Carbonation of low heat portland cement paste precured in water for different time

The carbonation technique was applied to accelerate the hydration of low heat portland cement （LHC）. Before carbonation, the demoulded pastes were precured in water for 0, 2, 7, and 21 d, respectively. The results show that precuring time in water strongly influences the carbonation process. The phenolphthalein test indicates that the paste precured in water for a shorter time is more quickly carbonated than that for a longer time. The content of calcium hydroxide increases with increasing the precuring time in water, whereas, the amount of absorbed carbon dioxide changes contrarily. Scanning electron microscope （SEM） observation shows that portlandite always fills up big air bubbles in the paste during precuring in water, and the mercury intrusion porosimetry （MIP） results show that there are less large capillary pores in the paste precured in water for a longer time. It is found that the paste without precuring in water has more carbon dioxide absorption during curing in carbon dioxide atmosphere, and its total pore volume decreases remarkably with an increase in the carbonation time than that precured in water. X-ray diffraction （XRD） and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET） surface area analyses indicate that the carbonate products are vaterite and calcite; CxSHy formed from carbonation has low BET surface area in comparison with that of C-S-H formed from curing in water.     

不同CO2养护压力下硫铝酸盐和硅酸盐水泥浆体早期微观结构

研究硫铝酸盐和硅酸盐水泥（CSA-OPC）浆体在不同碳养护压力下的早期碳化过程,通过X射线衍射、红外光谱、热重、压汞和扫描电镜等测试方法,表征碳化前后水泥浆体的物相组成和微观结构. 实验结果表明,CSA-OPC浆体的水化产物主要为钙矾石,碳化作用使钙矾石转变为碳酸钙和硫酸钙晶体;水泥中碳酸钙以3种晶型存在,其中方解石为主要存在形式. 碳化使半碳型的水化硫铝酸钙（Hc-AFm相）逐渐转化为单碳型的水化硫铝酸钙（Mc-AFm相）,碳化程度和碳化深度随着碳化压力的增加而递增. 碳化后CSA-OPC水化产物体积减小,样品总孔隙率增大、孔隙结构变疏松. 研究结果阐明了CSA-OPC浆体在早期碳化养护条件下的微结构变化过程,为制备基于硫铝酸盐水泥的高效碳汇材料提供了技术支撑.     

Effects of Curing Condition on the Carbonation of Shrinkage-compensated Concrete

Shrinkage-compensating concrete can enhance the permeability and strength. In addition,expansive admixture can densify concrete to advance the carbonation resistance ability. Due to special quality of ettringite,the relative humidity of curing environment has significant effect on the carbonation rate of concrete. This paper discusses the influence of environmental humidity on carbonation rate of shrinkage-compensating concrete. Four different curing conditions were set up,namely the natural environment (RH 60%),standard environment (RH 90%),early age water curing environment for 3 d and 7 d. After curing in these four environments for 28 d,an accelerated carbonation test was performed. Micro-hardness analysis was used to evaluate surface hardness,which depends on,to a great degree,the carbonation depth. TG-DSC analysis was used to study Ca(OH)2 content gradient in the surface layer of concrete in different environment. The results show that natural condition lead to a relatively worse carbonation degree,curing in water for 3 d is harmful to the carbonation resistance,while curing in water for 7 d lead to an equivalent carbonation degree with standard condition,which show the most improvement to carbonation resistance ability.     

Effects of Carbonation on Micro Structures of Hardened Cement Paste

In order to investigate the effects of carbonation on the microstructure of cement concrete,the carbonation depth and microstructure of cement paste with 0.3,0.4 and 0.5 water/cement ratio after 7,14,21 and 28 d accelerated carbonation were studied respectively.The results showed that with the increase of waterto-cement ratio and carbonation age,the carbonation depth was deepened with faster early carbonation speed and slower later carbonation rate.Carbonation densified the structure of hardened cement stone with refinement of pore structure and reduced porosity.Then,during the carbonation process from the surface to the inside of carbonation area,it was prone to form micro-cracks extending to the interior specimen,resulting in cement paste carbonation depth uneven.It is further illustrated that the color reaction method using phenolphthalein solution combined with X-CT and X-ray diffraction analysis is much more reasonable to evaluate the cement concrete carbonation degree.Moreover,during carbonation process sulfur element in cement paste migrated to the area un-carbonated and the concentrated shape of sulfur element is consistent with the coloring region in carbonation interface.Finally it was identified that carbonation not only reduced the p H value in cement concrete but also made prone to crack in carbonation zone,which increased the probability of reinforcement corrosion.     

超临界碳化对水泥基材料性能和孔径结构的影响

为了考察超临界碳化技术在水泥基材料改性方面的应用,研究超临界碳化对水泥基材料微观和宏观性能的影响,基于此设计了超临界二氧化碳碳化试验研究水泥砂浆、水泥净浆和混凝土试件的碳化深度、强度、孔径分布以及二氧化碳吸收量的变化。试验分析表明,超临界碳化可以快速实现水泥基材料的碳化,大幅提高试件强度,改善材料的孔径分布,使材料的中细径孔大幅降低,提高材料的抗渗透能力,为改善重金属等危害废物的水泥基固化效果提供了依据。同时超临界碳化可以将大量二氧化碳转化在碳酸钙中沉淀吸收,具有重要的环境保护意义。     

微孔活性炭纤维的制备及性能研究

以沥青基炭纤维为原料,采用（H2O＋CO2）物理活化的方法制备出微孔活性炭纤维（ACF）,研究了制备工艺对活性炭纤维微孔结构及性能的影响.结果表明：活化温度和时间对活性炭纤维比表面积影响较大;随着活化温度的升高,活性炭纤维的比表面积明显提高;在一定温度下活化时,活化初始阶段比表面积增加较快,活化一定时间后比表面积升高趋势变缓.铵盐浸渍处理加快了活化反应的进行,使活性炭纤维比表面积明显升高,孔径增大.     

Carbonation of sulphoaluminate cement with layered double hydroxides

The increasing importance of the ecologically minded production of building materials makes it necessary to develop reasonable alternatives to the CO2-intense production of ordinary Portland cement （OPC）. The development of new or modified concrete is an important part of existing strategies to improve performance and minimize life-cycle costs. Therefore, we investigated carbonation resistance properties of sulphoaluminate cement （SAC） concrete incorporating layered double hydroxides （LDHs）. X-ray diffraction （XRD） and IR-spectroscopy were employed to characterize the component and structural changes of LDHs and cement paste before and after carbonation test. Carbonation resistance of concrete was experimentally evaluated. Finally, carbonation of Portland cement and SAC concrete was compared. The experimental results show that carbonation depth decreases remarkably with the addition of LDHs, especially the calcinated LDHs. Carbonation depth of SAC concrete is smaller than that of PC concrete regardless of curing time.     

水泥快速强度测试的实验验证

水泥快速强度与标准强度相关性的高低是水泥快速强度适用性的重要依据.检测方法中最佳的养护制度是准确预测标准养护条件下水泥28d抗压强度的重要保证.文章通过大量的试验和数据,进行了不同湿养时间下水泥快速强度与标准强度相关性的分析研究,验证了水泥强度快速检验过程中合理的养护制度.     

Improved analytic methods for coal surface area and pore size distribution determination using 77 K nitrogen adsorption experiment

77 K nitrogen adsorption was the most widely used technique for determining surface area and pore size distribution of coal. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) model are commonly used analytic methods for adsorption/desorption isotherm. A Chinese anthracite coal is tested in this study using an improved experimental method and adsorption isotherm analyzed by three adsorption mechanisms at different relative pressure stages. The result shows that the micropore filling adsorption predominates at the relative pressure stage from 6.8E−7 to 9E−3. Theoretically, BET and BJH model are not appropriate for analyzing coal samples which contain micropores. Two new analytic procedures for coal surface area and pore size distribution calculation are developed in this work. The results show that BET model underestimates surface area, and micropores smaller than 1.751 nm account for 35.5% of the total pore volume and 74.2% of the total surface area. The investigation of surface area and pore size distribution by incorporating the influence of micropore is significant for understanding adsorption mechanism of methane and carbon dioxide in coal.     

旋转填料床制备超细 Al(OH)3碳化时间的研究

目的研究在旋转填料床中以 NaAl(OH)4 溶液和 CO2 气体为原料制备超细 Al(OH)3 的碳化反应时间. 方法通过实验考察了转速, 液体循环量, 气体流量, NaAl(OH)4 溶液初始浓度, 气液比等操作因素对碳化反应时间的影响. 结果与结论在旋转填料床中的反应大大缩短了碳化反应时间, 同时得到平均粒径为 200 nm 且分布均匀的超细 Al(OH)3 粒子.     

Nondestructive microstructure analysis of the carbonation evolution process in hardened binder paste containing blast-furnace slag by X-ray CT

We used micro-XCT(X-ray computed tomography) to in-situ investigate the microstructure evolution of hardened binder paste containing different contents (0%, 30%, 50% and 70%) of blast-furnace slag at different carbonation time (0, 3, 7 and 14 days), respectively. The carbonation front shape, the degrees of carbonation and cracks spatial distribution were studied for hardened binder paste containing BFS. In addition, the porosity and pore volume distribution of macro-pore were measured at different carbonation ages. The results reveal that the degree of carbonation at different times can be measured by the volume fraction of the uncarbonated and carbonated parts.     

矿渣粉的活性和流动度研究

对6个细度水平的矿渣粉活性和流动度研究，矿渣粉的抗折活性指数比抗压活性指数高．它在28d内是龄期和细度的单调增函数．矿渣粉的抗压活性指数在7d内是龄期和细度的单调增函数．28d的抗压活性指数采用不同品质的硅酸盐水泥表现存在差异．矿渣粉比表面积在350-650m^2／kg范围内．流动度比都大于110．而矿渣水泥的标准稠度用水量却比硅酸盐水泥高．采用不同细度硅酸盐水泥作为对比样时，矿渣粉流动度比偏差在14％以内．     

养护方式对再生混凝土抗碳化性能的影响

通过实验室加速碳化试验,研究了养护方式和再生粗骨料取代率对混凝土抗碳化性能的影响。结果表明,在其他条件不变的情况下,养护剂养护下混凝土的碳化深度最小,洒水养护和覆膜养护下混凝土的碳化深度依次增大。混凝土碳化深度随再生粗骨料取代率的增加而增大,与普通骨料混凝土相比,再生粗骨料取代率为50%的混凝土部分碳化区尺寸和碳化前沿深度分别增大了7.5%和23.7%,而再生粗骨料取代率为100%的混凝土两者分别增大了21.3%和55.3%。通过吸水特性试验分析了养护方式及再生骨料取代率对混凝土抗碳化性能的影响机理,结果表明,养护剂养护下的混凝土毛细吸水系数最小,洒水养护和覆膜养护下混凝土的毛细吸水系数依次增大;混凝土毛细吸水系数随再生粗骨料取代率的增加近似呈线性增大。     

UNIFORMITY ASSESSMENT OF CARBON FIBRES DISPERSION IN CEMENT PASTE BY IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS

An alternating current was applied to measure the impedance of a hardened cement paste with various contents of carbon fibres. When the free water content in the hardened cement paste is 90%-98%, and the measuring frequency 500Hz, an approximate linear relationship was found between fibre content and impedance of the composite. Based on this relationship , a new attempt was made to evaluate the dispersion uniformity of carbon fibres in cement paste by impedance measurement. The standard deviation S and the coefficient of vriation S/Xi     

淮南煤焦结构及其高温气化反应性研究

采用FTIR、TG／DTA和比表面分析对淮南煤焦进行研究,考察了成焦条件对淮南煤焦的物理、化学结构及其CO2气化反应性的影响。结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,煤焦中的碳含量增加、氢含量降低、孔容减小,煤焦与CO2的气化反应性降低;在热解温度相同的备件下,与快速热解煤焦相比,慢速热解煤焦的碳含量较高、氢含量较低、孔容和比表面积较小、与CO2的气化反应性较低。     

INTERFACE AND PROPERTIES OF ALKALI-TREATED CARBON FIBRE REINFORCED CEMENT COMPOSITES

The surface of carbon fibre is studiedwhich has been treated with heated sodiumhydrate solution(NaOH).It is found that thesurface of carbon fibre is not corroded duringthe treatment.But at the same time,it is alsofound that after this treatment,a certainnumber of carbonyl groups(>C=O)and(—COOH or—COONa) are produced on thetreated surface of carbon fibre.When carbonfiber is mixed with cement paste,the abovereactive groups will link with Ca~(+2) in the paste,which will result in an early stage hydration ofcement in inter facial areas.In addition,theexperiments show that the rheological propertiesof cement paste reinforced with alkali-treatedcarbon fibre differ greatly from that ofuntreated carbon fibre reinforced cement paste.     

弯曲应力作用下喷射混凝土抗碳化性能研究-研究生论坛

为了研究隧道喷射混凝土衬砌的碳化规律,采用快速碳化试验方法,研究了不同弯曲应力(0、0.25、0.5及0.75)作用下喷射混凝土及钢纤维喷射混凝土抗碳化性能,在考虑弯曲应力、钢纤维掺量、施工方式基础上对普通混凝土碳化深度预测模型进行修正。结果表明：混凝土碳化深度服从Fick第一定律,扩散系数随应力水平的增加而增加;喷射混凝土碳化深度明显小于普通混凝土,而钢纤维的加入进一步提高喷射混凝土抗碳化性能。通过对碳化后喷射混凝碳化后力学性能及微观结构进行分析,得出喷射混凝土抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度及抗折强度随着碳化深度增大而增大,且喷射混凝土中原始微气孔及裂缝中钙矾石、氢氧化钙等晶体为CaCO3晶体的成核和生长提供有利条件,碳化产物持续生成并阻塞毛细孔,使其密实度增加,力学性能增大。     

活化工艺对活性炭纤维结构的影响

探讨了粘胶纤维活化条件(如活化温度、活化时间、活化剂浓度)对ACF的孔径分布、孔结构参数、晶格参数、纵横断面、元素烧蚀率的影响及ACF在活化过程中的差热分析(热分析现象的原因).研究表明,ACF微晶结构的变化(表现在d002增大,Lc、M减小)在比表面积增大的过程中起着相当重要的作用;粘胶基ACF的微孔在一定范围内,较大的平均孔径可提供较大的比表面积;随着活化温度的升高,ACFD的比表面积增大;同时ACF的Tb和T1/2都逐渐增大,表明随纤维各元素逐渐被烧蚀,其活性反应点逐渐减少,与纤维的比表面积逐渐增大现象相对应.     

水泥砂浆外涂有机硅烷防护效果研究

为了研究外涂有机硅水泥砂浆材料的防护效果,用有机硅涂料对水泥砂浆进行表面涂层处理,并与未涂层水泥砂浆和涂丙烯酸的水泥砂浆相比较,系统研究了改性有机硅涂层对防水抗渗性能、抗碳化性能、抗氯离子渗透等性能的影响。试验结果表明：有机硅外涂水泥砂浆呈现出较好地疏水效果,使用有机硅外涂水泥砂浆的防水抗渗性能大大改善了;与空白组、丙烯酸组相比,涂有有机硅涂层的砂浆的氯离子扩散系数显著降低,约为空白组的1／4,约为丙烯酸组的1／3;随着养护时间的增加,涂有有机硅涂层的试块的碳化程度明显低于空白组和丙烯酸组,而且碳化深度增长速度明显变慢;空白样水泥砂浆密实性较差,表面粗糙多孔,试块结构疏松,而加了硅烷的试块涂料与水泥浆表面粘结紧密,界面区并不明显。为烷氧基有机硅烷作为水泥砂浆防护材料实际工程应用奠定一定的基础。     

Spontaneous coal combustion producing carbon dioxide and water

Gas products from the process of coal oxidization and spontaneous combustion have been studied at different temperatures with FTI spectroscopic tests. With temperatures rising to about 30～100 ℃, water and carbon dioxide gas were formed and from about 105～150 ℃, carbon monoxide was produced. Using the DFT B3LYP method with a 6-311G basis set, the reaction system, where spontaneous combustion between coal and oxygen occurs and produces water and monoxide, has been studied, with the geometric configuration for all stagnation points on the potential reaction energy surface optimized. With a frequency analysis and an IRC method, transient formations were tested. Our results indicate that in the reaction of coal oxidization and spontaneous combustion producing carbon dioxide and water, oxygen molecules attack carbon atoms of the terminal of the propyl alcohol group on the lateral chain of benzene rings, which causes this propyl alcohol group to produce the acid (-CH2-CH2-COOH) group and water. This acid group continues its break up into carbon dioxide and the (-CH2-CH3) ethyl group. We have come to the conclusion that this water-and-carbon dioxide-production reaction is spontaneous, based on the observation of the energy released by the reaction.