压电传感器信号调理及输出芯片设计

为了提高压电传感器测量系统的集成度,采用1μm高压双极—互补金属氧化物半导体—双重扩散金属氧化物半导体(BCD)工艺,设计了一种适用于压电传感器的信号调理及输出芯片.集成了电压放大型阻抗变换电路、可调增益放大电路、二线制电流输出电路.仿真结果表明:芯片具有输入阻抗高,单位增益带宽大,总增益可调范围广等特点,在12~24 V宽供电范围下可正常工作,耗电仅为3.1 mA.     

Application of ultra wideband RF energy harvesting by using multisection Wilkinson power combiner

In this study, an ultra‐wide band (UWB) energy harvesting circuit was proposed using the Greinacher rectifier circuit. The circuit was designed with Wilkinson power combiner (WPC) for use at two different radio frequency signal inputs. To enable broadband operation, the multisection Chebyshev impedance matching technique was applied in the branches of the WPC circuit. The center frequency was selected 2.2 GHz in the design. In terms of the parameters of reflection, transmission and isolation, the WPC circuit operates in the 0.4 GHz‐3.4 GHz range and the percentage bandwidth has been calculated as 136%. In the designed Greinacher rectifier circuit, power conversion efficiency (PCE) was analyzed for different input powers. When load resistor selected as R = 1500 Ω, the PCE for the input power of 9 dBm was about 70%. The proposed circuit, where WPC and Greinacher rectifier circuits was used together for energy harvesting; was operated in the frequency ranges BW₁ = 0.4‐0.81 GHz, BW₂ = 1.54‐1.84 GHz, and BW₃ = 2.2 GHz‐2.89 GHz. As a power combining application, dual power inputs were applied to the WPC circuit with frequencies of 540 MHz‐1800 MHz, 540 MHz‐2450 MHz, 540 MHz‐2700 MHz, 800 MHz‐1800 MHz, 800 MHz‐2450 MHz and 800 MHz‐2700 MHz. Eventually, approximately 70.5% PCE and 1.65 V output voltage were obtained.     

Maximum Power Extraction Control Algorithm for Hybrid Renewable Energy System

In this research, a modified fractional order proportional integral derivate (FOPID) control method is proposed for the photovoltaic (PV) and thermoelectric generator (TEG) combined hybrid renewable energy system. The faster tracking and steady-state output are aimed at the suggested maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control technique. The derivative order number (µ) value in the improved FOPID (also known as PI^λD^µ) control structure will be dynamically updated utilizing the value of change in PV array voltage output. During the transient, the value of µ is changeable; it’s one at the start and after reaching the maximum power point (MPP), allowing for strong tracking characteristics. TEG will use the freely available waste thermal energy created surrounding the PV array for additional power generation, increasing the system’s energy conversion efficiency. A high-gain DC-DC converter circuit is included in the system to maintain a high amplitude DC input voltage to the inverter circuit. The proposed approach’s performance was investigated using an extensive MATLAB software simulation and validated by comparing findings with the perturbation and observation (P&O) type MPPT control method. The study results demonstrate that the FOPID controller-based MPPT control outperforms the P&O method in harvesting the maximum power achievable from the PV-TEG hybrid source. There is also a better control action and a faster response.     

智能型太阳能路灯控制器的研究

针对传统太阳能路灯控制器控制精度不高、抗干扰能力差和成本昂贵等问题,研制了一种智能型太阳能路灯控制器;以DSP芯片为控制核心,结合基于模糊神经网络的MPPT最大功率跟踪算法思想,采用Cuk升降压电路控制实现最大效率地对蓄电池充电,最大输出功率60W;近端/远程上位机监控采用Labview软件编写,实现了近端/远程的太阳能路灯监控,定时记录路灯的监控数据;仿真和实验结果证明该控制器能量转换效率高,实用性强,对进一步推广绿色能源具有重要的实际意义。     

Maximum power tracking of a generic photovoltaic system via a fuzzy controller and a two-stage DC–DC converter

This study presents a new two-stage DC–DC converter for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and a voltage boost of a generic photovoltaic (PV) system. An intelligent MPPT of PV system based on fuzzy logic control (FLC) is presented to adaptively design the proposed fuzzy controlled MPPT controller (FC-MPPTC) while a voltage boost controller (VBC) is used to fix the output voltage to a voltage level that is higher than the required operating voltage to the back-end grid impedance. Modeling and simulation on the PV system and the DC–DC converter circuit are achieved by state-space and the software Powersim. The PV string considered has the rated power around 600?VA under varied partial shadings. The FC-MPPTC and VBC are designed and realized by a DSP module (TMS320F2812) to adjust the duty cycle in the two-stage DC–DC converter. A special FLC algorithm is forged to render an MPPT faster and more accurate than conventional MPPT technique, perturb and observe (P&O). The simulations are intended to validate the performance of the proposed FC-MPPTC. Experiments are conducted and results show that MPPT can be achieved in a fast pace and the efficiency reaches over 90?%, even up to 96?%. It is also found that the optimized tracking speed of the proposed FC-MPPTC is in fact more stable and faster than the general P&O method with the boost voltage capable of offering a stable DC output.     

A decentralized multivariable controller for hydrostatic wind turbine drivetrain

A hydrostatic drivetrain transmits wind turbine energy to a generator. One hydrostatic transmission system (HTS) configuration utilizes a fixed displacement pump and a variable displacement motor. The system dynamics are captured in a nonlinear multi‐input multi‐output mathematical model. This paper introduces a decentralized control configuration based on this model to achieve two desired objectives: maximizing the harvested energy without direct measurement of wind and regulating the frequency of the generator without using power electronic converters. To accomplish these objectives, suitable pairing of control actuators and system responses are identified through nonlinear relative gain arrays (RGA) analysis. The pairing also provides a strong decoupling of control loops. So maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is achieved independently while the generator speed is regulated to maintain the frequency of generated power at 60 Hz. Simulation results demonstrate robust performance of MPPT and frequency regulation in the presence of uncertainties in the turbine and HTS model. We also demonstrate that the RGA paired input‐out control configuration offers superior performance over other possible input–output paired control configurations.     

小型风电系统变步长扰动MPPT控制仿真研究

最大功率跟踪(MPPT)策略是提高风电系统功率转换效率的重要方法.文中提出了变步长扰动MPPT策略,并在MATLAB仿真环境中,开发了带有此策略的小型风电系统仿真模型.该模型包括风力机模型、永磁发电机(PMSG)模型、DC/DC斩波器模型、负载功率采样模型和MPPT控制模型等.利用该模型进行计算机仿真,给出了一定风速下负载功率和发电机输出功率的仿真结果.结果表明:实现了变步长扰动MPPT策略控制的仿真,与传统固定步长MPPT策略相比,提高了最大功率跟踪的快速性和准确性,进而提高了风能转换效率.     

一种振动自供能无线传感器的电源管理电路

针对振动能量采集器的输出功率过低不足以直接驱动无线传感器的问题,设计了振动自供能无线传感器的电源管理电路,根据调谐和阻抗变换原理对能量采集器进行了阻抗匹配,以最大功率对储能超级电容进行充电,对能量存储和电源管理电路的充放电特性进行了理论分析和实验验证。结果表明,该电路大幅度提高了采集器的输出功率和对储能超级电容充电的效率,当0.47 F超级电容电压达到0.6 V时,能量瞬间释放电路控制超级电容瞬间放电,成功驱动最大功耗为75 mW的无线传感器工作。     

新型海流能发电装置控制系统的研究

基于MPPT(最大功率点跟踪)理论及CVT(恒压转换)法的新型海流能发电装置控制系统的设计,增加了直流总线端稳压控制及捕获最大功率控制,在Matlab内建立数学模型模拟发电机输入转速及海流速度,并在Simulink环境下进行仿真研究、系统搭建及编程.其仿真结果表明给定最大功率值与实际输出功率的比值基本不变,说明该系统能够实现对最大功率捕获,直流总线端电压基本稳定,验证了整个控制系统的设计合理性.进而搭建试验平台,对整个系统进行试验研究.根据实际记录数据拟合得到的曲线与理论曲线一致,且电压也在合理的波动范围.试验结果证明该控制系统正确,可进一步示范应用.     

Wide Operational Range Processor Power Delivery Design for Both Super-Threshold Voltage and Near-Threshold Voltage Computing

The load power range of modern processors is greatly enlarged because many advanced power management techniques are employed, such as dynamic voltage frequency scaling, Turbo Boosting, and near-threshold voltage (NTV) technologies. However, because the efficiency of power delivery varies greatly with different load conditions, conventional power delivery designs cannot maintain high efficiency over the entire voltage spectrum, and the gained power saving may be offset by power loss in power delivery. We propose SuperRange, a wide operational range power delivery unit. SuperRange complements the power delivery capability of on-chip voltage regulator and off-chip voltage regulator. On top of SuperRange, we analyze its power conversion characteristics and propose a voltage regulator (VR) aware power management algorithm. Moreover, as more and more cores have been integrated on a singe chip, multiple SuperRange units can serve as basic building blocks to build, in a highly scalable way, more powerful power delivery subsystem with larger power capacity. Experimental results show SuperRange unit offers 1x and 1.3x higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) than other two conventional power delivery schemes at NTV region and exhibits an average 70% PCE over entire operational range. It also exhibits superior resilience to power-constrained systems.     

Design of an efficiency‐enhanced Greinacher rectifier operating in the GSM 1800 band by using rat‐race coupler for RF energy harvesting applications

Radio frequency energy harvesting (RFEH) circuits can convert the power of communication signals from radio frequencies (RF) in the environment into direct current and voltage (DC power). In this study, the Greinacher full‐wave rectifier circuit topology was combined with a 180° hybrid ring (rat‐race) coupler which was a passive RF/microwave circuit. Thus, higher RF‐DC conversion efficiency was obtained. First, using the Greinacher rectifier topology, RFEH circuit operating at the center frequency of 1850 MHz was designed. Then, at this frequency, designing of the rat‐race coupler having 1000 MHz bandwidth was made. The S‐parameter measurements and simulation data of the designed coupler circuit were compared. Finally, the high efficiency rectifier circuit where these two circuits were used together was designed. The proposed rectifier circuit was constructed on 70 × 70 × 1.6 mm³ FR4 substrate material with a permittivity of 4.3 (ε_r = 4.3). The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the rectifier circuit, which had 125 MHz bandwidth at the center frequency of 1850 MHz and was developed with rat‐race coupler, was calculated as 71% at 4.7 dBm input power. In addition, with this study, at ?15 dBm input power, which was a relatively low power level, 40% PCE value was obtained.     

A high-performance MEMS capacitive strain sensing system

This paper describes the design of a functional strain sensing module with large dynamic range (80 dB), DC to 10 kHz response, high resolution, and mini size for industrial applications, such as the rolling-element bearings research. The design of the MEMS capacitive strain sensor employs mechanical amplifications of package design and buckle beams as well as the linear differential comb capacitor. The sensor is interfaced with a low noise charge amplifier, mixer, and filter circuits to provide an analog output that demonstrated a resolution of 0.09 microstrains with a maximum range of ±1000 microstrains. The sensor and the electronic circuits, including a temperature sensor, can be integrated on a chip, and packaged as a small functional unit. Additional electronics were integrated with the interface circuit on the chip that provide A/D conversion, radio frequency power supply, and digital signal telemetry to a near-by control unit. Preliminary test results are compared with the design simulation.     

一种可应用于小型光伏的MPPT技术

提出了一种基于FOCV方法应用在小型光伏系统中的新型太阳能电池MPPT技术。首先．将太阳能电池阵列改变为全串联、全并联或串并混联的组合方式,相同的环境下,这些阵列在理论上拥有相同的最大输出功率,但需要不同的负载与阻抗相匹配;其次,许多拥有不同阻值的负载电阻可以被选择连接到太阳能电池阵列中,使太阳能电池的输出功率最大化;最后,使用MCU测量每种模式的电压并使用FOCV方法来确定最大的功率状态。     

基于无线传感器网络的光伏系统MPPT应用研究

光伏电池输出的功率随外界环境条件的变化而变化,通常采用最大功率点跟踪技术以获得最大功率输出。结合无线传感器网络(WSNs)节点的工作方式与光伏系统的特点,提出了一种基于WSNs的光伏系统最大功率点跟踪技术。针对开路电压法的不足,利用WSNs节点的测温工作方式来进行温度补偿。当系统工作在最大功率点附近时,引入阻抗匹配算法,可有效消减光伏输出功率在最大功率点处的振荡现象,从而提高系统效率。仿真结果验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于DPA425的48V-12V反激电源设计

单片开关电源具有体积小、输出纹波小、效率高等特点,在工业生产中得到了广泛的应用.基于PI单片开关电源芯片DPA425 PN设计了一种20 W反激开关电源,开关频率为300 kHz,输入直流42～60 V,输出直流12 V,输出电流0～1.7A.详细描述了反激开关电源的设计过程及参数计算,并给出了电路的原理图以及测试结果.测试结果显示,输出12 V稳定,最大输出电流1.7A,最大输出功率20W,效率可达83％,该电源满足设计需求.     

基于RBF神经网络的风光互补路灯系统MPPT研究

为了提高风光互补路灯的稳定性和使用寿命,根据风光互补路灯系统非线性、多物理量等特性,分别对风力发电和光伏发电采取最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)控制。该方法基于径向基函数(RBF)神经网络,分别以风力发电整流器输出的电压、电流和太阳能电池板输出的电压、电流作为RBF神经网络的输入,通过RBF神经网络直接改变Boost电路的占空比,使风光互补系统工作在最大功率点。仿真和试验结果表明,所提出的MPPT算法与扰动观察法算法相比,有更好的快速性和能量利用效率。     

ANN-based MPPT algorithm for solar PMSM drive system fed by direct-connected PV array

In this paper, artificial neural network (ANN) based on a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is developed for a solar permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system used without a boost converter and batteries. The discontinuous space vector PWM technique is used to drive two-level inverter which is directly fed by three parallel-connected Kyocera KD205GX-LP PV modules. The ANN-based MPPT algorithm estimates the voltages and currents corresponding to maximum powers produced by PV array at the maximum power point (MPP) for swiftly changing situations such as solar radiance and temperature. These maximum powers are given as input signal to vector control algorithm of PMSM. The PMSM is designed by using Infolytica/MotorSolve software so that the phase-to-phase maximum value of its operating voltage is 20 V. The use of three-phase PMSM presents more efficient solutions to the trading solar systems with dc motor or induction motor. Thus, an effective solar system is achieved. The performance of developed ANN-based MPPT algorithm, designed PMSM, vector-controlled driver and solar system is analyzed by using MATLAB/SimPowerSystems blocks under the rapidly changing environmental conditions.

     

New simulation approach for tuneable trapezoidal and rectangular piezoelectric bimorph energy harvesters

Enhancing and optimizing the power and operating frequency range of energy harvesters (EH) are important objectives in designing an energy harvester generator. The application of trapezoidal shaped piezoelectric (PZT) cantilever is one way of increasing the harvested power of energy harvesters. Finite element software was used to simulate a tuneable trapezoidal and a rectangular PZT bimorph cantilevers with similar specifications. From the new simulation approach, an open circuit voltage obtained for different resonance frequencies for both generators. The simulation results are compared with the experimental and found to be in good agreement. The results have showed an increase in power over 19 % for the trapezoidal generator over the rectangular generator for a frequency range of 38–122 Hz. The trapezoidal harvester produced maximum power of 0.272 mW at resonance frequency of 34 Hz and acceleration of 2.5 m/s².

     

基于Buck变换器的光伏发电系统MPPT 控制

介绍以Buck变换器为对象的太阳能光伏发电系统。用Buck变换器实现对光伏发电系统的最大功率跟踪,采用逐次逼近法的MPPT控制策略,通过调节Buck变换器的PWM占空比输出,使得负载的等效阻抗跟随光伏电池的输出阻抗,使光伏阵列在任何条件下获得最大功率输出,跟踪最大功率。仿真表明MPPT（最大功率跟踪）控制策略的可行性。     

新型爬山算法在大惯性风电系统中的应用

针对风力发电风速的随机性和不确定性,以及大惯性永磁风力发电系统输出功率受风机机械功率和所储的机械势能的变化率的交叉影响特点,提出一种基于爬山搜索法的新型最大风能捕捉算法。为了得到较宽的变速范围,在三相二极管整流器和PWM逆变器之间接有升压斩波器,新型爬山算法采用最佳直流电流控制,调节输入直流电流以跟从最优的参考电流,产生不同转矩控制电机的转速实现最大功率跟踪,并在爬山算法基础上添加数据存储和输出功能,避免了盲目的爬山搜索。最后通过Matlab对一个50kW永磁直驱风力发电系统进行了仿真分析,对比了传统爬山算法与新型爬山算法在最佳功率点跟踪上的差别。仿真结果验证了该算法的可靠性,表明新型爬山算法在大惯性变速恒频风力发电系统中具有更好的实用性。