Mapping spatio-temporal changes of Chinese electric power consumption using night-time imagery

China's rapid economic development in the last 20 years has resulted in increased demand for electricity and ensuing shortages in electric power supply. It is necessary to derive accurate and timely information regarding changing spatio-temporal patterns and trends of electric power consumption to inform future electricity allocation. Night-time annual image composites for 1995–2005 were obtained from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Linescan System and were inter-calibrated. The inter-calibrated night-time image composites were used in conjunction with the LandScan 2008 population data to estimate the amounts of electric power consumption in 1995, 2000 and 2005 for China at the province level. The estimated amounts of electric power consumption were then disaggregated to the pixel level. A pixel-based map was produced to show the spatio-temporal changes of electric power consumption from 1995 to 2005, in which 11 regional agglomerations with large increases of electric power consumption had emerged. During the process of producing this spatio-temporal change map, some errors were generated because of the use of single-year LandScan population data, imperfect reference regions for inter-calibration and a single threshold value for delimiting urban areas. However, we believe these errors are limited and acceptable, so we present this method of estimation and disaggregation to show the increases in electric consumption.     

嵌入式系统的太阳能双电源系统设计

针对目前已有的太阳能电源续航能力差以及无法实时监控电源电量的问题,采用晶体管控制技术和ZigBee无线传输技术,设计一款新型太阳能双电源系统。该系统利用太阳能电池板将太阳能转化为电能给蓄电池充电,同时将电源电量信息通过ZigBee无线传输到上位机监控平台,使得管理人员可以远程管理电源。经过多次的测试与分析,该系统运行安全稳定,达到了户外工作的电子产品对电源安全可靠不间断供电及远程监控电源电量的要求。     

Spatial characterization of electrical power consumption patterns over India using temporal DMSP‐OLS night‐time satellite data

Changes in electric power consumption patterns of a country over a period of time reflect on its socio‐economic development and energy utilization processes. In the present study, we characterized spatial and temporal changes in electric power consumption patterns over India during 1993 to 2002, using ‘night‐time lights’ data given by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program–Operational Line Scan System (DMSP‐OLS) over the Indian region. The OLS operates in two bands: visible (0.5–0.9 µm) and thermal (10.5–12.5 µm) and has a unique capability of picking up faint sources of visible–near infrared emissions (lights) at night on the Earth's surface including cities, towns and villages with a DN value ranging from 1 to 63. Night‐time light images for cloud‐free dates given by the DMSP‐OLS from 1993 to 2002 were segregated into respective years and were integrated to generate one ‘Stable light image’ per year. Changes in light scenarios over the Indian region in the decadal time frame were studied using stable lights datasets from 1993 to 2002. Information on changes in the light scenarios was integrated with demographic data to characterize developments in major cities and states of India. Results of the study suggested an increase in population by 170 million and power consumption from 44962 million kWh to 306355 million kWh over the country during 1993–2002, which was associated with an overall increase in number of night‐time lights of up to 26% in all states, indicating development in electric power consumption patterns. Correlation analysis between increase in population to the increase in night‐time lights and electric power consumption showed a coefficient of determination, R ², of 0.59 and 0.56 respectively. Increase in light intensities along the peripheries of major Indian cities was observed, which indicated increased stress on the cities and corresponding development in power consumption patterns during the decadal time frame. Certain states, however, showed a decrease in night‐time lights in some areas, which are primarily attributed to the decreased economic growth trend and poverty and accounted to the scatter observed in the correlation analysis. Results are discussed in the paper.     

Estimating energy consumption from night-time DMPS/OLS imagery after correcting for saturation effects

A methodology is presented to accurately estimate electric power consumption from saturated night-time Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) imagery using a stable light correction. An area correction for the stable light image of DMSP/OLS for the year 1999 was performed and the build-up area rate data were used to clarify the intensity distribution characteristics of the stable light. Based on the spatial distribution characteristics of the stable light, the saturation light of the electric power supply area of Japan was corrected using a cubic regression equation. The regression between the correction calculations by the cubic regression equation and the statistical electric power consumption data was applied in Japan and also in China, India and 10 other Asian countries. The correction method was then evaluated. This study confirms that electric power consumption can be estimated with high precision from the stable light.     

VANUI指数监测京津冀城市群区域2001～2012年城市化过程

快速城市化改变了下垫面物理性质和地气相互作用,影响了气候及环境变化,如何通过合理的时空尺度对我国城市过程进行监测与认知是我国城市化发展战略的迫切需求。以京津冀城市群为研究区,利用改进的夜晚灯光指数(VANUI)对京津冀城市群2001~2012年的城市化发展过程进行了监测,对比了VANUI指数与传统夜间灯光指数对城市区域的监测能力差异及其优势所在,为京津冀地区未来城市化发展战略规划服务。结果表明,VANUI城市指数能很好地弥补夜晚灯光指数在城市区域饱和的缺陷,并能够较好地反映城市区域的空间格局及相应的细节信息。根据VANUI结果,2001~2012年间京津冀城市群扩张了约一倍,其中城市扩张速度最快的为河北省唐山市。从整个研究区域来看,在此10年间,VANUI以接近线性的发展趋势增加,从统计结果来看,2004~2007年及2009~2012年为研究区域VANUI普遍增长的时期。     

DCS-2001集散型控制系统在垃圾焚烧电厂中的应用

广东东莞市区垃圾处理厂共有三台55t／h、日处理垃圾能力400t的国家流化床垃圾焚烧炉。全厂采用DCS-2201分散型控制系统采实现对电厂的焚烧、发电、灰渣处理、烟气脱硫处理部分的监视、报警、控制、连锁保护等功能。DCS-2001还针对垃圾焚烧炉的特性做了一些特殊控制算法．实现了垃圾焚烧技术的国产化。     

基于窄带物联网的水务管网参数监测系统设计

近几年随着城市供水管道的日益复杂化,城市供水系统的监测变得难以管理。为了更好地监测城市供水系统的运行状态,借助窄带物联网(Narrow Band Internet of Things,NB-IoT)的低功耗优势,设计了一个基于NBIoT的水务管网参数监测系统。该系统以低功耗STM32L4芯片为控制核心,实现了供水管网实时数据的采集与NB-IoT数据的传输,水务管网的参数会被上传至服务器并通过浏览器显示。本文重点设计了现场数据采集设备的硬件电路,开发了NB-IoT的网络传输。测试表明,该监测系统实现了水务管网的数据远传和远程控制,具有一定的研究和开发价值。     

An empirical analysis of the influence of urban form on household travel and energy consumption

Using the 2001 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data, this paper empirically examines the effects of urban land use characteristics on household travel and transportation energy consumption in the Baltimore metropolitan area. The results of regression analysis show that different built environment measures lead to substantially different findings regarding the importance of urban form in influencing travel behavior. Among the built environment variables used in the analysis, accessibility provides much more explanatory power than density, design and diversity measures. Moreover, this study explores approaches to modeling the connection between urban form and household transportation energy consumption. Applying Structural Equation Models (SEMs), we found that urban form does not have a direct effect either on VMT or on vehicle energy consumption. The indirect effect, however, is significant and negative, which suggests that urban form affects household travel and energy consumption through other channels. In addition, household socio-economic characteristics, such as gender and number of vehicles, and vehicle characteristics also show significant relationships between VMT and energy consumption. This empirical effort helps us understand the major data and methodology challenges.     

DF8003在电力调度自动化系统中的应用

阐述DF8003在天津北辰电力调度自动化系统中的使用,并从使用和维护的角度详细说明了DF8003在硬件及软件上均满足目前电力发展的需求,顺应当前电力系统自动化的发展方向。     

电压无功分级控制系统研究

本文主要根据省地协调系统要求及杭州电网目前AVC系统的实际应用情况,对相关系统进行升级改造。强化地调DF8002AVC系统的优化计算功能、开发地调AVC系统与省调／县区AVC系统协调控制功能、将地调AVC系统中原有的操作中心功能和遥控遥调出口转移到市区AVC系统上、开发县区调AVC系统的协调控制功能,从而完成省地县三级AVC协调控制功能。本方案考虑省地县三级协调控制项目中地调AVC系统功能的实现、县区调AVC系统功能的实现、市区AVC系统功能实现。     

负载影响下纯电动汽车配送路径规划及充电策略

由于纯电动汽车行驶里程的限制,在满足商用要求的前提下,纯电动汽车用于长途运输服务在短期内难以实现。不过,城市物流因其配送区域较小、货物的批量较小、批次较多的特点,可以考虑使用纯电动汽车来完成城市的配送任务。为满足车辆当天多次配送任务的要求以及考虑车辆负载对实时能耗的具体影响,建立了考虑车辆负载对实时能耗影响的配送模型,以及时满足客户的服务时间要求。并以城市A为例,设计了蚁群算法对模型进行求解,为纯电动汽车的配送任务进行合理的路径规划与充电策略的安排。最后,通过与使用燃油车辆运营相比较,分析未来纯电动汽车在城市配送物流中的可行性。     

负载影响下纯电动汽车配送路径规划及充电策略

由于纯电动汽车行驶里程的限制，在满足商用要求的前提下，纯电动汽车用于长途运输服务在短期内难以实现。不过，城市物流因其配送区域较小、货物的批量较小、批次较多的特点，可以考虑使用纯电动汽车来完成城市的配送任务。为满足车辆当天多次配送任务的要求以及考虑车辆负载对实时能耗的具体影响，建立了考虑车辆负载对实时能耗影响的配送模型，以及时满足客户的服务时间要求。并以城市A为例，设计了蚁群算法对模型进行求解，为纯电动汽车的配送任务进行合理的路径规划与充电策略的安排。最后，通过与使用燃油车辆运营相比较，分析未来纯电动汽车在城市配送物流中的可行性。     

基于S3C44B0X的电力监控器总体方案设计

针对工业变电站电力监控的特点和要求,对基于32位ARM处理器S3C44BOX的嵌入式电力监控器进行了整体方案设计,与传统电力监控器相比,数据采集精度以及数据处理运算速度都有很大的改善和提高。     

基于DSP+CPLD的新型智能监测系统设计与开发

在对电力系统大型设备智能在线监测中,传统基于单片机的智能仪器系统暴露出系统灵活性不高软硬件通用性不强等诸多弊病。本文以WSM2000DSP智能电动机保护装置项目为背景,提出DSP+CPLD新型智能监测系统的设计方案,它以DSP为底层主处理器,把所有控制电路、地址分配等设计在CPLD中,使整个系统结构简单化,体积小型化,功能多样化,为测控仪器向高层次智能化方向发展提供了充分的现实可行性。     

基于PIC单片机的智能复合开关的设计

针对接触器和电力电子器件在低压无功补偿独立应用中存在的问题,设计了一种以PIC单片机为核心,以可控硅与磁保持继电器并联为主回路开关的电容投切复合开关;装置投合后电流由磁保持继电器单独承担,触点功耗很小,且抗谐波强,在投或切的瞬间,通过可控硅和继电器配合工作,补偿响应速度快,过零投切浪涌小;PIC单片机可靠地实现多路信号监测和对可控硅与磁保持继电器的控制,并实现故障自诊断、恢复和指示功能,文章对该电路的结构、基本原理、时序和性能等进行了描述;该设计已经完成测试、改进和开发,批量生产和应用证明收到良好的使用效果。     

The evaluation of the extended transmission power consumption (ETPC) model to perform communication type processes

In energy-aware information systems, it is critical to discuss how to select a server for each request from clients in order to not only achieve performance objectives but also reduce the total power consumption of a system. In order to design and evaluate the server selection algorithm, it is critical to define the power consumption model of a server to perform processes. In our previous studies, the transmission power consumption (TPC) model of a server is proposed to perform transmission processes. In the TPC model, the electric power consumption of cooling devices is assumed to be constant. Cooling devices like fans consume the electric power in a server. Thus, the total power consumption of a server depends on not only computation and communication devices but also cooling devices. In this paper, we propose the extended TPC (ETPC) model to take into account the power consumption of cooling devices. We validate the TPC and ETPC models by measuring the power consumption and transmission time of a server.     

Adoption of Technology-Mediated Distance Education: A longitudinal analysis

We investigated the factors that facilitated the fast adoption and utilization of Technology-Mediated Distance Education (TMDE) among higher education institutions. Our analysis was based on a rich data set on the utilization of TMDE between the 1997–1998 and 2000–2001 academic years. The analysis showed that size, public/private status, and location significantly predicted its actual adoption. Being in an urban location negatively affected enrollment in the courses at the undergraduate but not at the graduate level. While the intent to adopt TMDE correlated significantly with actual adoption, many schools that were not interested in TMDE in 1997–1998 adopted it by 2000–2001. Interestingly, late adopters utilized certain technologies as frequently as early adopters, such as synchronous Internet-based instruction and the use of CD-ROMs.     

On two DES implementations secure against differential power analysis in smart-cards

Masking is one of the efficient and easily implemented countermeasures to protect cryptographic algorithms in such resource limited environments as smart-cards from differential power analysis as well as simple power analysis that were first introduced by Kocher et al. in 1999. To defend differential power analysis attacks, Akkar and Giraud presented a Transformed Masking Method and applied it to DES implementation in 2001. Unfortunately, in 2003, Akkar and Goubin showed a superposition attack that actually is a high-order differential power analysis attack on Akkar and Giraud’s DES implementation using Transformed Masking Method, and finally they presented a DES implementation using their proposed Unique Masking Method to defend any order differential power analysis attacks, which was later improved by Akkar, Bévan and Goubin in 2004. In this paper, by exploiting a new artifice to classify the electric consumption curves, we show that Akkar, Bévan and Goubin’s improved DES implementation using Unique Masking Method is still vulnerable to a high-order differential power analysis attack. Besides, we find it is also vulnerable to a superposition attack. We also present four new differential power analysis attacks on Akkar and Giraud’s DES implementation using Transformed Masking Method.     

Estimation of urban population in Indo-Gangetic Plains using night-time OLS data

In this study the applicability of a night-time Operational Linescan System (OLS) sensor in urban population estimation has been examined. The study area consisted of the Indian portion of the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Using night-time OLS data, urban areas situated in the study area were mapped and their areal extent was determined. A linear relationship between the natural log of the urban area and the natural log of the corresponding population was established. The model was calibrated for the year 2001 and then validated for the year 1995. Subsequently, the model was modified using ancillary factors such as electricity consumption to reduce the error in population estimation. Thus, this study attempted to explore the applicability of nighttime OLS data in urban population estimation.     

基于ARM处理器的电力监控器方案设计

介绍了嵌入式处理器ARM的特点，在此基础上设计了一种基于S3C44BOX嵌入式处理器的电力监控器应用方案。该设计方案对常规微机监控器存在的一些不足进行了改进和完善，有效地提高和增强了监控器的功能，以及系统的稳定性和可靠性，使其能够更好地适应工业变电站现场的要求。