北山预选区新场地段岩体节理几何特征及评价

 准确分析和评价BS17,BS18和BS19钻孔周边岩体节理几何特征,是我国高放废物处置北山预选区新场地段场址筛选及适宜性评价的重点内容和关键步骤之一。通过现场调查、数理统计和概率分析等方法,对该地区的岩体节理几何特性进行研究,结果表明：(1) 各钻孔均发育4个节理优势组,尤以NE向和NW向最发育;(2) 节理倾角以陡倾角的剪节理为主,节理产状服从正态分布函数,节理间距可用负指数函数进行有效拟合;(3) 节理平均间距宽,迹长长,中点面密度小。基于岩体节理在高放废物处置库工程安全运行中的重要性。采用 法对岩体节理发育特征进行综合评价,发现新场地段3个钻孔周围岩体节理发育程度轻微、区域差异性小、岩体完整性好,断层对其两侧岩体的节理发育有促进作用,研究结果可为北山预选区处置库场址筛选和场址适宜性评价提供必要的数据支持。     

新疆阿奇山地段岩体节理特征研究

我国高放废物处置库新疆预选区的阿奇山地段是有利候选地段之一。本次在阿奇山地段进行详细的地质节理调查,以地表露头及采石坑内的节理为主要对象,通过现场节理调查取得节理数据,共测得3680条节理数据。进行节理几何特征的概率分析,对岩体赋存的结构条件进行有效、准确的描述和定量分析,准确地确定岩体节理的分布。由结果可以看出阿奇山地段的岩体节理以陡倾角的剪节理为主,且节理倾向和倾角符合正态分布规律,节理间距用负指数分布规律很好表示,阿奇山地段各区域的节理间距属于宽间距,由此表明此地段岩体完整性较好。本次研究得到阿奇山地段岩体节理基本特征参数,为高放废物深地质处置库的选址、概念库设计以及进行核素迁移规律研究提供翔实的资料。     

甘肃北山预选区新场地段花岗岩类岩石特征研究

 我国高放废物地质处置库北山预选区,处置库候选围岩为花岗岩。新场地段是北山预选区中的一个有利地段,其围岩为花岗岩类岩石,主要包括二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩,少量为石英闪长岩等。岩石中广泛产出角闪石、磁铁矿、榍石等多见于同熔型、I–型花岗岩类中的特征矿物;少部分花岗闪长岩中出现白云母、石榴子石等上地壳特征矿物。花岗岩类的常量化学成分,属高钾钙碱性系列花岗岩类,具同熔型或I–型花岗岩的特征。     

浅谈回旋钻机深孔钻桩成孑L质量控制

本文就强风化层花岗岩层与中风化花岗岩层多层交锗以及岩面倾斜的地质地段进行钻孔桩的施工．论述了传统的单导向圈的回旋钻机钻头改为双导向圈回旋钻机钻头以及增加配重块有利于保证钻孔质量的特点。     

甘肃北山芨芨采石场岩体节理特征研究

 芨芨采石场是我国高放废物处置库甘肃北山预选区有利候选地段之一。采用综合节理测量法在芨芨采石场进行详细的节理调查，共获得13 012条节理数据。根据芨芨采石场内的断层将该区域初步划分为3个岩体结构均质区和2个断层影响区。基于圆形窗口法原理编制计算程序，分析断层两侧节理的平均迹长和迹线中点面密度的变化，确定断层对节理分布的影响范围，准确划分岩体结构均质区的大小，并得出各均质区节理的平均迹长和迹线中点面密度；采用节理玫瑰花图和节理极点图法，得出各均质区节理的优势组，对各优势组的产状进行统计分析。芨芨采石场的岩体节理以陡倾角的剪节理为主，节理倾向和倾角符合正态分布；统计分析各优势组的节理间距，得出各优势组节理间距符合负指数分布。按照ISRM提出的《岩体不连续面定量描述的建议方法》(1978)，采石场各结构均质区的节理间距都属于宽间距，表明岩体完整性较好。本次研究得到芨芨采石场岩体节理基本特征的定量化参数，为岩体力学和渗流特性的深入研究提供必要的数据。     

考虑多尺度结构的贯通节理岩体损伤摩擦耦合模型

基于贯通节理岩体结构的多尺度特征,采用两步均匀化方法,给出了节理岩体在复杂荷载作用下的自由焓表达式,建立了节理岩体损伤摩擦耦合本构模型。模型可同时考虑岩块损伤扩展、微裂纹滑移剪胀、法向刚度恢复,节理面多阶凸起体滑移磨损、剪胀演化以及节理与岩块相互作用等特征,较好地反映岩体内部微裂纹、节理等不同尺度微结构变化对其力学特性的影响。采用Lac du Bonnet花岗岩三轴压缩试验、花岗岩节理剪切试验以及不同节理倾角与不同围压下Martinsburg板岩三轴压缩强度试验等成果对模型进行了验证,模型预测值与实测值相当吻合,论证了模型的准确性。     

基于高密度电法的重点预选场址区远场断裂探测应用

对于高放废物地质处置而言,其场区边界断裂首先成为放射性核素向生物圈运移的潜在通道,有效探明处置库周边断裂地质信息(断裂影响性、产状及核部宽度等)显得尤为重要,优先的研究手段应通过钻探获取断裂信息,但面对高放废物处置库这样的工程特点,钻探又不宜大面积布置。本文基于上述情况,特以新场地块重点预选区西边界断裂为研究对象,分别在平行与垂直于断裂方向上布设了物探线,尝试利用高效无损的高密度电法探测技术开展相关研究,后期运用成熟的AGI与Loke反演,得到二维视电阻率剖面图,两种反演方法的解译结果均能较好地反映断裂信息。沿断裂走向上,在视电阻率剖面1300m左右开始出现一个较宽低阻区,显示出较大范围岩体破碎区,与地表露头踏勘对应,这就为研究区可能曾受北边逆断裂压性作用影响提供了物探证明;同时在垂直于断裂方向上,视电阻率剖面显示该断裂视倾角约70°,断裂核部宽约3~5m,其结果被三维精细化探槽所印证。实践证明,高密度电法能为处置库设计提供必要的基础数据,具有广阔的应用价值。     

节理接触面对应力波传播影响的SHPB试验研究EI北大核心CSCD

为探讨岩体的节理接触面积对应力波传播规律的影响,采用分离式霍普金森压杆试验装置开展试验研究,分析不同接触面积比的节理的动态力学特性以及节理的接触面积几何分布对应力波传播特性的影响。人工切槽的岩块与完整岩块组合得到不同接触面积比的节理岩块作为试样。通过一系列的实验,得到以下的结论:节理的接触面积比、接触面积分布和冲头冲击速率不仅影响节理岩块的动态力学特性而且影响应力波的传播。应力波的透射系数与冲头冲击速率、节理面大小及相对密集度(即接触面分布离散和接触面分布紧凑)有关;当节理接触面的几何相对密集度一定时,应力波透射系数随着节理接触面积比的增大呈线性增长,且透射系数随冲头速率的增大而增大;此外,相对于节理接触面积小但分布离散的岩体,应力波通过接触面积大、分布紧凑的节理的衰减更为明显。     

节理间距对滚刀破岩影响的线性破岩试验研究

掘进机(TBM)开挖过程中受到各种地质因素的影响,其中节理间距是影响TBM滚刀破岩的一个重要因素。设计节理间距为100mm和400mm两组试验方案。试样为甘肃北山花岗岩,应用北京工业大学自行研制的大型机械破岩实验平台,选用17英寸(432mm)的常截面盘形滚刀进行线性切割破岩试验。试验过程中记录滚刀三向力、滚刀下岩样裂纹扩展并收集了岩片。从三向力、裂纹的扩展模式和岩片等角度分析节理间距对滚刀破岩的影响。结果表明:节理间距100mm的岩体切入所需要的推力小于完整岩石的推力,节理间距400mm的岩体破岩过程中推力有一突变的过程。节理间距100mm岩体滚刀作用下存在两种破坏模式,节理间距400mm的岩体破岩过程则包括了正常破岩和节理面影响破岩两个过程,并且节理对竖向主裂纹向节理面扩展有加剧的作用。节理面下方岩石较完整,节理面阻碍裂纹朝节理面下方岩石传播。     

节理接触面对应力波传播影响的SHPB试验研究

为探讨岩体的节理接触面积对应力波传播规律的影响,采用分离式霍普金森压杆试验装置开展试验研究,分析不同接触面积比的节理的动态力学特性以及节理的接触面积几何分布对应力波传播特性的影响。人工切槽的岩块与完整岩块组合得到不同接触面积比的节理岩块作为试样。通过一系列的实验,得到以下的结论:节理的接触面积比、接触面积分布和冲头冲击速率不仅影响节理岩块的动态力学特性而且影响应力波的传播。应力波的透射系数与冲头冲击速率、节理面大小及相对密集度(即接触面分布离散和接触面分布紧凑)有关;当节理接触面的几何相对密集度一定时,应力波透射系数随着节理接触面积比的增大呈线性增长,且透射系数随冲头速率的增大而增大;此外,相对于节理接触面积小但分布离散的岩体,应力波通过接触面积大、分布紧凑的节理的衰减更为明显。     

High-level radioactive waste disposal in China: update 2010

For geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW), the Chinese policy is that the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) should be reprocessed first, followed by vitrification and final disposal. The preliminary repository concept is a shaft-tunnel model, located in saturated zones in granite, while the final waste form for disposal is vitrified high-level radioactive waste. In 2006, the government published a long-term research and development (RD) plan for geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste. The program consists of three steps: (1) laboratory studies and site selection for a HLW repository (2006–2020); (2) underground in-situ tests (2021–2040); and (3) repository construction (2041–2050) followed by operation. With the support of China Atomic Energy Authority, comprehensive studies are underway and some progresses are made. The site characterization, including deep borehole drilling, has been performed at the most potential Beishan site in Gansu Province, Northwestern China. The data from geological and hydrogeological investigations, in-situ stress and permeability measurements of rock mass are presented in this paper. Engineered barrier studies are concentrated on the Gaomiaozi bentonite. A mock-up facility, which is used to study the thermo-hydro-mechano-chemical (THMC) properties of the bentonite, is under construction. Several projects on mechanical properties of Beishan granite are also underway. The key scientific challenges faced with HLW disposal are also discussed.     

The Beishan underground research laboratory for geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste in China: Planning,site selection,site characterization and in situ tests

With the rapid development of nuclear power in China, the disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) has become an important issue for nuclear safety and environmental protection. Deep geological disposal is internationally accepted as a feasible and safe way to dispose of HLW, and underground research laboratories (URLs) play an important and multi-faceted role in the development of HLW repositories. This paper introduces the overall planning and the latest progress for China's URL. On the basis of the proposed strategy to build an area-specific URL in combination with a comprehensive evaluation of the site selection results obtained during the last 33 years, the Xinchang site in the Beishan area, located in Gansu Province of northwestern China, has been selected as the final site for China's first URL built in granite. In the process of characterizing the Xinchang URL site, a series of investigations, including borehole drilling, geological mapping, geophysical surveying, hydraulic testing and in situ stress measurements, has been conducted. The investigation results indicate that the geological, hydrogeological, engineering geological and geochemical conditions of the Xinchang site are very suitable for URL construction. Meanwhile, to validate and develop construction technologies for the Beishan URL, the Beishan exploration tunnel (BET), which is a 50-m-deep facility in the Jiujing sub-area, has been constructed and several in situ tests, such as drill-and-blast tests, characterization of the excavation damaged zone (EDZ), and long-term deformation monitoring of surrounding rocks, have been performed in the BET. The methodologies and technologies established in the BET will serve for URL construction. According to the achievements of the characterization of the URL site, a preliminary design of the URL with a maximum depth of 560 m is proposed and necessary in situ tests in the URL are planned.     

综合钻孔测量技术在导水构造 水文地质特征评价中的应用

 导水构造水文地质特征评价是高放废物地质处置系统场址选取和评价研究的重要任务。钻孔雷达测量可以提供断裂构造在岩体中横向的延展特征。钻孔声波电视测量可以获得钻孔孔壁360°连续图像。从这些图像上可以解译出岩性特征、结构面的走向和相互关系等信息。多参数水化学测井直接获得深部环境地下水水化学数据和垂向变化特征。双栓塞压水试验技术可以分段测量钻孔揭露岩体的渗透参数。任何单一的钻孔测量技术都不能准确、完整地描述导水构造的特征。综合钻孔测量技术将单一的钻孔测量技术有机结合起来,综合分析所获得的数据,既发挥综合效应,各类数据又可以相互验证,提高数据的可靠性。将综合钻孔测量技术应用于高放废物地质处置系统场址预选和评价研究中,以甘肃北山预选区3#(BS03)钻孔为例,建立导水构造的水文地质特征模型。     

高分辨率声波钻孔电视及其在核废物地质处置深部岩体研究中的应用

声波钻孔电视测量是最早能获得钻孔直观图像的地球物理测井方法,新一代声波钻孔电视探头采用了先进的声波束聚焦技术、数字记录技术和数字化数据处理技术,具有精度高、分辨率高和测井速度快等特点。在高放废物深地质处置库场址预选和场址评价研究中,深部岩体的节理裂隙特征参数是场址性能评价的基础数据之一。利用高分辨率声波钻孔电视测井技术,可获得钻孔孔壁直观图像和孔壁各点的三维磁坐标和倾斜坐标参数。利用这些参数,计算钻孔的偏移量、进行钻孔裂隙统计分析、岩芯定向排列和评价局部范围内深部岩体节理裂隙和断裂构造的延伸特征等。声波钻孔电视是一种方便、快捷、精度高的深部岩体裂隙测量工具。     

Concept development of an underground research tunnel for validating the Korean reference HLW disposal system

In order to dispose of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) safely in geological formations, it is necessary to assess the feasibility, safety, appropriateness, and stability of the disposal concept at an underground research laboratory (URL) constructed in the same geological formation as the host rock. In this study, minimum requirements and the conceptual design for an efficient construction of a small scale URL were derived based on a literature review. To confirm the validity of the conceptual design for construction at KAERI, a geological survey including a seismic refraction survey, electronic resistivity survey, borehole drilling, and in situ and laboratory tests were carried out. The mechanical stability of the URL was investigated with a consideration of the surface topography, tunnel geometry, tunnel slope, sequential excavation, in situ stress ratio, erosion effect, and rock property variation along the tunnel using the three-dimensional code, FLAC3D. From the study, it was possible to conclude that the small scale URL will be effectively constructed in a granite mass at KAERI and will satisfy the minimum requirements.     

北山花岗岩裂隙地下水循环属性试验研究

 中国高放核废物预选场址位于甘肃省北山花岗岩体中。北山3号试验钻孔(BS03)位于旧井地段，地处区域性地下水系统的径流区。该钻孔是专门为场址评价而开凿的。首次采用钻孔双栓塞水文地质试验系统由该钻孔采集到分别来自144.00～156.77，208.00～238.00，430.51～445.72 m这3个层段的代表性地下水样。稳定同位素(d 2H，d18O)测试分别采用铬还原和CO2平衡法制备并且在MAT253质谱上测试。结果表明，地下水补给为本地降水，与前人关于祁连山补给的观点不同。氚采用蒸馏与电解富集流程(20倍)制备并且在QUANTLUS1220上测试。氟利昂(CFCs)采用带德国制富集装置的气相色谱测试。结果表明，3个层段地下水样品中均不含1951年以来人工热核试验带来的氚或1940年以来人类工业化带来的氟利昂，属于年龄在60 a以上的老水。     

Deterioration of exposed buffer block: desiccation shrinkage and cracking

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment - In high-level radioactive waste (HLW) repositories, buffer blocks are used for constructing engineering barrier to intercept radionuclides....