一个新的适用于HCCI燃烧及排放研究的PRF燃料化学反应简化机理

提出了一个适用于HCCI燃烧过程研究并能考虑重要排放物的基础燃料简化动力学机理,包含42种物质,62个反应.简化机理与激波管试验以及详细机理在理论当量比,温度范围667～1 250 K,不同基础燃料配比(PRF100、PRF90、PRF80、PRF60、PRF0)下对滞燃期的预测较为吻合.与快速压缩机试验对比表明,简化机理对PRF90燃料在不同当量比及不同初始温度下对滞燃期的预测较为准确.与HCCI发动机试验对比表明,简化机理在不同基础燃料配比下(PRF90、PRF75、PRF50、PRF25)对滞燃期的预测较为准确.敏感性分析表明,针对PRF75燃料HCCI燃烧情况,更多正庚烷反应影响低温着火进程,更多异辛烷反应影响高温着火进程,异辛烷的烯烃裂解反应对着火速率的影响很大.     

基于HCCI发动机着火特性的柴油三组分表征燃料详细化学动力学模型

构建了一个由正庚烷、甲苯和环己烷组成,并加入正庚烷与甲苯的交叉反应,三组分柴油表征燃料的详细化学动力学机理模型,包含1 171种物质、4 580个基元反应.基于着火时刻对于均质充量压燃(HCCI)燃烧的重要性,以着火点为主要衡量标准,采用单区燃烧模型,以不同比例的三组分表征燃料详细化学反应动力学机理模拟HCCI燃烧的燃烧始点,根据HCCI发动机试验数据,确定了三组分机理的最佳组分质量比为8∶1∶1(正庚烷∶甲苯∶环己烷).还对单组分(正庚烷)、最佳比例的双组分(正庚烷、甲苯)和最佳比例的三组分机理进行了比较验证,对3种机理模拟得到的着火滞燃期和放热率的结果进行对比,详细分析了环己烷对表征燃料滞燃期的调整作用,以及交叉反应的加入对表征燃料的影响.结果表明:新的柴油三组分详细机理可以更为准确地描述柴油HCCI着火时刻.     

正庚烷均质压燃过程的燃烧稳定性和循环变动的研究

对正庚烷HCCI燃烧典型工况下的燃烧稳定性和循环变动进行了研究。在单缸HCCI发动机上,通过气口喷射正庚烷,记录了部分燃烧、正常燃烧、爆震燃烧下100个循环的示功图,据此对各个燃烧参数和性能参数的循环变动进行了分析。研究表明：低温阶段的冷焰反应时刻、起始反应温度和低温放热峰值时刻的循环变动系数小于3%,且受混合气浓度的影响不明显;高温阶段燃烧参数循环变动较大,但是着火时刻和峰值放热时刻随混合气浓度的增加显著减小;低温和高温峰值放热率循环变动系数较高。在性能参数方面：不发生爆震燃烧时,最高压力、压力升高率的变动较小;发生爆震燃烧时,循环变动系数迅速增加;不发生失火或者部分燃烧时,平均指示压力和指示热效率的变动较小,且随混合气浓度增加而减小。     

涡流室式柴油机相关火焰微元燃烧模型的三维数值模拟

把涡流室式柴油机不同区域与不同时期的燃烧过程分开处理,将涡流室的燃烧过程划分为３个阶段,即：低温着火化学动力学反应阶段、高温预混燃烧化学动力学反应阶段和相关火焰微元的扩散燃烧阶段,而认为主燃烧室的燃烧只有相关火焰微元的扩散燃烧阶段。用Ｓｈｅｌ着火模型、Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ方程和相关火焰微元模型来分别模拟低温着火、高温预混燃烧和扩散燃烧过程。开发了三维数值模拟计算程序并对其进行计算,研究了涡流室中瞬态温度场的变化过程。模型预测的示功图和涡流室中的燃烧放热率与试验值吻合良好。     

一个新的用于HCCI发动机燃烧研究的正庚烷化学反应动力学简化模型

提出了一个新的适用于HCCI发动机燃烧研究的正庚烷化学反应动力学简化模型，包含44种组分和72个反应。由四个子模型组成：低温反应子模型是在Li等人模型的基础上，定义具体的醛类(RcH0)产物和小分子碳氢产物(Rs)而构建；增加了用于链接低温反应向高温反应过渡的大分子直接裂解成小分子反应子模型；高温反应子模型是在Griffiths等人模型的基础上，去除了无关的基元反应，增加两个关于CO和CH3O的氧化反应而构建；此外，还采用了Golovitchev简化模型中NOx生成子模型。新模型能够模拟正庚烷HCCI燃烧的冷焰和热焰反应以及NOx生成的整个过程，与详细模型计算结果吻合较好。CPU计算时间是详细模型的1／1000，为CFD多维模型与化学反应动力学模型相耦合的燃烧计算提供了可行的途径。     

乙醇-正庚烷燃料均质压缩过程着火与燃烧特性的研究

详细研究了乙醇正庚烷混合燃料实现均质充量压缩过程的自燃着火特性和燃烧特性。在单缸HCCI发动机上，开展了正庚烷、10％～50％乙醇正庚烷燃料在1800r／min下不同负荷时的试验研究。研究表明，在正庚烷中加入30％～40％比例的乙醇，HCCI运行的平均指示压力可以从0．34MPa拓展到0．52MPa，大负荷下的指示热效率达到50％，但低负荷热效率显著降低。由于乙醇较高的辛烷值，随燃料中乙醇比例的增加，低温反应明显推迟，发生低温反应的起始温度相应升高，峰值放热率降低，并且当乙醇比例达到50％以后，观察不到明显的低温反应。由此导致高温着火时刻推迟，燃烧持续时间延长。正庚烷、10％～30％乙醇正庚烷的HC较低，但是乙醇比例达到40％后，HC显著升高。CO排放在平均指示压力0．15～0．25MPa最高，负荷增加后得到改善。在供给相同的循环热量条件下，随乙醇比例增加，最大燃烧压力以及对应时刻、着火时刻都呈现明显的变动。     

正庚烷均质压燃燃烧反应化学动力学数值模拟研究

应用零维详细化学反应动力学模型，对正庚烷均质压燃燃烧反应的化学反应动力学过程进行了数值模拟研究，分析了在内燃机边界条件下影响其燃烧反应的关键基元反应、关键中间产物以及自由基。结果表明，正庚烷的燃烧过程由高温反应和低温反应两个阶段组成，高温反应阶段又可以分为蓝焰反应和热焰反应两个阶段。正庚烷氧化反应首先经过脱氢反应，第一次加氧异构化后的第二次加氧是低温反应的必经途径，其产物的两次分解是低温反应阶段OH自由基的主要来源；蓝焰反应阶段主要是甲醛氧化成CO的过程，H2O2的热分解是控制该阶段反应最重要的基元反应，也是OH自由基的主要来源；热焰反应主要是CO氧化成CO的过程；CO的生成途径是：低温反应生成的甲醛(CH2O)脱氢生成HCO，HCO氧化生成CO，OH是CO氧化为CO2和正庚烷脱氢反应最重要的自由基。     

均质压燃发动机燃烧特性的详细反应动力学模拟

应用CHEMKIN化学动力学软件包中的SENKIN模块模拟了正庚烷在HCCI发动机中的燃烧过程。通过修改SENKIN程序，加入了Woschni传热模型，并在正庚烷详细氧化机理中加入氮氧化物的生成机理，将此程序纳入发动机燃烧的零维单区模型。对多种工况参数下的HCCI燃烧和NOx排放进行了系统的计算，并分别讨论了进气温度、进气压力、压缩比、过量空气系数和转速等参数变化对HCCI发动机燃烧过程的影响。     

含异丙醇添加剂的HCCI燃烧特性及其排放影响因素

研究了异丙醇作为添加剂对正庚烷HCCI燃烧的抑制效果,分析了影响HC和CO排放的燃烧参数,考察了EGR对含异丙醇添加剂的HCCI燃烧和排放的影响.在单缸HCCI发动机上,开展了正庚烷、10%~60%异丙醇/正庚烷燃料(体积比)在1 800 r/min下不同负荷时的试验研究.研究表明,在正庚烷中加入异丙醇后,低温反应时刻明显推迟,低温峰值放热率降低,引起高温反应时间的推迟,从而使得最大平均指示压力增加,但是最小稳定运行平均指示压力也增加,燃烧效率相对降低.对影响HC和CO排放的参数分析发现,影响HC排放的主要因素是混合燃料中高十六烷值燃料的比例,而影响CO的参数主要有最高燃烧温度,其他参数如最大压力升高率、平均指示压力、着火时刻也产生一些间接影响.对具有相同循环能量的各种燃料燃烧稳定性的研究表明,10%和20%混合燃料燃烧开始出现一定波动,30%和40%混合燃料循环波动明显,而50%混合燃料就相当恶化了.EGR对含较少异丙醇的混合燃料影响不大,但对40%异丙醇/正庚烷混合燃料的燃烧与排放影响相当显著.     

丙醇/正庚烷混合燃料的着火特性

在一台快速压缩机上研究了不同比例的丙醇/正庚烷二元混合燃料在当量比为1.0、压缩上止点压力2,MPa、压缩温度为650~850,K时的着火延迟.利用混合燃料的详细动力学机理开展了丙醇/正庚烷着火特性的化学反应动力学分析.研究结果表明,在本文实验条件下和温度范围内,丙醇/正庚烷的着火延迟在不同的温度范围呈现不同的变化规律.在丙醇比例较低时,正丙醇/正庚烷混合燃料的着火延迟高于异丙醇/正庚烷混合燃料;丙醇比例较高时,二者的着火延迟非常接近.化学动力学分析表明,由于正庚烷低温反应根池的建立,丙醇在着火过程中也呈现出两阶段燃烧现象.路径分析表明,上止点温度的提高可使部分羟丙烷基发生裂解并增强系统活性.进一步的敏感性分析表明,对正丙醇/正庚烷混合燃料,正庚烷的脱氢反应和链分支反应对促进着火始终有重要影响,随着正丙醇比例的增加,正丙醇对混合燃料着火的抑制与促进都有较大的影响.异丙醇/正庚烷混合燃料的着火在异丙醇比例较大或上止点温度较高时对异丙醇的氧化更加敏感,抑制着火的反应始终为小分子基团的反应.     

Thermodynamic analysis of a Stirling engine including dead volumes of hot space, cold space and regenerator

This paper provides a theoretical investigation on the thermodynamic analysis of a Stirling engine. An isothermal model is developed for an imperfect regeneration Stirling engine with dead volumes of hot space, cold space and regenerator that the regenerator effective temperature is an arithmetic mean of the heater and cooler temperature. Numerical simulation is performed and the effects of the regenerator effectiveness and dead volumes are studied. Results from this study indicate that the engine net work is affected by only the dead volumes while the heat input and engine efficiency are affected by both the regenerator effectiveness and dead volumes. The engine net work decreases with increasing dead volume. The heat input increases with increasing dead volume and decreasing regenerator effectiveness. The engine efficiency decreases with increasing dead volume and decreasing regenerator effectiveness.     

The ANU solar thermal steam engine: performance analysis

This paper describes the results of a series of experiments that were performed to define the performance of the uniflow piston-operated valve steam engine developed by the Australian National University (ANU) for solar thermal applications. The results are fitted by least-squares regression to simple power series expressions that correlate the power output and engine inlet pressure to steam temperature, thermal power input and condenser pressure. The performance of the engine is examined by comparison with an idealized frictionless and quasi-static model. The idealized model is used to assess the relative importance of the effects of friction and non equilibrium thermodynamic conditions in the engine. The exergetic performance of the ideal engine is examined to demonstrate the fundamental limitations of this engine technology. It is concluded that high piston/cylinder forces during the first stages of expansion pose a significant barrier to the enhancement of engine efficiency through the use of higher temperatures and expansion ratios. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Investigation on power output of the gamma-configuration low temperature differential Stirling engines

This paper provides a study on power output determination of a gamma-configuration, low temperature differential Stirling engine. The former works on the calculation of Stirling engine power output are discussed. Results from this study indicate that the mean pressure power formula is most appropriate for the calculation of a gamma-configuration, low temperature differential Stirling engine power output.     

小型发动机燃用汽油、乙醇和LPG燃料的排放对比

对125mL发动机燃用汽油、乙醇和液化石油气(LPG)时的过量空气系数和点火提前角与排放性能之间的关系进行了试验研究．指出了影响这三种燃料发动机排放性能的敏感参数的合理取值范围．通过对比试验，验证了发动机燃烧乙醇可降低NOx排放浓度．发动机燃烧LPG时，低HC排放的空燃比范围比其它两种发动机空燃比范围广．研究结果可为小型汽油、乙醇和LPG发动机参数匹配提供参考。     

国产航空斯贝发动机的工业及船用化发展

本文介绍了改型航空发动机应用概况,提出了航空斯贝发动机作母型机改装为工业和船用系列化机型的途径及优点。     

Performance of a twin power piston low temperature differential Stirling engine powered by a solar simulator

This paper provides an experimental investigation on the performance of a low-temperature differential Stirling engine. In this study, a twin power piston, gamma-configuration, low-temperature differential Stirling engine is tested with non-pressurized air by using a solar simulator as a heat source. The engine testing is performed with four different simulated solar intensities. Variations of engine torque, shaft power and brake thermal efficiency with engine speed and engine performance at various heat inputs are presented. The Beale number, obtained from the testing of the engine, is also investigated. The results indicate that at the maximum simulated solar intensity of 7145 W/m², or heat input of 261.9 J/s, with a heater temperature of 436 K, the engine produces a maximum torque of 0.352 N m at 23.8 rpm, a maximum shaft power of 1.69 W at 52.1 rpm, and a maximum brake thermal efficiency of 0.645% at 52.1 rpm, approximately.     

Energy system feasibility study of an Otto cycle/Stirling cycle hybrid automotive engine

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of utilising a Stirling cycle engine as an exhaust gas waste heat recovery device for an Otto cycle internal combustion engine (ICE) in the context of an automotive power plant. The hybrid arrangement would produce increased brake power output for a given fuel consumption rate when compared to an ICE alone. The study was dealt with from an energy system perspective with design practicalities such as power train integration, location of auxiliaries, manufacture costs and other general plant design considerations neglected. The study necessitated work in two distinct areas: experimental assessment of the performance characteristics of an existing automotive Otto cycle ICE and mathematical modelling of the Stirling cycle engine based on the output parameters of the ICE. It was subsequently found to be feasible in principle to generate approximately further 30% useful power in addition to that created by the ICE by using a Stirling cycle engine to capture waste heat expelled from the ICE exhaust gases over the complete range of engine operating speeds.     

A four power-piston low-temperature differential Stirling engine using simulated solar energy as a heat source

In this paper, the performances of a four power-piston, gamma-configuration, low-temperature differential Stirling engine are presented. The engine is tested with air at atmospheric pressure by using a solar simulator with four different solar intensities as a heat source. Variations in engine torque, shaft power and brake thermal efficiency with engine speed and engine performance at various heat inputs are presented. The Beale number obtained from the testing of the engine is also investigated. The results indicate that at the maximum actual energy input of 1378 W and a heater temperature of 439 K, the engine approximately produces a maximum torque of 2.91 N m, a maximum shaft power of 6.1 W, and a maximum brake thermal efficiency of 0.44% at 20 rpm.     

汽油机燃用乙醇汽油和无铅汽油的试验比较

在汽油机参数未作任何调整的情况下，试验研究了汽油机燃用乙醇汽油对发动机经济性和动力性的影响，并与燃用无铅汽油时的结果进行了对比分析。研究表明，在部分负荷下，汽油机的功率和转矩都有所降低，但在全负荷时发动机的输出功率不变；燃油消耗率会增加5％～10％，发动机的经济区范围变窄。     

Experimental investigation of the effects of simultaneous hydrogen and nitrogen addition on the emissions and combustion of a diesel engine

Overcoming diesel engine emissions trade-off effects, especially NO_x and Bosch smoke number (BSN), requires investigation of novel systems which can potentially serve the automobile industry towards further emissions reduction. Enrichment of the intake charge with H₂ + N₂ containing gas mixture, obtained from diesel fuel reforming system, can lead to new generation low polluting diesel engines.