实际地形下溃坝波的有限近似解

采用有限近似法5点格式离散二维浅水波方程组,建立平面二维溃坝洪水波模型。通过与平底无摩擦二维非对称部分溃坝问题其他数模的结果比较,结果表明该模型能够较好地模拟自由面的变化规律,具有较强的间断捕捉能力。进而对实际地形下的二维溃坝问题进行了计算模拟,给出了精细的数值结果,揭示了复杂的运动特性,进一步显示了有限近似法模拟溃坝洪水波间断面的形状和位置的优良性能,是求解溃坝流动的有效方法之一。     

动床条件下溃坝水流的二维水沙耦合模型

现有大部分溃坝水流模型仅适用于模拟定床条件下的水流演进，但溃坝水流经常可在动床条件下演进。因此非常有必要同时模拟溃坝洪水演进时的水沙输移及床面冲淤过程。本文首先建立了动床条件下溃坝水流的二维水沙耦合模型。该模型主要由二维浑水控制方程、非均匀沙不平衡输移方程及河床冲淤方程组成，采用水沙耦合解法以及基于无结构三角网格下的有限体积法离散。同时利用Roe-MUSCL方法以及时间方向的预测-校正格式，使模型在时空方向具有二阶计算精度。然后采用已有算例及水槽试验资料对模型进行了初步验证。最后采用该模型研究了均匀沙及非均匀沙床面对典型溃坝水流演进的影响。模拟结果表明溃坝水流在定床及动床条件下的演进过程明显不同。溃坝水流因流速大，床面变形较快，且床面冲淤速率可与水流变化速率相当，故需要采用浑水控制方程及耦合解法。     

溃坝水流在复杂河道中传播的三维数值模拟

为研究河道弯曲和障碍物对溃坝波传播的影响,采用有限体积法对描述水流运动紊流模型和描述自由水面运动的VOF方程进行离散,建立了溃坝水流运动的三维数学模型,并对急弯河道进行了数值模拟计算。急弯河道溃坝波传播过程的模拟结果与前人实体模型试验结果基本一致。利用该模型研究了丁坝附近溃坝波传播的特性和溃坝水流的内部结构,数值模拟结果表明,溃坝波的传播受河道弯曲或障碍物的影响,产生反射和绕射,使得局部溃坝水流呈明显的三维特性。上游丁坝迎水面受到溃坝波波前的直接冲击,其动水压力远大于作用于下游丁坝的动水压力。另外,障碍物对溃坝水流的影响主要局限在障碍物上游和下游一定范围内,在此范围外,水流呈二维或一维特性。     

Numerical solution of the Saint-Venant equations by an efficient hybrid finite-volume/finite-difference method

A computationally efficient hybrid finite-volume/finite-difference method is proposed for the numerical solution of SaintVenant equations in one-dimensional open channel flows. The method adopts a mass-conservative finite volume discretization for the continuity equation and a semi-implicit finite difference discretization for the dynamic-wave momentum equation. The spatial discretization of the convective flux term in the momentum equation employs an upwind scheme and the water-surface gradient term is discretized using three different schemes. The performance of the numerical method is investigated in terms of efficiency and accuracy using various examples, including steady flow over a bump, dam-break flow over wet and dry downstream channels, wetting and drying in a parabolic bowl, and dam-break floods in laboratory physical models. Numerical solutions from the hybrid method are compared with solutions from a finite volume method along with analytic solutions or experimental measurements. Comparisons demonstrates that the hybrid method is efficient, accurate, and robust in modeling various flow scenarios, including subcritical, supercritical, and transcritical flows. In this method, the QUICK scheme for the surface slope discretization is more accurate and less diffusive than the center difference and the weighted average schemes.     

MODELING DAM-BREAK FLOOD OVER NATURAL RIVERS USING DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN METHOD

A well-balanced numerical model is presented for two-dimensional, depth-averaged, shallow water flows based on the Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method. The model is applied to simulate dam-break flood in natural rivers with wet/dry bed and complex topography. To eliminate numerical imbalance, the pressure force and bed slope terms are combined in the shallow water flow equations. For partially wet/dry elements, a treatment of the source term that preserves the well-balanced property is presented. A treatment for modeling flow over initially dry bed is presented. Numerical results show that the time step used is related to the dry bed criterion. The intercell numerical flux in the DG method is computed by the Harten-Lax-van Contact (HLLC) approximate Riemann solver. A two-dimensional slope limiting procedure is employed to prevent spurious oscillation. The robustness and accuracy of the model are demonstrated through several test cases, including dam-break flow in a channel with three bumps, laboratory dam-break tests over a triangular bump and an L-shape bend, dam-break flood in the Paute River, and the Malpasset dam-break case. Numerical results show that the model is robust and accurate to simulate dam-break flood over natural rivers with complex geometry and wet/dry beds.     

冲积河型形成条件的探讨

水流塑造河槽 ,河槽约束水流是河流演变的基本特点。本文分析了河槽形态与河流弯曲率的关系 ,结果表明弯曲率大的河流都具有窄深河槽 ,宽浅河流总是顺直的。河槽横断面形态对河流的演变过程起到了控制作用 ,是河流形成不同的平面形态的必要条件。不同的水沙组合虽然相差很大 ,但只要形成窄深河槽就可能发展成弯曲河流。     

浅水流动的模拟方法比较

本文研究浅水模拟中几种具有代表性的计算格式,包括不同阶数的简单格式、迎风格式、利用不同通量控制器的TVD格式以及基于分子运动理论的KFVS格式。通过对具有多种不同水流以及间断的一维溃坝的模拟,这些格式的优劣从各种典型数值现象中体现出来。最后用筛选后的格式对一维溃坝物理实验以及二维扩展渠道水流进行模拟。由于KFVS格式符合基本的流体分子运动规律,虽然引入了一定的耗散误差,但此格式无论对一维问题还是二维问题总体模拟效果都较佳。     

FINITE-VOLUME TVD ALGORITHM FOR DAM-BREAK FLOWS IN OPEN CHANNELS

1 .　INTRODUCTIONThepropagationofborewavesorthemove mentoffreesurfaceflowscausedbydambreak ing ,orsuddenopeningorclosingofasluiceinachannelhasincreasedinterestinenvironmentalandhydraulicengineering .Generallyitcanbede scribedbytheShallowWaterEquations (SWE )throughtheintegrationoftheNavier Stokesequationsoverdepthwiththeassumptionsofhydrostaticpressuredistributionandmildchannel bedslope .ManyclassicaltechniquesthatwereusedforsolvingtheSWEcanbefoundinthepaststudies .However ,whendiscon…     

二维浅水方程的高阶松弛格式求解

利用松弛方法，将二维浅水方程转化为松弛方程组，并用逐维五阶WENO重构和显隐式Runge-Kutta方法对松弛方程组的空间和时间方向进行离散，建立了求解二维浅水方程的五阶松弛格式。WENO重构方法的引入既提高了格式的精度，又可保证格式是无振荡的。应用该格式对圆柱溃坝等问题进行了数值模拟，计算结果与用其它方法所得结果吻合，表明了方法的有效性。     

平面二维溃坝水沙输移动床数学模型研究

为数值模拟溃坝洪水作用下泥沙输移及河床变形,建立了无结构三角形网格的平面二维水沙耦合数学模型。水动力学模型采用浑水流动方程,考虑了泥沙输移及床面冲淤变化对水流动量的影响;泥沙输移采用不平衡泥沙输移模式。模型数值计算格式采用守恒性较好的有限体积法,单元界面的对流通量采用基于近似黎曼解的Roe格式计算,扩散通量采用中心格式,不平衡泥沙输移方程采用坡度限制的二阶空间精度格式离散。模型经经典算例和小尺度瞬间全溃的动床实验资料检验,水面、床面及流速等计算结果与实验资料或解析解等比较吻合,分析了动床与定床水面及洪水传播速度的差异。在上述检验的基础上,采用动床模型对某河道型水库溃坝诱发的水沙运动进行了数值模拟,结果表明溃坝洪水下水流、泥沙及河床变形发生强烈的相互作用,采用水沙及河床变形耦合的数学模型是必要的。     

梯级水库溃坝洪水模拟

为充分利用水能资源和实现流域水资源的综合调控,我国在众多河流上进行了梯级开发,因此,对梯级水库大坝群的溃坝洪水风险开展研究具有重大意义。结合贵阳松柏山、花溪梯级水库实际工程状况,在假设梯级水库大坝出现溃坝事件时,以河道溃坝数学模型进行溃坝洪水演进模拟分析,获得上游松柏山水库溃坝、花溪水库库区及其下游风险区域的水位变化过程。结合数学模型计算成果,分析了梯级水库群不同水位组合溃坝洪水对下游的影响。     

Investigation of dam-break flood waves in a dry channel with a hump

Dam-break represents a potential flood hazard for population at downstream due to the sudden release of the water stored in the reservoir. The prediction of dam-break wave parameters is complicated furthermore by the presence of irregularities in the channel. This paper aims to present an experiment and numerical simulations of dam-break flood wave in an initially dry flume with a hump. A triangular-shaped bottom obstacle was placed downstream the dam site in the channel to provide the effects of both bottom slope and abrupt change in topography on propagation of dam-break flood waves. A new experiment was carried out in a smooth rectangular cross-section channel by using digital image processing. Flow behaviour was synchronously recorded with three adjacent CCD cameras through the glass walls of the entire downstream channel. This adopted measuring technique eliminates the necessity for test repetition due to capturing the whole flow field at once. Not only continuous free surface profiles at various times but also time evolutions of the water levels for selected locations were simply acquired from the video records of the image processing by virtual wave probe. Furthermore, dam-break flow was numerically simulated by the VOF-based CFD commercial software package FLOW-3D, which utilizes two distinct approaches, namely the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS) with a k-ε turbulence model and the simple Shallow Water Equations (SWEs). Comparison between the computed results and the experimental data shows that both numerical models reproduce the flow behaviour with reasonable accuracy and the agreement is slightly better in RANS model compared to simple SWE model. Current experimental data can be useful for validation of other numerical models.     

Implicit Finite-Volume Scheme to Solve Coupled Saint-Venant and Darcy–Forchheimer Equations for Modeling Flow Through Porous Structures

In hydrodynamic modeling of flow through porous structures, the solution domain might encounter discontinuities. These include, for example, porous structure-open channel interface, porous dam-break, and heterogeneous porous structures. The treatment of discontinuity is challenging within a numerical scheme as it can be a source of instabilities. This study proposes a finite-volume method to solve coupled Saint-Venant and Darcy–Forchheimer equations for simulating free-surface flow through porous structures. For capturing shocks arising at discontinuous regions, an upwind scheme is utilized to maintain the solution monotone. Fully implicit methods can allow the choice of longer time steps. Since the current problem involves two nonlinear systems, namely the open-channel and seepage flow equations, the Picard method is adopted to linearize the system of equations. Unlike typical implicit schemes of seepage flows, herein, both flow depth and velocity matrices appear within the iterative process, threatening the convergence criterion. To converge iteration, the continuity equation's flux term is treated using the dynamic wave equation under the relaxation method. The present model is applicable to simulate gradually and rapidly unsteady flow through homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media under laminar, transitional, and fully developed turbulent flow regimes within various closed and/or open boundary conditions.

     

粘弹性流体平面收缩流动的数值模拟

在石油、化工、轻纺和材料等工业中，有大量粘弹性液体的流动问题。如原油升举过程和管道输送中的流动；聚合物溶液和纸浆的流动等。由于粘弹性具有复杂的流变性，实验模拟和解析求解都较困难，随着计算机和计算流体力学的发展，粘弹性流体流动的数值研究日益活跃，成为非牛顿流体研究的一个重要方向。粘弹性流体运动数值模拟的主要困难在于：当Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ数和Ｗｅｉｓｓｅｎｂｅｒｇ数达到一定值以后，方程组在求解域内是混合型的，既有椭圆型区又有双曲型区［１］，已有数值计算方法只是得到小Ｒｅ数（Ｒｅ≤８）和小Ｗｅｉｓｓｅｎｂｅｒｓ数（Ｗｅ≤０．４）的结果［２］，因此，探讨这类问题的数值方法有重要的实用意义。本文在二维Ｍａｘｗｅｌｌ流体控制方程组类型分析基础上，采用类型相关格式求解原始变量方程，对粘弹性流体二维流动进行了数值模拟，得到收缩通道在Ｒｅ＝０～２０００和Ｗｅ＝０～０．８的流动结果。和已有算例比较，扩大了线性粘弹性流体的可计算范围，为进一步研究粘弹性流体三维流动的数值方法打下了基础。     

A SPLIT-CHARACTERISTIC FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR 1-D UNSTEADY FLOWS

An efficient and accurate solution algorithm was proposed for 1-D unsteady flow problems widely existing in hydraulic engineering. Based on the split-characteristic finite element method, the numerical model with the Saint-Venant equations of 1-D unsteady flows was established. The assembled finite element equations were solved with the tri-diagonal matrix algorithm. In the semi-implicit and explicit scheme, the critical time step of the method was dependent on the space step and flow velocity, not on the wave celerity. The method was used to eliminate the restriction due to the wave celerity for the computational analysis of unsteady open-channel flows. The model was verified by the experimental data and theoretical solution and also applied to the simulation of the flow in practical river networks. It shows that the numerical method has high efficiency and accuracy and can be used to simulate 1-D steady flows, and unsteady flows with shock waves or flood waves. Compared with other numerical methods, the algorithm of this method is simpler with higher accuracy, less dissipation, higher computation efficiency and less computer storage.     

非结构网格浅水方程隐式解法

基于非结构网格模拟河道复杂边界的研究域,应用算子分裂法剖分浅水方程,采用有限体积法离散,建立隐式格式的通量计算,构造一种模拟二维水流运动的隐式算法。该方法具有计算稳定的特点,并应用于长江南京段分汊河道的流场模拟,计算结果与实测结果吻合良好,验证了算法的可行性和有效性。     

AN UNSTRUCTURED FINITE-VOLUME ALGORITHM FOR NONLINEAR TWO-DIMENSIOAL SHALLOW WATER EQUATION

An unstructured finite-volume numerical algorithm was presented for solution of the two-dimensional shallow water equations, based on triangular or arbitrary quadrilateral meshes. The Roe type approximate Riemann solver was used to the system. A second-order TVD scheme with the van Leer limiter was used in the space discretization and a two-step Runge-Kutta approach was used in the time discretization. An upwind, as opposed to a pointwise, treatment of the slope source terms was adopted and the semi-implicit treatment was used for the friction source terms. Verification for two-dimension dam-break problems are carried out by comparing the present results with others and very good agreement is shown.     

STUDY AND APPLICATION OF STEADY FLOW AND UNSTEADY FLOW MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR CHANNEL NETWORKS

Based on the Preissmann implicit scheme for the one-dimensional Saint-Venant equation, the mathematical model for one-dimensional river networks and canal networks was developed and the key issues on the model were expatiated particularly in this article. This model applies the method of three-steps solution for channel-junction-channel to simulate the river networks, and the Gauss elimination method was used to calculate the sparse matrix. This model was applied to simulate the tree-type irrigation canal networks, complex looped channel networks and the Lower Columbia Slough networks. The results of water level and discharge agree with the data from the Adlul and field data. The model is proved to be robust for simulating unsteady flows in river networks with various degrees of complex structure. The calculated results show that this model is useful for engineering applications in complicated river networks. Future research was recommended to focus on setting up ecological numerical model of water quality in river networks and canal networks.     

求解不可压层流的一种全隐数值格式

该文基于SMAC(simplified marker and cell)方法,发展了一种在任意曲线坐标系中求解不可压黏性层流的全隐数值格式。基本方程是以逆变速度为未知变量的动量方程和关于压力修正量的Poisson方程。所有方程离散在MAC交错网格系统中进行。根据构造的全隐数值格式自编程序对一可简化成二维层流的后台阶流场进行计算,通过与已有的实验结果和计算结果进行比较,确认目前的计算结果优于比较的计算结果,和实验结果也相当吻合。为进一步验证该数值格式的可靠性,扩展程序对三维后台阶层流进行计算,结果表明,三维计算结果比二维计算结果更加接近实验结果。     

基于近似黎曼求解器的三维浅水方程组求解方法

将求解平面二维浅水方程组的Godunov型有限体积法扩展至求解三维浅水方程组,建立具有激波捕捉特性的三维数学模型,将扩大三维浅水方程数学模型的应用范围。模型中湍流封闭采用非线性K-ε模型,水平方向数值通量采用HLLC近似黎曼求解器计算。为改善数值格式稳定性,垂向扩散项采用隐式离散,且在局部小水深处将三维模型退化为水深平均平面二维模型,所开发的模型在形式上具有时、空二阶精度。随后采用水跃、干河床溃坝洪水演进等算例对模型进行检验,结果表明:该模型具有较好的稳定性,能保证静水平衡,在间断解处能给出高分辨率的数值解,并具有较好的干湿边界模拟能力。