三销轴叉精整底部裂纹产生和防护

三销轴叉精锻件是汽车等速传动系统中的关键零件,其头部内、外腔形状复杂,尺寸精度要求高,故一般采用温锻预成形+冷精整成形复合成形技术,而预成形温锻件设计不合理,在冷精整成形中,存在内腔底部薄壁处出现裂纹的问题。利用数值模拟技术,分析了三销轴叉冷精整型腔底部区域成形过程的成形力、应力、应变的变化,对预成形温锻件进行了优化,设计了不同的入模角,入模角的起始点位于内腔基准平面之上。工程实践后,优化后的预成形温锻件在冷整形后,口部内腔底部没有裂纹产生,流线连续,获得较为理想的精锻件。证明优化后的预成形温锻件,经冷精整成形后,精锻件产品质量显著提高,可有效防止裂纹产生。     

660MW高压加热器接管角焊缝开裂原因分析

某660 MW高压加热器的筒体接管角焊缝在焊接过程中发生开裂并扩展至筒体母材。对其进行了宏观检验、硬度测试、金相检验、扫描电镜及能谱分析,以分析开裂原因。结果表明:接管与筒体角焊缝根部成形不良,存在夹渣、气孔等焊接缺陷;在焊接应力、结构拘束应力的作用下,焊接缺陷处产生应力集中,裂纹从此处萌生并扩展开裂。采用了与筒体返修开口尺寸匹配的整体锻件返修方案,强度计算满足设计要求,并一次返修合格。     

双筒形皮带轮多道次拉深成形工艺

目的 研究双筒型带轮多道次拉深成形过程。方法 根据冲压手册计算拉深道次与凸、凹模尺寸,并采用有限元模拟软件DEFORM,模拟分析多道次拉深成形过程。根据理论计算得出需要8道次拉深成形双筒形带轮。结果 随着成形道次的增加,内筒及外筒圆角处累积的应力应变值最大减薄最严重,从外筒至内筒壁厚持续减小,其中内筒底部圆角为厚度最小处。结论 通过8道次拉深的方法成形出所需的零件,零件壁厚达到所需要求,并成功试验出成形质量较好的样件。     

汽车六角球头冷锻工艺优化与数值仿真

冷锻成形工艺是一种少无切削的净近成形工艺,以其精度高、生产效率高、低耗节能等优点,大量使用在汽车零配件的生产。六角球头销是汽车转向系统中的关键零件,其六角成形的质量直接影响到产品的使用性能。本文针对六角一次成形发生镦锻失稳问题,基于金属塑性成形理论,分析在镦锻过程中的金属流动,提出采用预成形工艺。根据产品结构,提出了大V锥形、锥形、锥六角形三种预成形工艺方案,采用DEFORM-3D对六角头成形方案进行数值仿真。为了得到最优参数,通过建立优化数学模型,对数值仿真获取的应力应变、损伤值分布、载荷进行优化得到最优方案。结合有限元数值分析对比分析三种方案,得到了预成形为锥形的成形效果最好,材料流动更为合理。经生产试验证明,通过预成形为锥形生产的六角头充填饱满,无不良缺陷,对生产同类型的成形工艺具有一定的参考价值。     

缓冲器缸筒成形工艺

针对缓冲器缸筒产品结构特点及性能要求,结合热冲压(挤盂+热变薄拉深)及冷变薄拉深成形工艺的特点,对缓冲器缸筒成形工艺方案,热冲压(挤盂+热变薄拉深)毛坯的形状和尺寸,热冲压(挤盂+热变薄拉深)及冷变薄拉深成形工艺等关键技术问题进行了研究。试验结果表明采用热冲压(挤盂+热变薄拉深)和冷变薄拉深相结合的工艺方法对缓冲器缸筒进行成形加工高效而经济,比传统热冲压后机械加工的成形工艺原材料利用率提高25%左右,同时所生产的产品尺寸稳定,力学性能一致性好。     

D210塔简体泄漏原因分析

采用化学成分分析、金相检验和断口分析等方法,对304L钢D210塔筒体泄漏原因进行了分析。结果表明：D210塔筒体泄漏原因是由于氯离子的存在而产生应力腐蚀开裂所致。由于敏感材料、应力腐蚀环境及应力三个条件共同存在,在一定温度下使其产生应力腐蚀裂纹,裂纹起始于筒体外壁角焊缝处,而后向内壁扩展,最终穿透筒壁,致使该塔筒体在角焊缝处产生破裂泄漏。     

复相钢CP800典型零件冲压开裂原因分析与改进

目的解决热轧酸洗复相钢CP800在底盘拖曳臂外壳零件应用过程中出现的开裂问题。方法借助有限元软件AUTOFORM对零件进行仿真评估,研究材料性能、润滑状态、模具圆角、坯料尺寸等对开裂的影响,分析影响开裂的原因。结果通过提升材料性能、降低摩擦因数、放大凹模圆角以及优化坯料边界,可以有效改善开裂区域的成形性能,其中优化坯料边界效果最佳,开裂风险可完全消除。结论材料性能按均匀伸长率≥5%控制,同时通过优化开裂区域坯料边界及放大凹模圆角,开裂得到了有效解决。     

基于应变模态的风机塔筒根部疲劳裂纹损伤检测研究

风力发电机塔筒根部所受弯矩大易产生疲劳裂纹，及早地检测发现裂纹有利于防止风机倒塌破坏。研究一种基于应变模态的塔筒根部疲劳裂纹损伤识别方法。首先建立塔筒的振动微分方程和应变模态；然后构建风机模型并进行模态分析，研究塔筒损伤前后固有频率、位移和应变模态振型的差异；最后建立应变模态变化率的疲劳裂纹识别指标，并基于最小二乘法拟合应变模态变化率与损伤程度的数学关系。结果表明：塔筒受损前后固有频率和位移模态振型无显著改变，无法进行损伤定位；应变模态振型在受损处出现峰值突变，且损伤程度越高突变越明显；应变模态变化率与损伤程度呈正相关，采用六次多项式可拟合出两者的关系。     

第二急冷换热器筒体开裂原因分析

某石化公司乙烯厂乙烯装置的核心设备第二急冷换热器于2018年5月突然发生泄漏,导致设备停车.检修发现本次泄漏主要发生在换热器壳体靠近上管板的第一节筒节,壳体失效位置存在贯穿性裂纹,裂纹已沿厚度方向完全开裂.为此,查阅了该设备的原始制造资料,进行了换热器筒体开裂现象的应力分析、宏观检查和取样分析.最终确定碱应力腐蚀是引起换热器筒体失效开裂的根本原因,并提出了相应的防止措施.     

未置氢及置氢TC21钛合金六角头螺栓冷镦成形及其成形后的显微组织与显微维氏硬度

目的 解决TC21钛合金六角头螺栓冷镦成形困难的难题。方法 利用置氢处理改善TC21钛合金的冷镦成形性能,利用电子万能材料试验机对未置氢和置氢TC21钛合金六角头螺栓进行冷镦成形,利用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、透射电子显微镜和显微维氏硬度计等设备对未置氢和置氢TC21钛合金冷镦六角头螺栓的显微组织和显微维氏硬度进行分析。结果 在冷镦成形过程中,置氢TC21钛合金六角头螺栓未出现缺陷,而未置氢TC21钛合金六角头螺栓则出现了裂纹。未置氢和置氢TC21钛合金冷镦六角头螺栓的头部均呈现出“一字双岔状变形带”,在未置氢TC21钛合金冷镦六角头螺栓头部变形带的分岔处出现了裂纹。与未置氢TC21钛合金冷镦六角头螺栓相比,置氢TC21钛合金冷镦六角头螺栓的显微组织发生了显著变化。在置氢TC21钛合金冷镦六角头螺栓中,α相和β相的光学对比度与未置氢合金的相反,α相含量减少,β相含量增加,β相成为合金的主要相,并发现了较多的位错。置氢TC21钛合金冷镦六角头螺栓各区的显微维氏硬度均低于未置氢TC21钛合金冷镦六角头螺栓各区的显微维氏硬度。结论 置氢处理有利于TC21钛合金六角头螺栓的冷镦成形。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.