST/1573     

显微组织对球墨铸铁电阻率的影响

利用双臂电桥测量电阻的方法,研究了石墨球和基体组织对球墨铸铁电阻率的影响。研究结果表明,珠光体和混合基体球墨铸铁的电阻率随石墨球数增加而逐渐提高,而石墨球数对铁素体基体的球墨铸铁电阻率影响不显著;基体组织对球墨铸铁的电阻率有较大影响,随着铁素体量的增加,电阻率逐渐降低。石墨球数量增加导致球墨铸铁电阻率升高的原因是单位体积中石墨球与基体的晶界面积增多。     

Affects of graphite morphology and matrix structure on mechanical properties of cast ions

A comparative study of the affects of graphite morphology and matrix structure on mechanical properties was carried out on spheroidal, compacted and flake graphite irons by a short austenitizing plus austempering treatment. Transformation kinetic data showed that compacted graphite iron had the fastest, spheroidal graphite iron the second and flake graphite iron the slowest austenitizing rate. In spheroidal and compacted graphite irons the strength increased, while ductility decreased, with increasing the amount of bainite in matrix due to prolonging austenitizing time. On the other hand, the increase of bainite structure in the matrix had no significant affect on the mechanical properties of flake graphite iron. Fractographic examinations showed that the fracture surface of spheroidal graphite iron changed from a ductile mode to a brittle mode when its matrix changed from ferrite to bainite dominant. The flake graphite iron ruptured with brittle mode no matter what matrix it had. Compacted graphite iron exhibited an intermediate type of fracture surface. With a short austenitizing plus austempering treatment, the mechanical properties of spheroidal and compacted graphite irons could be improved and extended to a very wide range.     

组织对含铜钢中析出行为的影响

为研究含铜钢在连续冷却过程中的析出行为,采用不同冷却速度及中间淬火温度获得不同的金相组织.利用金相显微镜和透射电镜研究不同组织对析出的影响.实验结果表明：当冷却后组织为铁素体时,随着铁素体的产生,在铁素体内产生第二相析出颗粒,当冷却产物为贝氏体及马氏体时,并未观察到第二相析出.当相变后产物为多种组织时,仅在铁素体中发现...     

Alloy design of ductile phosphoric iron: Ideas from archaeometallurgy

Alloy design criteria to produce ductile phosphoric irons have been proposed based on a detailed microstructural study of ancient Indian irons. The alloy design aims at avoiding phosphorus segregation to the grain boundaries by (a) soaking the phosphoric iron at high temperatures within the ferrite + austenite region to precipitate austenite allotriomorphs, (b) utilizing a critical amount of carbon to segregate to grain boundaries, and (c) precipitation of some of the phosphorus in solid solution in the ferrite matrix as fine coherent phosphide precipitates.     

The effect of tempering temperature on mechanical properties and microstructure of low alloy Cr and CrMo steel

Two low alloy Cr and CrMo steels with similar levels of carbon, manganese and chromium have been studied to determine the effect of tempering temperature on the mechanical properties and microstructure. The quenching and tempering of steels were carried out using a high-speed dilatometer. The steels were quenched at the average cooling rate of 30 K s-1 in the temperature range from 1123 to 573 K by flowing argon and tempered at 673, 823 and 973 K. The martensite of steels formed during quenching was of entire lath morphology with 2 vol% retained austenite. It was found that after tempering at 973 K the Cr steel contained only orthorhombic cementite, while the CrMo steel contained the cementite and hexagonal Mo2C particles in the ferrite matrix. At the same tempering conditions, the CrMo steel shows higher strength but lower ductility as compared to those of Cr steel. It is shown that this difference results from finer prior austenite grain, substructure within matrix and precipitate dispersion strengthening, primarily by Mo2C. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) bright- and dark-field micrographs as well as selected area diffraction pattern analysis of orientation relationship showed that the cementite precipitated from the ferrite matrix. Fractography analysis showed that the morphology fracture surface was changed by increasing tempering temperature. Tempering at 973 K obtained ductile fracture by the microvoid coalescence mechanism.