Absolute monarchy and the development of Bangkok's urban spaces

This paper examines the development of Bangkok's urban spaces in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It aims to understand the ways Western culture influenced the development and use of urban spaces in this non-Western and non-colonized city. Thailand, then known as Siam, is unique as it was the only country in Southeast Asia that was not colonized by Western powers. Accordingly, the domestic political circumstances in Thailand played a critical role in the country's path to modernization. The primary shifts in accordance with the country's modernization were concentrated on the capital city and its society. Amongst the shifts of urban environment, the urban spaces in Bangkok were transformed and developed. The paper argues that the Siamese absolute monarch was a critical agent in the development process and that the modern spaces were developed in Bangkok as part of the king's wider political strategy.     

The politics of public space planning in Singapore

This paper considers the role of, and hence the social and political significance that has been accorded to, the design and provision of public spaces in the urban planning process. This approach gives useful insights into understanding the role these spaces have played in the colonial and post‐colonial city of Singapore. This discussion argues that public spaces in both the colonial and the post‐colonial city are essentially constructions by the ruling élite and its planning regime and are thus politically charged. Popular involvement has been singularly lacking in the planning and development of public spaces in post‐colonial Singapore. Instead, the general public has been marginalized in the creation of these spaces by the colonial and post‐colonial state. The completeness of this exclusion is shown through the demise of most of the vital and liveliest, albeit previously appropriated, public spaces of the colonial city. Public housing and the re‐invention of public spaces provided by a new social and political order followed the end of British colonial rule. In the following discussion, the role and significance of public spaces through the colonial period and then in the post‐colonial developmental state are examined. It is shown that public space provision by government authorities has served initially more as an imposition of colonial ideals and social segregation, and latterly as a reification of the prevailing political ideology, than in meeting real public needs for such spaces. A major focus of this article is the use of public space as a political tool of control by the state over its denizens in the Foucauldian sense, and how this could be construed even through different systems of governance and political agendas in Singapore.     

营造纪念氛围 展现首义精神——武汉辛亥革命博物馆（新馆）创作构思

辛亥革命是中国历史上具有深远影响和特殊政治意义的事件。辛亥革命博物馆（新馆）方案依其特有的历史、地理环境,进行了独特的设计构思：以展现首义精神为主线,强调纪念氛围的营造,塑造庄严肃穆的空间形象。     

Towards a framework of public space governance

Public spaces are the loci of complex interactions among multiple stakeholders whose decisions and activities affect places' qualities. The paper builds upon governance theory to provide a holistic in-depth approach in understanding the complexity and quality of the place-shaping processes in public spaces. In the absence of adequate conception of governance in urban design and public spaces, the paper introduces a framework for analysing governance capacity of public spaces and applies the framework to a flagship but highly contested public space in Brisbane, Australia namely South Bank Parklands. The proposed framework encompasses four major components of 1) actors and stakeholders, 2) governance structure, 3) governing tools, and 4) governing tasks. The framework puts special emphasis on the contextual factors, the way public spaces are shaped and governed, and political economy of the space. The case study application showcases the applicability of the PSGF which helps holistically analyse the trends in public space governance structure accounting for the diversity and complexity of all elements involved. The findings reveal that South Bank Parklands governance is mix-structured, hierarchical, and highly political. It is, however, a likeable public space for which civic engagement in the decision-making processes is notably limited.     

Thermal comfort in transitional spaces—basic concepts: literature review and trial measurement

Current thermal comfort research extensively documents various aspects of the human thermal response to stable environmental conditions. Reviews of recent research on outdoor comfort, however, reveals a lack of information on response to conditions in transitional spaces—those areas that are influenced by outdoor climate, yet are architecturally bounded by a building. In this work, we focused on transitional space as a space in between outdoor and indoor. Transitional spaces were organized into three categories depending on their proximity to interior spaces. Pilot measurements of physical variables were taken in six places. Transitional spaces’ physical environments varied by the space type and architectural characteristics. The typical behaviors observed were walking, standing, and sitting —different and varied compared to the sedentary behavior in offices or homes. The most efficient architectural shape of transitional spaces is related to the corresponding regional climatic condition. It was verified that PMV cannot be used for transitional space thermal comfort predictions because of its unstable and dynamic physical and MET value.     

城市公园植物景观空间声景感知特征及 影响因素研究

植物景观空间是城市公园的重要组成部分,其声景品质直接影响游客的游憩满意程度。对福州市5个城市公园进行实地调研和公众问卷调查,探究不同类型植物景观空间在游客声景感知方面的差异及影响总体声景感知的主要因素。结果表明：不同类型植物景观空间声源优势度感知差异最明显,尤其是交通声,但是声源和谐度感知差异不明显。植物景观空间的总体声景感知在愉悦度与宁静度2个维度均有显著差异。影响各类空间总体声景感知的主要声源感知特征不同,与声景愉悦度和宁静度关系最为密切。半开敞空间的植物色彩和密闭空间的郁闭度分别与声景丰富度和愉悦度有密切关系。密闭空间中声景宁静度营造需考虑不同教育背景的游客的需求。研究结论可为提升城市公园植物景观空间声景品质提供理论参考。     

The (in)formal,the (il)legal and the (il)licit. Roma informal settlements and institutional pragmatics of compromise and compassion in a Roman periphery

Using the lens of informal Roma settlements in the southwestern periphery of Rome, this article explores Romani approaches to urban space, showing how these are informed by heterogeneous understandings of non-Roma conceptions and practices of (in)formality, (il)legality and (il)licitness. The article also highlights complex and ambivalent attitudes concerning Roma and their informal settlements on the part of non-Roma residents of the neighboring district. Finally, it frames the existence of the informal settlements within the authorities' juggling of formal rejection and informal calculated acceptance of urban informality. The grey spaces that emerge from the convergence of institutional pragmatics of compromise and compassion are connected to governmental discourses that frame informal Roma settlements as dangerous and polluting spaces, and treat their inhabitants as exploitable labor force and politically expendable subjects. Urban (in)formality is also the space that Roma, like many non-Roma, navigate to cope with vulnerability and express their right to the city. Informal Roma settlements thus appear fully embedded in the political, socio-economic and cultural fabric of Rome, which embraces them precisely by treating them as separate polluting spaces.     

>Cities and People,A Social and Architectural History

In the late 1950s the Bacardi Rum Corporation commissioned Ludwig Mies van der Rohe to design an office building in Mexico. Bacardi used the commission to shape its image as a sophisticated and cosmopolitan enterprise, as it reinvented itself in the aftermath of the Cuban Revolution. The Bacardi project serves as a case study of corporate patronage of modern architecture in Latin America, marking a moment when both the image and organization of Mies's architecture helped build a reliable, mainstream international brand. Paradoxically, Mies's Bacardi building would also become part of a “mix” of architectural commissions that would include emerging alternatives to International Style modernism.     

New State Spaces and Contested Territories: A Critical Analysis of Joint Regional Planning Panels

This article critically analyses the Joint Regional Planning Panels (JRPPs), a series of planning panels in the New South Wales planning system predominantly made up of appointed planning experts to determine ‘regionally significant development’. The stated intent of the JRPPs is to improve objectivity and transparency in planning decision-making, however, this has come at the expense of the traditional role of local councils in determining planning applications. Key to this analysis are Brenner's concept of ‘new state spaces’ as evolutionary models of urban governance which act between conventional levels and hierarchies of political authority, and Allmendinger and Haughton's conceptualisation of new state spaces of planning operating in ‘soft spaces’ and ‘fuzzy boundaries’. This article explores the changing nature and function of the JRPPs since their establishment in 2009, and highlights that while opportunities exist for new state spaces to ‘harden’ as enduring tiers of urban governance, there is a pervasive need for connections between territory and politics to give popular legitimacy to permanent shifts of authority.     

游人对乌兰察布城市公园植物景观 空间的偏好研究

以内蒙古乌兰察布市中心城区8个城市公园中的植 物景观空间为研究对象,使用行为观察法和行为地图法记录游 人的景观偏好与行为偏好,用相关性分析、方差分析研究植物 景观空间特征指标与游人偏好的关系,为提升游人在植物景观 空间的游憩体验、构建人性化城市公园提供参考。研究表明： 游人偏好水体与植物组合景观空间,且游人偏好与植物观赏特 性、季相变化、色彩构成呈显著正相关,与亲水性呈显著负相 关;游人喜欢在城市公园植物景观空间中欣赏美景和社交;游 人倾向于在野生植物种类少、可达性好的植物景观空间内进行 休闲娱乐活动,在气味芳香、硬质广场面积较大的植物景观空 间内进行体育健身活动,在郁闭度高、较封闭、离水边较远、 离出入口较近的植物景观空间内进行安静休憩活动。     

FROM A PUBLIC RE-CREATION TO PRIVATE RECREATION: The Transformation of Public Space in South Street Seaport

ABSTRACT: This article documents the development process involved in transformating South Street Seaport, on the east side of Lower Manhattan, from an open-air museum and public space to a privately controlled and commercialized space. It criticizes the “Disneyfication” literature that has attempted to describe this type of transformation for its focus solely on the designs of spaces—and not on their social production. The article then describes the political and economic forces that have led to the production of spaces like South Street Seaport in American cities in the last 20 years. It concludes by discussing the nature and role of public spaces in democratic societies.     

城市绿地对居民身心健康福祉满意度 影响研究

城市绿地是人工与自然耦合的城市景观之一,是改善居民居住环境的重要组成部分。城市绿地的利用是提高居民身心健康及幸福指数的有效途径。为验证城市绿地对居民的影响因素及其影响程度,以杭州市主城区内所有大于1hm2的绿地为研究对象,在对665位居民进行问卷调查的基础上,利用Arc GIS技术分析杭州主城区绿地空间布局,应用似不相关回归方程(SURE)对居民身体健康福祉、心理健康福祉、满意度的影响因素及其影响程度进行分析。结果表明,居民游玩绿地频次(游玩次数、停留时间)、在绿地游玩项目、绿地空间布局,以及受访者个体属性和感知等,均会对居民身心健康福祉和满意度产生不同维度和程度的影响,其中,绿地利用程度和地理空间比个体属性和个人感知对居民的影响程度更大。最后,从增加街头绿地数量、合理扩大绿地面积、增加可达性3个方面对杭州市主城区城市绿地的未来发展提出建议。     

世界遗产视角下“水文化遗产”的保护 历程及类型特征

基于对"水文化遗产"概念及内涵的分析,比较了世界遗产、世界灌溉工程遗产、世界水管理系统遗产和全球重要农业文化遗产对"水文化遗产"概念理解的异同。筛选并分析1978—2019年《世界遗产名录》(以下简称《名录》)中与水相关的文化遗产(含自然与文化混合遗产、文化景观)项目,将其保护历程归纳为"水利文物保护""水利景观保护""水管理遗产保护""水文化遗产保护"4个阶段。基于《名录》中"水文化遗产"的存在形态对其进行分类。最后提出"水文化遗产"的价值识别和评估应构建更加科学的体系。     

日常公共空间——公共空间的终结与重生

根据美国学者迈克尔·索金提出的＂公共空间的终结＂这一问题,从公共空间的历史及现存状况进行分析,认为由于政治的隔绝与全球化资本侵蚀,致使（经规划设计的正规性）公共空间不断衰落甚至面临着终结。但与此相对的是在日常生活中,人们根据个人需求不断建构的属于自己的公共空间——日常公共空间,而且这种日常公共空间已经成为都市公共空间的一个重要补充,并重新让公共空间焕发了生机。     

Public space and the challenge of urban transformation in cities of emerging economies: Jeddah case study

Urban planning, design guidelines and new management practices have radically transformed public spaces in many countries. With fresh development decisions, urban spaces change spatially. This may improve places, increasing prosperity and extending expectations of modernization in many cities. However, widespread public disillusion and failures to produce environments reflecting local values can collectively shape public areas. This article contributes to debate about dynamism in such spaces. It explores how modernist approaches to planning and design alongside fractures in management practices in emerging cities have shaped the quality urban space. We use Jeddah as a radically re-planned city in a rapidly developing economy, but one where largely unusable public spaces have failed to meet people's everyday needs and aspirations. Our investigation – based on extensive literature reviews, documentary analyses, morphological survey, photographic and qualitative surveys – provides a better understanding of the role of a proactive urban design for promoting environmental quality. This helps resolve the multiple challenges confronting public space provision.     

基于游客自愿拍摄法的滨河绿地植物 景观偏好研究——以郑州为例

滨河绿地拥有水、陆域相结合的自然资源,是城市 居民日常休闲、娱乐、社交的重要场所。从游人需求角度出 发,探究游人偏好何种植物景观,对滨河绿地的植物景观设计 具有重要的参考与借鉴意义。以郑州市东风渠、七里河、熊耳 河3条河流滨河绿地为例,在调研分析滨河绿地植物多样性水 平的基础上,运用游客自愿拍摄法(VSEP)收集游人拍照点位 置及偏好植物景观照片,并借助ArcGIS和SPSS软件分析游 人拍照点空间分布特点及植物景观偏好影响因素。结果表明： 游人在动态游览时对滨河绿地整体植物多样性感知程度较低, 更关注视野范围内较小面积样地的植物种类丰富程度;近水道 路植物景观空间、滨水植物景观空间为拍摄点密集区域;游人 拍摄照片时关注植物个体特色、植物景观空间及个人在植物景 观空间中的感受;游人偏好的植物景观空间普遍具有植物种类 及观赏特性丰富、可进入草地面积大、地形起伏、有花卉装 饰、空间视线开敞、与水体相结合、色彩和谐、适中的硬质铺 装面积及绿视率等特点。     

The meaning of molluscs: Leonce Reynaud and the Cuvier-Geoffroy Debate of 1830, Paris

In Paris, in 1830, a fierce debate broke out in the Academie Royale des Sciences between zoologists Georges Cuvier and Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire over the anatomy of molluscs. At the same time, a heated controversy arose in the Academie des Beaux-Arts between Quatremere de Quincy and Henri Labrouste over the morphology of built form. Among Labrouste's supporters was architect Leonce Reynaud who, along with his brother Jean Reynaud, a prominent editor and philosopher, also supported Geoffroy's side in the debate. These men saw the slow growth of the mollusc as a metaphor for human history, and they viewed its malleable body as a model for social reform. The architectural challenge was to accept the lower classes as the very future of urban society. In Paris, even as the July Revolution of 1830 raised the political stakes once again, this was the meaning of molluscs.     

基于关联规则的儿童户外活动空间偏好 研究——以杭州三个社区公园为例

社区公园是儿童户外活动的重要承载空间。研究儿 童在社区公园的行为偏好及空间需求对增加儿童户外活动机 会、提升社区公园品质和促进环境公平具有重要意义。以杭州 市3个社区公园为研究对象,采用行为注记法获取儿童活动空 间分布特征,运用关联规则、核密度分析和多因素方差分析等 方法,研究儿童户外活动与社区公园空间和环境要素之间的关 系。研究发现,社区公园中儿童不同活动类型对空间的偏好度 存在显著差异：自然活动对特定空间的偏好度最高,主要集中 在有沙、水体和草坪的空间;功能活动和规则活动的空间偏好 度次之,多发生在器械区、广场等设施丰富或面积较大的场 地;休闲活动与大部分空间都具有关联性,分布较均衡。设 施、基底类型和植被覆盖等环境要素与儿童活动空间选择的关 联性较强。以此为基础,提出以儿童活动偏好为导向的社区公 园规划设计建议。     

小广场大战略＊--上海袖珍广场设计思考

城市公共空间是城市生活的舞台,也是城市设计的核心领域。良好的城市公共空间对于促进社会交往,展示城市形象特征,构建安全、舒适的城市生活具有重要价值。2013年上海以“袖珍广场”为题,组织设计竞赛,在用地紧张的中心城区建立服务于城市生活的公共空间,提供市民休闲、活动、交流的“城市客厅”。介绍清华大学在小广场竞赛设计中对上海城市公共空间的一些思考,藉此探讨公共空间如何在城市发展中发挥积极作用,提升城市物质空间和社会空间品质。     

Where to for Brazil's Cities? Citizen Empowerment or Global Marketing?

An awakening interest in public space in Brazilian cities is emphasising the value of existing civic areas. Guilherme Wisnik , a critic, curator and professor at the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo, looks at the history and potential future of Brazil's urban spaces. He highlights how despite the introduction of innovative Modernist design in the mid-20th century, which forged ‘a new relationship between architecture, urbanism and landscape design’, more recently the country's cities have been subject to the vicissitudes of market and political forces.