提高温度、湿度、流量测量内部审核的有效性

介绍了如何开展温度、湿度、流量的内部审核;阐述了内审策划是实施有效内审的重要基础,过程控制是实施有效内审的保证,审后改进是实现内审有效性的关键环节;提出了提高内部审核有效性的建议,确保了检测/校准实验室管理体系运行的有效性。     

实验室如何有效实施内部质量审核

结合自己参与实验室内部质量审核(以下简称内审)的体会和经验,从内审的策划、组织实施、审核技巧以及审核过程中需要注意的问题等方面,论述了实验室如何有效实施内审的关键问题,并阐述了通过内审如何进一步促进实验室管理体系的运行及改进。     

防雷检测机构内部质量管理体系审核作用与方法

本文通过作者从事防雷检测机构内部质量管理体系审核工作的亲身体会,谈到内审工作在防雷检测机构质量体系和质量行为等方面发挥的重要作用,并且介绍了防雷检测机构开展内审工作的基本方法等。     

如何做好实验室内部审核

根据JJF1069-2012《法定计量检定机构考核规范》和质量体系文件对法定计量机构进行内部审核的要求,本文从编制内审计划,确定审核线路,内审前的准备,内审后续活动等四个方面概述了实验室的内审工作。     

浅论检测实验室内部审核工作的改进方向

内部审核是检测实验室内部质量管理和控制的重要手段之一,切实有效地开展内部审核能够帮助实验室实现自我完善的目的。本文主要从本实验室组织内审的概况,内审不符合项的意义和作用,以及内审员管理与能力提升等方面,简要论述了检测实验室内部审核工作可以关注和改进的方向。     

如何做好内部审核工作

内部审核是机构质量体系有效运作的重要手段,也是相关标准、准则的要求,通过内审求得不断改进。因此,内审实际上是机构的一种自我检查,自我诊断,自我完善,自我发展的过程。本文就内部审核的概念、要求、目的、范围、实施及其应关注的几个问题进行了阐述。     

QHSE管理体系内部审核实践与分析

QHSE管理体系内部审核是对企业管理体系推进的有效手段,介绍了内部审核的具体实施过程,通过这一严谨的内审过程,可以发现企业日常工作和管理中存在的问题、针对问题寻找根源,进行改进,这对企业发展具有良好的修正作用。     

如何做好内部审核工作

内部审核是机构质量体系有效运作的重要手段，也是相关标准、准则的要求，通过内审求得不断改进。因此，内审实际上是机构的一种自我检查，自我诊断，自我完善，自我发展的过程。本文就内部审核的概念、要求、目的、范围、实施及其应关注的几个问题进行了阐述。     

计量认证内部审核应该注意的几个问题

内部审核主要目的是发现机构自身存在的问题并致力于改进，以求达到工作质量的进一步提高。但许多通过计量认证的企业往往感觉内审工作操作难度较大，容易流于形式。其实这与内审的特点有很大关系，总结起来有如下几条：一是面子问题，内审员面对的往往是自己的同事，权威性不足。二是责任心问题，内审员往往也是责任人和质量改进的成员之一，因此常影响内部审核质量。三是权利问题，最高管理者对内审的重视程度，往往也会无形中影响内部审核质量。四是利益问题，内审的结果往往会涉及到局部的荣誉和利益，因而容易发生抵触和抗争。五是素质问题，多数企业内审员是兼职，加之培训不足，内审质量不易提高。这五个方面往往是内审中必须面对的问题也是内部审核质量不高，深度广度不够的主要原因。本人依据多年的培训审核经验，提出以下几点内审中应该注意的事项，供同行们参考。     

从实验室内审的过程方法谈审核方案的控制

本文从实验室内审的过程方法及关键点入手,简要论述了实验室内审方案的管理,信息的收集和验证,内审方案的实施;进而引入了实验室内审方案的控制,特别就内审方案管理的授权,实验室内审的目的,内审员的要求和培养及其内审方案的监视和评审,做了较为详细分析和论述。从而理解GB/T19011-2003/ISO 19011∶2002"质量和(或)环境管理体系审核指南"标准对实验室质量管理内部审核的作用以及追求质量管理体系持续改进的意义。     

Keys to effective third-party process safety audits

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA's) Process Safety Management (PSM) regulation was promulgated in 1992. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) corresponding Risk Management Program (RMP) rule followed in 1996. Both programs include requirements for triennial compliance audits. Effective compliance audits are critical in identifying program weaknesses and ensuring the safety of facility personnel and the surrounding public. Large companies with corporate and facility health, safety, and environmental groups typically have the resources and experience to conduct audits internally, either through a corporate audit team or the sharing of personnel between multiple facilities. Small to medium sized businesses frequently do not have the expertise or the resources to perform compliance audits, and rely on third-party consultants to provide these services. This paper will discuss the observations of the authors in performing audits and working with PSM/RMP programs across a number of market sectors (e.g. chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, food and beverage, water treatment), including effective practices, hurdles to successful implementation and execution of programs, and typical program shortcomings. The paper will also discuss steps to improve the audit process and increase effectiveness whether performed by a third party or internally.     

Initial development of a practical safety audit tool to assess fleet safety management practices

Work-related vehicle crashes are a common cause of occupational injury. Yet, there are few studies that investigate management practices used for light vehicle fleets (i.e. vehicles less than 4.5 tonnes). One of the impediments to obtaining and sharing information on effective fleet safety management is the lack of an evidence-based, standardised measurement tool. This article describes the initial development of an audit tool to assess fleet safety management practices in light vehicle fleets. The audit tool was developed by triangulating information from a review of the literature on fleet safety management practices and from semi-structured interviews with 15 fleet managers and 21 fleet drivers. A preliminary useability assessment was conducted with 5 organisations. The audit tool assesses the management of fleet safety against five core categories: (1) management, systems and processes; (2) monitoring and assessment; (3) employee recruitment, training and education; (4) vehicle technology, selection and maintenance; and (5) vehicle journeys. Each of these core categories has between 1 and 3 sub-categories. Organisations are rated at one of 4 levels on each sub-category. The fleet safety management audit tool is designed to identify the extent to which fleet safety is managed in an organisation against best practice. It is intended that the audit tool be used to conduct audits within an organisation to provide an indicator of progress in managing fleet safety and to consistently benchmark performance against other organisations. Application of the tool by fleet safety researchers is now needed to inform its further development and refinement and to permit psychometric evaluation.     

Safety certification of airborne software: An empirical study

Many safety-critical aircraft functions are software-enabled. Airborne software must be audited and approved by the aerospace certification authorities prior to deployment. The auditing process is time-consuming, and its outcome is unpredictable, due to the criticality and complex nature of airborne software. To ensure that the engineering of airborne software is systematically regulated and is auditable, certification authorities mandate compliance with safety standards that detail industrial best practice. This paper reviews existing practices in software safety certification. It also explores how software safety audits are performed in the civil aerospace domain. The paper then proposes a statistical method for supporting software safety audits by collecting and analysing data about the software throughout its lifecycle. This method is then empirically evaluated through an industrial case study based on data collected from 9 aerospace projects covering 58 software releases. The results of this case study show that our proposed method can help the certification authorities and the software and safety engineers to gain confidence in the certification readiness of airborne software and predict the likely outcome of the audits. The results also highlight some confidentiality issues concerning the management and retention of sensitive data generated from safety-critical projects.     

Clinical audit: Development of the criteria of good practices

Clinical audit is a systematic review of the procedures in order to improve the quality and the outcome of patient care, whereby the procedures are examined against agreed standards for good medical RADIOLOGICAL procedures. The criteria of good procedures (i.e. the good practice) are thus the cornerstones for development of clinical audits: these should be the basis of assessments regardless of the type of the audit--external, internal, comprehensive or partial. A lot of criteria for good practices are available through the recommendations and publications by international and national professional societies and other relevant organisations. For practical use in clinical audits, the criteria need to be compiled, sorted out and agreed on for the particular aims of an audit (comprehensive or partial, external or internal). The national professional and scientific societies can provide valuable contribution to this development. For examination--or treatment-specific criteria--preliminary consensus needs to be obtained with the help of clinical experts, while clinical audits can be useful as a benchmarking tool to improve the criteria.     

Database management systems for process safety

Several elements of the process safety management regulation (PSM) require tracking and documentation of actions; process hazard analyses, management of change, process safety information, operating procedures, training, contractor safety programs, pre-startup safety reviews, incident investigations, emergency planning, and compliance audits. These elements can result in hundreds of actions annually that require actions. This tracking and documentation commonly is a failing identified in compliance audits, and is difficult to manage through action lists, spreadsheets, or other tools that are comfortably manipulated by plant personnel. This paper discusses the recent implementation of a database management system at a chemical plant and chronicles the improvements accomplished through the introduction of a customized system. The system as implemented modeled the normal plant workflows, and provided simple, recognizable user interfaces for ease of use.     

Sampling of calibration system performance by measurement audits

A measurement audit is a method for sampling a calibration laboratory's measurements and assessing its performance against the limit of its claimed uncertainties of measurement. It is also a technique that supports quality assurance of all aspects of a laboratory's calibration system. This paper describes various methods of performing and assessing the results of measurement audits     

Some supplier quality assurance assessment issues

An investigation has been carried out in thirteen suppliers of plant systems and equipment for one-off construction projects, to determine the benefits and problems of applying quality assurance. This paper reports the findings of the investigation. These suppliers and the major purchasing agents are confronted with special quality assurance problems such as multiple auditing and inspection which are allied to the one-off nature of the items supplied. It is pointed out that this sample of suppliers is commonly encountering four to five external audits each year and that there is some dissatisfaction with the professional competence of some auditors and many inspectors employed on non-nuclear contracts.     

The quality of dental radiography in the Czech Republic--results of a TLD and film postal audit

Since 2002, the postal audit in dental radiography has been supplementing standard quality control (QC) tools for dental intraoral X-ray machines. An aim of the audit is to check basic X-ray machine parameters (field size, exposure reproducibility), and a quality of the whole process of diagnostic imaging (entrance surface air-kerma measurement, a check of film processing and an image quality evaluation). The standard QC tests, performed by private companies, check mainly the X-ray unit. Conversely, the audit gives better information about the patient examination practices. During the period of January 2002 to May 2004 approximately 4000 audits were performed. The results confirmed that main problems in dental radiography are due to incorrect film processing, non-optimised setting of the exposure parameters and use of obsolete X-ray machines. Only approximately 30% of performed audits were satisfactory with respect to all checked parameters.     

Qualifying the use of RIS data for patient dose by comparison with DICOM header data

A system was developed in 2008 to calculate patient doses using Radiology Information System (RIS) data and presents these data as a patient dose audit. One of the issues with this system was the quality of user-entered data. It has been shown that Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) header data can be used to perform dose audits with a high level of data accuracy. This study aims to show that using RIS data for dose audits is not only a viable alternative to using DICOM header data, but that it has advantages. A new system was developed to pull header data from DICOM images easily and was installed on a workstation within a hospital department. Data were recovered for a common set of examinations using both RIS and DICOM header data. The data were compared on a result-by-result basis to check for consistency of common fields between RIS and DICOM, as well as assessing the value of data fields uncommon to both systems. The study shows that whilst RIS is not as accurate as DICOM, it does provide enough accurate data and that it has other advantages over using a DICOM approach. These results suggest that a 'best of both worlds' may be achievable using Modality Performed Procedure Step (MPPS).     

奥迪特质量管理方法

介绍了先进的质量管理方法——奥迪特质量管理方法，阐述了奥迪特方法的含义、特点以及可能的应用领域，开发了计算机辅助奥迪特质量管理系统。