基于改进可变模糊集的延河水质评价

为了合理评价延河水质,基于集对分析法、熵值理论和可变模糊集,构建了水质评价模型。该模型利用可变模糊集的思想,将熵权集对分析法得出的加权平均联系度作为相对差异度,计算水质的最终评价等级。利用该模型对延河5个监测断面的6项水质指标进行了综合评价,结果表明:延河整体水质较好,4个监测断面属于Ⅲ类水体,1个监测断面属于Ⅱ类水体;与其他方法比较,该模型评价结果合理,计算简便,同时还可以比较处于同一水质等级下不同监测断面的污染情况,对研究河流沿程污染和确定河流纳污能力有一定指导意义。     

基于物元可拓模型对城市黑臭水体治理效果的评价

中国目前治理黑臭水体已掀起热潮,建立完善有效的评价机制对国家监管黑臭水体治理效果具有重要的意义。此次效果评价指标从以投入、过程和产出为重心的效率导向型评价转向以结果、质量、公平性和民众满意度为重心的结果导向型评价。现基于可持续发展、生态学和河流健康等理论框架,从经济效益、水生态环境效益和社会民生效益、水功能效益4个方面建立城市黑臭水体治理效果评价指标体系。利用物元可拓评价模型对城市黑臭水体治理结果进行评价,并遵循政府"奖优罚劣"的激励原则,对强化黑臭水体治理项目后续依效付费起到一定的激励作用。     

结合熵权的综合水质标识指数法在水质评价中的应用

综合水质标识指数法能定性、定量地对河流的水质进行评价,而评价指标的权重对评价结果的影响较大,因此提出了基于熵权的综合水质标识指数法.利用该方法对广东某河流2个监测站点的溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量、生化需氧量、氨氮、总磷、石油类、粪大肠菌群等8个主要水质指标的监测数据进行综合评价,评价结果较好地反映了该流域水质的状...     

生态治理技术在山湖苑黑臭水体整治中的应用研究

黑臭水体给生态、景观、人居环境带来较多负面影响,也严重影响居民日常生活。黑臭水体成因复杂、整治工程艰巨,但对于提升城市建设品质、水环境质量意义重大。自2017年起,江苏省常熟市积极开展城市黑臭水体整治工作,水环境质量获得有效提升。本文以常熟市山湖苑河黑臭水体生态治理为例,基于水体黑臭成因,重点对黑臭水体整治措施及治理效果进行跟踪分析,探讨城市河流生态治理方式,为今后城市黑臭水体生态治理提供参考。     

长株潭区域河流幸福度等级评价研究

为科学评价区域河流幸福度等级,从防洪保安全、优质水资源、健康水生态、宜居水环境、先进水文化、绿色水产业和文明水管护7个方面选取21个指标构建区域河流幸福度等级评价体系并建立评价模型。通过云模型、熵权法确定指标的主、客观权重,利用逼近理想解排序法和灰色关联度分析组合形成改进灰色TOPSIS模型,计算多个指标和研究对象的综合贴近度,判断所属幸福度等级。采用该模型对长株潭及周边7个城市的典型河流进行幸福度等级评价。结果表明：各地区河流幸福度仍有较大差距,部分指标反映的问题具有普遍性,与其实际情况相符,表明所建立的评价模型具有可行性。评价结果及建议对长株潭区域的幸福河创建工作具有指导意义。     

昌平区中小河道黑臭水体治理研究

针对北京市昌平区中小河道黑臭水体污染现状,选取透明度、DO、氧化还原电位和NH_3-N等4个指标作为黑臭水体水环境质量的评价因子,确定了水体黑臭评价指标体系,并在调查分析的基础上探讨了昌平区中小河道黑臭水体的成因、分类及空间分布特征,给出了以"外源控制-内源治理-生态修复"为核心的治理技术体系和控制水体污染的管理措施,为昌平区中小河道今后的综合管理提供科学依据。     

北京市黑臭水体监测评价与分析

城市水体黑臭成因复杂,影响因素多,整治任务十分艰巨.本次利用调查和实测资料,对北京市黑臭水体进行了监测判定,分全市和建成区2种统计口径做了汇总和评价,为下一步北京市黑臭水体整治和评估提供了主要依据.     

辽河流域健康评价指标体系初探

辽河流域生态脆弱,河流污染严重.本文基于辽河现状,从辽河流域、河流廊道、栖息地3个尺度,确定评价指标体系,采用熵权法和集对分析不确定性理论,对辽河流域健康指标进行评价分析确定,为辽河水生态保护和修复提供决策依据.     

基于熵权云模型评价法的省级考核断面水质评价与对比

水环境系统拥有随机性和模糊性,20世纪90年代提出的云模型可以灵活地实现数据和概念的转换,因此逐渐应用在水质评价;水质评价问题本质是一个多属性分类问题,欧式距离可以很好地表征多属性问题,其在水质评价中也开始应用。为比较变权欧式距离法及熵权云模型评价法在水质评价中的优劣性,依托陕西省渭河、汉江、丹江3条主要河流2020年水质监测数据,采用变权欧式距离法和熵权云模型评价法综合评价3条河流40个断面的地表水环境质量。结果表明：研究区域内水质状况良好,70%以上的站点水质达到Ⅲ类水。污染较为严重的断面主要分布在渭河支流,主要污染物控制指标为化学需氧量和氨氮。     

基于熵权法的大凌河河流健康水平评价

河流健康水平的评价是以科学研究和监测为基础,得到直观明确的评价结果,从而为河流的管理者、开发者与社会公众提供科学信息。本文采用层级分析法建立了大凌河河流健康水平评价的指标体系与层次结构,并基于熵权法确定了各指标的权重值,得到了大凌河在不同河段的河流健康单项指数与河流健康综合指数,为提升该流域的河流健康水平提供了科学依据。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.