An efficient algorithm for the link allocation problem on ATM-basedpersonal communication networks

The personal communication network (PCN) is an emerging wireless network that promises many new services for the telecommunication industry. The proliferation of demands for extending wireless services to integrated services which supports the transmission of data and multimedia information has resulted in the need for broadband wireless systems that are able to provide service capabilities similar to those of wireline networks. The ATM cell-relay paradigm is one possible approach to provide broadband wireless transmission with PCNs using the ATM switching networks for interconnection of PCN cells. In an ATM-based PCN, the communication path between a pair of mobile terminals might be elongated due to the mobility of the terminals. The link allocation problem is that of allocating backbone links among ATM switches to reduce the effects of terminal mobility on the performance of ATM-based PCNs. Huang and Wang (1997) have shown that this problem is NP-complete. In this paper, we propose a new efficient heuristic algorithm for the link allocation problem. One novel feature of our algorithm is that we are able to derive sufficient conditions under which our algorithm is able to guarantee optimal solutions. Our empirical study shows that the average lengths of communication paths obtained by our algorithm are shorter than those obtained by Huang and Wang's algorithm. In addition, the number of successfully established paths obtained by our algorithm is significantly more than that obtained by the aforementioned     

ATM-based transport architecture for multiservices wirelesspersonal communication networks

This paper presents an ATM-based transport architecture for next-generation multiservices personal communication networks (PCN). Such “multimedia capable” integrated services wireless networks are motivated by an anticipated demand for wireless extensions to future broadband networks. An ATM compatible wireless network concept capable of supporting a mix of broadband ISDN services including constant bit-rate (CBR), variable bit-rate (VBR), and packet data transport is explored from an architectural viewpoint. The proposed system uses a hierarchical ATM switching network for interconnection of PCN microcells, each of which is serviced by high-speed, shared-access radio links based on ATM-compatible cell, relay principles. Design issues related to the physical (modulation), media access control (MAC), and data-link layers of the ATM-based radio link are discussed, and preliminary technical approaches are identified in each case. An example multiservice dynamic reservation (MDR) TDMA media access protocol is then considered in further detail, and simulation results are presented for an example voice/data scenario with a proportion of time-critical (i.e., multimedia) packet data. Time-of-expiry (TOE) based queue service disciplines are also investigated as a mechanism for improving the quality-of-service (QoS) in this scenario     

Location management strategies for cellular mobile networks

Location management in mobile communication systems is concerned with those network functions necessary to allow the users to be reached wherever they are in the network coverage area. The basic operations for that purpose-paging and location updating-are resource-consuming since both involve signalling over the radio link between the mobile stations and base stations. Future cellular mobile communication networks (wireless personal communication networks (PCN)) will have to support a large number of users, so a significant amount of radio signalling can be expected. This paper describes the conventional location management strategy (the one used in modern cellular systems like the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM)) and reviews, describes and comments on some alternative location management proposals for future high-density PCN environments that aim to reduce this expected high (radio) signalling load     

802.6 MAN based personal communications network over CATV plants

An infrastructure shared 802.6 MAN based personal communication network(PCN) is to be discussed. Considering the network configurations of CATV and 802.6 MAN based PCNs, a possible architecture is proposed. It is shown that the unidirectional dual buses can be implemented over star topological CATV distribution cable networks with only two cores. The design considerations related to the network capacity and the signaling loads for wireless personal communications are investigated with numerical example. The MAN partitioning is considered to extend the capacity of the network. An analytical method to evaluate the signaling loads of 802.6 MAN based PCNs is presented with a new mobility model. It is shown that the signaling traffic increased by partitioning is not the critical constraint for the feasibility of 802.6 MAN based PCN     

基于ATM技术的无线个人通信网

本文介绍一种未来的基于异步转移模式技术的无线个人通信网，对其支持的业务种类，系统设计准则，体系结构和网络构成进行了详细描述。     

PCS in the US and Europe

It is argued that Europe is well ahead of the US in spectrum identification, standards development, and equipment deployment for personal communication networks (PCNs). However, the very speed with which wireless activities vaulted the Europeans into prominence has caused the process to outrun the marketplace, the realities of which have slowed the process. In the US, the pace of PCN deployment will speed up now that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has selected the spectrum location and has promised a fast track for the rulemaking. The progress made over the last three years in the US and Europe in wireless communications and, specifically PCNs are discussed     

Low cost microstrip-fed dual frequency printed dipole antenna forwireless communications

A low cost microstrip-fed dual frequency dipole antenna has been developed for personal communication network (PCN) and wireless LAN (WLAN) applications in the 2.4 and 5.2 GHz bands. The antenna radiates bi-directionally and has a double-sided structure to enable transition from a balanced planar stripline to unbalanced microstrip line. The 10 dB bandwidths achieved were 18.75 and 7.7% at 2.4 and 5.2 GHz, respectively     

An Efficient Link Allocation Algorithm for ATM-Based Personal Communication Networks

The wireless personal communication networks (PCN) will play an important role throughout the 1990s and into the next century. Due to the demand for extending the wireless services to integrated services such as data, voice, images and video, a high-speed backbone network to connect the base stations in the microcells is required. One of the possible solutions is to apply the ATM-based backbone network. In such an ATM-based PCN, the communication path between a pair of mobile terminals might be elongated due to the mobility of terminals. Generally, there are two ways to resolve this problem. The first is to migrate the elongated path to a better one when necessary. The other is to design an appropriate backbone network by considering the mobile environment. Recently, several mechanisms based on the former approach have been proposed. In this paper, the latter approach is considered and the design problem of allocating the backbone links among the ATM switches so that the network performance affected by the terminal mobility is kept as less as possible is investigated. We show that this link allocation problem is NP-hard. A simple and efficient heuristic is also proposed for this problem. Simulation results show that based on the backbone obtained by the heuristic, the average length of each communication path is kept as short as possible even under the mobile environment. As a result, the number of successfully established paths in the network is increased significantly.     

A small chip size 2 W, 62% efficient HBT MMIC for 3 V PCNapplications

This work describes the L-band low voltage (⩾1.6 V) power performance of AlGAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs), their modeling and the design of a 2-W monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) for 3-V wireless mobile PCN applications (1800 MHz). The two-stage MMIC achieves 62% power-added efficiency (PAE) and 33 dB of linear gain, at a very small chip size of 1.2 mm². To our knowledge this is the best combination of power performance data for wireless applications demonstrated so far for a MMIC. The chip size is about a factor of four smaller than comparable MMIC's known before. The MMIC offers the potential both for low cost production due to small chip size, single voltage supply, and high performance at the same time     

Developing technologies for personal communication networks

The author reviews the technologies needed to meet the demands of the personal communication network (PCN) service, and gives the reasons why the three successful PCN applicants stated their preference for Groupe Speciale Mobile, (GSM) as the basis for PCN. Then the author discusses how, based on GSM, the DCS1800 standard (digital communication system at 1800 MHz) was elaborated by ETSI to meet PCN requirements     

Feasibility of adding a personal communications network to anexisting fixed-service microwave system

This paper examines the feasibility of adding a personal communication network (PCN) to a frequency band which is already allocated to fixed-service microwave systems. To achieve this goal, spread spectrum techniques are used to spread narrowband PCN signals into wideband. The forward and reverse link performance of PCN users under the influence of the microwave system and the influence of PCN users on the microwave system are both examined. It is proven that spectrum sharing between the PCN network and microwave systems is indeed feasible. Although our analysis is done based upon the consideration of only one microwave system, it can be easily extended to allow the appearance of two or more microwave systems     

Overlay of cellular CDMA on FSM

The spectrum sharing capability of a CDMA PCN (48 MHz bandwidth), overlayed on the fixed service microwave (FSM) band (1850-1990 MHz), is investigated. This overlay may cause two types of interference: 1) interference from the overlayed PCN on the FSM systems, 2) interference from the microwave system to the PCN users. In the first case, both analog and digital systems are considered, because they are both in operation in the above frequency band. Furthermore, for the digital microwave system performance degradation, most of the modulation methods employed for digital transmission are considered. In the second case, the performance degradation of both the forward and the reverse PCN links are investigated, and, for the forward link, two options are considered: 1) incorporating power control, and 2) a no-power-control scheme. Next, real Fourier transformers and notch filters in the PCN receiver and transmitter are employed, in order to minimize both types of interference, and the above analysis is repeated     

The ideal communications service [PCN]

The development of personal communications network (PCN) technology in the United Kingdom is reviewed. It is argued that the perceived benefits of PCN, smaller handsets, improved communication quality, and increased capacity of the PCN technology, as compared with the competing cellular networks, are expected to give the personal communications concept mass-market appeal. Future technological developments for PCNs and issues concerning PCN development, including competition, pricing strategy and penetration, market confusion, and technological limitations, are discussed     

A comprehensive model for voice activity in conversational speech-development and application to performance analysis of new-generation wireless communication systems

Proposed new wireless communication systems such as third generation cellular and PCN will utilize speech inferpolation, disconnecting the user from the spectral resource during pauses in speech in order to reduce radiated emissions and improve spectral efficiency. An accurate model of the on-off characteristics of conversational speech is thus necessary to analyze system performance, particularly if the system utilizes a time and/or frequency division multiple access technique. Previously developed speech activity models are deficient because they either do not reproduce short silent pauses of less than 200 ms. (representative of the silence gaps between syllables or words) or else they do not replicate the dynamics between the two conversing parties. Starting with the P.T. Brady model and developing appropriate modifications, this paper formulates a simple, accurate, comprehensive 8-state Markov model for voice activity in conversational speech. The new model can easily be incorporated into simulations or analyses assessing the performance of various new-generation wireless networks, thus improving the accuracy of the performance assessments.This work has been sponsored by the Telecommunications Research Institute of Ontario (TRIO).     

Engineered Polymeric Carbon Nitride Additive for Energy Storage Materials: A Review

The ever-increasing demands for high energy density electronics have motivated research on exploring new types of electrode materials featuring mechanical flexibility and electrical storage capability. Of these, polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) has been increasingly studied in regard to electrical energy storage (EES) because of its abundant pyridinic N content, which is beneficial for enhancing electrochemical performance. However, state-of-the-art PCN-based electrode materials for EES are still far from industrial requirements. Herein, the current status of PCN-based materials in batteries and supercapacitors (SCs) is primarily discussed. A particular emphasis is placed on the PCN processing into composite electrode materials, including the defect engineering of pristine PCN and its coupling with other conductive materials to develop heterojunction nanostructures, which is essential for developing highly efficient electrode materials. Moreover, the direct pyrolysis of PCN into N-doped graphene with a tunable N content is introduced and achieves remarkable energy storage performance with superior electronic conductivity. Furthermore, the energy storage mechanisms for batteries and SCs are also highlighted to reveal structure–performance relationship. Finally, this comprehensive review outlines the remaining challenges and strategies for future improvements in PCN-based materials in this emerging field. This review will provide inspiration on developing future PCN-based materials for EES.     

Protected core networking: an architectural approach to secure and flexible communications

Protected core networking (PCN) is a concept intended to be used to implement a flexible transport infrastructure that supports future military operations based on network enabled capability (NEC). PCN is based on creating a loose coupling between information domains and the transport infrastructure, and focusing on the provision of high service availability, also in high-threat environments. This architectural approach highlights a number of emerging and novel concepts where research and development is needed to properly support NEC.     

Integrated Services over ATM/MAN-Based Personal Communication Networks

IEEE 802.6 metropolitan area networks (MANs) providean efficient architecture for supporting wirelesspersonal communication services (PCSs) overmetropolitan areas by interconnecting wireless basestations into personal communication networks (PCNs).They also serve as peripheral gathering networks totransport PCS traffic over a wide area broadbandintegrated services digital network employingasynchronous transfer mode (ATM), enabling integrationof PCNs in different cities into a global PCN. Bycombining the various access methods and employing adynamic bandwidth integration scheme, a MAN canfunction as a powerful distributed switch forintegrating different types of local traffic.Simulation results are presented to illustrate theadvantages of the integration scheme. To provideubiquitous PCS, we also propose a simplesuffix-dialing method for integrating telephone, fax,paging and email services over the ATM/MAN-based PCNsusing a single personal telecommunication number. Withthis method, the current practice of printing a longlist of phone numbers on one's business card will nolonger be necessary.     

个人通信网和个人通信服务

作为第三代移动通信的创新概念“个人通信”被提出以来，个人通信网和个人通信服务从定义、理论、技术、设备等各方面得到不断发展和明显进步，得到全世界通信学界的极大重视，本文依据个人通信网的定义和现实发展，对个人通信网的研究发展方向，技术重点，实现个人通信服务所需求的功能和应用前景等进行讨论。     

Implementation of PCNs using DCS 1800

The digital cellular system (1800 MHz) (DCS 1800), a standard for personal communication networks (PCNs) that has been developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institution (ETSI), is discussed. The GSM 900-MHz cellular standard, from which DCS 1800 is derived, is reviewed. GSM/DCS 1800 network interfaces and signaling, implementation of PCNs using DCS 1800, PCN cellular design, PCN transmission networks, and the services and functionality of DCS 1800 are described