120°模具室温ECAP制备工业纯钛的热压缩变形行为

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上对室温120°模具等径弯曲通道变形(ECAP)制备的平均晶粒尺寸为200nm的工业纯钛(CP-Ti)进行等温变速压缩实验,研究超细晶(UFG)工业纯钛在变形温度为298～673K和应变速率为10-3～100s-1条件下的流变行为。利用透射电子显微镜分析超细晶工业纯钛在不同变形条件下的组织演化规律。结果表明:流变应力在变形初期随应变的增加而增大,出现峰值后逐渐趋于平稳;峰值应力随温度的升高而减小,随应变速率的增大而增大;随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低,应变速率敏感性指数m增加,晶粒粗化,亚晶尺寸增大,再结晶晶粒数量逐渐增加;超细晶工业纯钛热压缩变形的主要软化机制随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低由动态回复逐步转变为动态再结晶。     

Tensile and Compressive Properties of Mg-3Al-2Zn-2Y Alloy at Different Strain Rates

The tensile and compressive properties of Mg-3Al-2Zn-2Y alloy at room temperature at strain rates in the range of 0.001-1400 s^?1 and 0.001-4800 s^?1, respectively, were investigated. The ultimate strength in tension tests has positive effect to strain rate, while that in compression tests has positive effect at strain rates in the range of 0.001-1800 s^?1 and negative effect when the strain rate increases to 4800 s^?1. The strain rate sensitivity of ultimate strength is different for tension and compression. To both tension and compression, the density of dislocation increases with increasing of strain rate and parallel dislocations come being at high strain rate. A large number of twins appear when the strain rate increases to certain degree. The fracture characteristics change from quasi-cleavage to ductile fracture as tensile strain rate increases, while the compression strain rate has little influence on the fracture characteristics.     

Anomalies of the plastic yield stress in the intermetallic compound Fe–30 at.% Al

The plastic properties of Fe–30 at.% Al were investigated in compression, cyclic tension/compression and shear tests between room temperature and 870 K. At elevated temperatures in all tests a positive temperature dependence of the yield stress was observed. At room temperature an asymmetry of the flow stress with respect to the deformation direction (tension or compression) was found, which disappeared for temperatures T⩾570 K. The results are discussed on the basis of the present state of knowledge about the decoupling of D0₃-superdislocations at elevated temperatures and the deformation behaviour of b.c.c. metals at low temperatures.     

AZ31镁合金热变形流动应力预测模型

采用近等温单轴压缩实验获得了AZ3l镁合金变形温度为523 723 K,应变速率为0.01—10 s^-1条件下的流动应力,分析了变形温度和应变速率对流动应力的影响规律.结果表明,AZ31镁合金变形过程中发生了动态再结晶,523 K时形成细小组织;而723 K时动态再结晶和长大的晶粒沿径向拉长.考虑实验过程塑性变形功和摩擦功引起的温度升高,在高应变速率条件下采用温度补偿修正了流动应力.在此基础上,建立了基于双曲正弦模型的峰值流动应力和统一本构关系,该模型利用材料参数耦合应变来描述流动应力的应变敏感性,进一步获得了合金热变形过程中流动应力与变形温度、应变速率和应变的定量关系.采用该本构关系模型预测流动应力具有较高的精度,预测值与实测值相关系数为0.976,平均相对误差为5.07%,实验条件范围内预测的流动应力与实验值几乎能保持一致.     

高应变速率下AZ31镁合金的各向异性及拉压不对称性

采用分离式霍普金森拉杆及压杆装置,研究挤压态AZ31镁合金高速变形下的各向异性及拉压不对称性,并从微观变形机制的角度探讨具有强烈初始基面织构的挤压态镁合金各向异性及拉压不对称性产生的原因。结果表明:在高速变形条件下,依据加载方向及应力状态挤压态AZ31镁合金的拉伸行为表现出很强的各向异性,但压缩行为的各向异性不明显;在挤压方向表现出很强的拉压不对称性,而在垂直于挤压方向的拉压不对称性很低。挤压态AZ31镁合金宏观上的各向异性及拉压不对称性是由于不同的微观变形机制所引起的。沿挤压方向拉伸的主要变形机制为柱面滑移,沿垂直于挤压方向拉伸及压缩的主要变形机制为锥面滑移;沿挤压方向压缩时初始变形机制为拉伸孪晶,当变形量为0.08(8%)左右时由于孪晶消耗殆尽,变形变而以滑移的方式进行。     

TA2拉压力学性能不对称性及应变速率敏感性

本文研究了不同应变速率下工业纯钛TA2室温拉伸和压缩力学行为,结果发现TA2具有明显的拉压屈服不对称性和拉压应变硬化不对称性;随着应变速率的增加,拉压不对称性有明显增加。采用电子背散射衍射（EBSD）技术分析了拉伸和压缩时TA2微观变形机制及微观组织演化规律,结果表明,TA2压缩时以孪晶变形机制为主,拉伸时以位错滑移为主;TA2微观变形行为的载荷敏感性导致了宏观力学性能的不对称性。     

Deformation behavior ofAZ31 magnesium alloy at different strain rates and temperatures

The deformation behavior of AZ31 was examined by compression and tension testes over a wide strain rate and temperature range, strain rate from 10^-3 to 10^3 s^-1, temperature from 300 to 623 K. Analysis of flow behavior and microstructural observations indicate that in tension tests dislocation glide is the most important deformation mechanism in the test strain rate and temperature range, while in compression tests twinning deformation mechanism is important at lower temperature when the strain rate ranges from 10^-3 to 10 s^-1. At 10^3 s^-1 strain rate, dislocation glide and twinning are present at the same time. At the strain rate of 2 964 s^-1, adiabatic shear band can be found easily, even at the strain rate of 1 537 s^-1 adiabatic shear localization zone can be found. In adiabatic shear localization zone, there are fine recrystallization grains. But in adiabatic shear band, the grains cannot be identified by optical microscopy.     

Tension-compression asymmetry of a rolled Mg-Y-Nd alloy

In this work, tension and compression deformation behaviors of rolled and aged Mg-Y-Nd alloys were investigated. The microstructure evolution and plastic deformation mechanism during tension and compression were analyzed by combined use of electron backscatter diffraction and a visco-plastic self-consistent crystal plasticity model. The results show that both rolled and aged Mg-Y-Nd sheets show an extremely low yield asymmetry. Elimination of yield asymmetry can be ascribed to the tilted basal texture and suppression of {10-12} twinning. The rolled sheet has almost no yield asymmetry, however exhibits a remarkable strain-hardening behavior asymmetry. Compressed sample shows lower initial strain hardening rate and keeps higher strain hardening rate at the later stage compared with tension. The strain-hardening asymmetry can be aggravated by aging at 280 C. It is considered the limited amount of twins in compression plays the critical role in the strain hardening asymmetry. Finally, the relevant mechanism was analyzed and discussed.     

Tension-Compression Asymmetry Under Superplastic Flow in Magnesium Alloys

Superplastic magnesium alloys prepared by ingot metallurgy and powder metallurgy were processed and characterized. By performing uniaxial tension and compression tests of the extruded alloys along the longitudinal direction, it was found that both alloys were highly symmetric at low-strain rates within the superplastic regime. However, near the maximum strain rate within the superplastic regime, the symmetric flow disappeared. Specifically, the flow stress in early deformation under tension was slightly lower than that under compression, and the strain hardening under tension was higher than that under compression. The asymmetry was explained using the hypothesis that grain-boundary sliding under tension is easier than under compression. As indirect evidence for easier grain-boundary sliding under tension, it was shown that the coarsened intergranular precipitates tended to agglomerate on grain boundaries experiencing a tensile stress.     

Yielding behavior of aluminum-rich single crystalline γ-TiAl

The yielding behavior of Al-rich single crystalline γ-Ti 55.5 at% Al has been measured along near [0 0 1], [0 1 0] and orientations in both tension and compression and as function of temperature. All three orientations displayed anomalous yielding and a pronounced tension/compression asymmetry. The relative strength of the material, location of the anomalous yielding peak, and tension/compression asymmetry are all orientation dependent. A micromechanical superdislocation model addressing crystal geometry, sense of the applied load, Escaig forces and the Yoo torque is presented to explain the observed experimental results.     

铱单晶纳米线在不同应力状态下的变形行为

基于分子动力学模拟方法计算了铱单晶纳米线在室温下的拉伸和压缩变形行为。计算结果表明,铱单晶纳米线在拉伸和压缩时的力学性能均存在尺寸效应。铱单晶纳米线的拉伸和压缩变形行为具有非对称性,在拉伸条件下其伸长率为14%,而在压缩条件下表现出较好的塑性,在压缩过程中有堆垛层错产生,压缩应变达到0.499后模型还未发生断裂。     

Tension–compression asymmetry in severely deformed pure copper

In this work, we investigate the tension–compression asymmetry in the flow response of pure copper, severely deformed by a single pass of equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE), and tested afterwards in tension and compression along three orthogonal directions. The tension and compression responses differ in flow stress, hardening rate and transient behavior. The asymmetry in tension and compression responses depends on the direction of straining. Predictions from a microstructurally based hardening law implemented in a viscoplastic self-consistent polycrystal model demonstrate that the tension–compression asymmetry and its anisotropy arise not only from crystallographic texture but also from the directional substructure induced by the severe pre-straining. Slip activity differs in each grain and in each axial test, depending on its crystallographic orientation, orientation relationship with the previously generated substructure and pre-strain history. Asymmetry occurs because tension and compression represent two different types of strain path changes. Consequently, macroscopic deformation is a reflection of the type of strain path change represented by the post-ECAE axial test.     

The variation of the yield stress of Ti alloys with strain rate at high temperatures

This study extended investigation on the elevated-temperature yield-strength dependence of beta-phase titanium alloys on strain rate and temperature. Yield stresses were found to increase substantially with increasing strain rate at elevated temperatures due to the high strain-rate sensitivity of titanium at high temperatures. Above 1000 °C, the strain-rate sensitivities were found to increase substantially with increasing temperature and/or decreasing strain rate. The six alloys examined were TIMETAL 21S, Ti-15-3, Ti-6-4, Ti-13-11-3, Beta C, and Beta III. There was particular interest in determining the strain-rate sensitivity of these alloys through strain-rate change tests above 1000 °C. The yield stresses of all the titanium alloys at temperatures above 1093 °C were less than 1% of their ambient temperature values. Strain hardening was negligible in the alloys tested at these high temperatures. Extended tensile ductilities of 100 to 200% were observed due to the pronounced strain-rate sensitivity. The rate controlling mechanism for plasticity, based on activation energy and the strain-rate sensitivity measurements, is discussed.     

不同温度下超细晶铜的准静态压缩力学行为

利用电子万能实验机对超细晶铜(UFG-Cu)进行温度范围为77～573 K的准静态压缩实验(应变率为1×10-3s-1),研究温度对材料流动应力和应变硬化行为的影响.结果表明:与退火粗晶铜相比,超细晶铜在压缩过程中的流动应力显著增大,但是由于材料的位错密度已经饱和,其应变硬化能力却几乎丧失,应变硬化率对应变和温度的依赖...     

The effect of cryogenic temperature and change in deformation mode on the limiting grain size in a severely deformed dilute aluminium alloy

With the aim of investigating the factors that limit the production of true nanograined materials by cryogenic severe deformation, the grain structures formed in an Al–0.1%Mg alloy have been studied in plane strain compression at temperatures down to 77 K, following prior severe plastic deformation (SPD) by equal channel angular extrusion. Changing the deformation mode alone had little effect on increasing the rate of grain refinement. At the minimum cryogenic temperature (77 K) the samples still contained ∼30% low angle boundaries and a nanoscale high-angle boundary (HAB) spacing was only obtained in one dimension. At high strains a steady-state minimum HAB spacing was approached, irrespective of the temperature, where the rate of grain refinement stagnated. It is shown that the minimum grain size achievable in SPD is limited by a balance between the rate of compression of the HAB spacing and dynamic grain coarsening. At low temperatures this is controlled by abnormally high boundary migration rates, which are difficult to explain with existing theories of grain boundary mobility.     

镍基单晶高温合金[111]取向拉压不对称分析

试验表明,[111]取向镍基单晶高温合金宏观滑移迹线符合六面体滑移特征,而微观位错滑移机制为八面体滑移。针对上述宏、微观现象,提出了一种"之"字形交滑移模型,使宏观六面体滑移迹线与微观位错的八面体滑移在该模型中得到了很好的统一。同时,在上述"之"字形交滑移变形机制的基础上,对[111]取向的拉压不对称特性进行了分析,提出一种位错分解方式,对[111]取向产生拉压不对称特性的微观机制进行了表征。最终,基于上述两种机理,建立了[111]取向镍基单晶高温合金的拉压不对称预测模型。该模型不仅能够对[111]取向镍基单晶高温合金屈服强度进行预测,而且可以表征屈服强度的拉压不对称特性,即压缩屈服强度大于拉伸屈服强度以及拉压不对称随温度升高愈加严重的现象。     

Tension-Compression Asymmetry in Mechanical Behavior and Crystal Defect of Thin Ni/Ni3Al (001) Nanowires

利用分子动力学方法研究超薄Ni/Ni3Al(001)纳米线力学性能和晶体缺陷的拉压不对称,对应力-应变曲线和晶体曲线在不同的温度下进行比较。模拟表明在拉伸载荷作用下不全位错的施密特因子大于压缩载荷下的施密特因子,在10 K温度下的流变应力行为异常,同时超薄Ni/Ni3Al(001)纳米线在不同温度下都表现为抵抗压缩载荷能力比拉伸载荷强。结果显示超薄Ni/Ni3Al(001)纳米线具有显著的拉伸不对称特性。此外,堆积层错提高原子移动,不全位错从堆垛层错处发射。在促进位错发射过程中原子移动扮演着重要的角色;而且在拉-压载荷下不同晶体缺陷主要是点位错和层错,层错主要发生在4个{111}方向。研究拉压不对称与温度之间的关系,可以更准确和全面的理解超薄Ni/Ni3Al(001)纳米线的力学性能。     

Twinning Behaviors During Thermomechanical Fatigue Cycling of a Nickel-Base Single-Crystal TMS-82 Superalloy

This paper provides further insight into the formation of deformation twins at different stages during the whole thermomechanical fatigue cycling in a nickel-base single-crystal TMS-82 superalloy. In general, it is found that twinning behaviors can always be associated with the applied stress orientation. The preferred twinning direction at the primary stage is 〈001〉-compression since the tangled dislocations which appear after the first plastic deformation provide an opportunity for twinning nucleation in compression. At the intermediate stage, the applied stress required for formation of twins in tension is much larger than that in compression; hence, twinning behaviors show distinct tension/compression asymmetry. A thick twin plate and a great many dislocations can be found after fatigue failure, and one can rationalize the reason for this twinning being associated with the TMF procedure. Twins at the tip of the crack in tension occur owing to the existence of compressive strain field.     

Mechanical behavior and microstructural evolution of a Mg AZ31 sheet at dynamic strain rates

The mechanical behavior of an AZ31 Mg sheet has been investigated at high strain rate (10³ s^?1) and compared with that observed at low rates (10^?3 s^?1). Dynamic tests were carried out using a Hopkinson bar at temperatures between 25 and 400 °C. Tensile tests were carried out along the rolling and transverse directions and compression tests along the rolling and the normal directions in both strain rate ranges. The tension–compression yield asymmetry as well as the yield and flow stress in-plane and out-of-plane anisotropies were investigated. The microstructure of the initial and tested samples was examined by electron backscatter diffraction. The dynamic mechanical behavior is characterized by the following observations. At high temperatures the yield asymmetry and the yield anisotropies remain present and twinning is highly active. The rate of decrease in the critical resolved shear stress of non-basal systems with temperature is smaller than at quasi-static rates. Rotational recrystallization mechanisms are activated.     

Effects of Strain Rate and Temperature on Mechanical Property of Nickel-based Superalloy GH3230

对航空发动机用新型镍基高温合金GH3230在不同温度和应变速率下进行了高温拉伸-断裂试验,分析了应变速率和温度对该合金高温力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着应变速率的增加和温度的下降,合金的塑性流动应力有所提高,加工硬化指数下降。从流变应力、应变速率和温度的相关性,得到应变速率敏感系数是一个独立于温度的常量,并计算出GH3230合金的变形激活能=441 kJ/mol。GH3230合金的热变形温度在1273 K左右时,合金在变形过程中能够充分再结晶,并得到晶粒细小、均匀的组织。SEM断口分析表明GH3230合金在高温下（1144~1273 K）应变率范围为10-3~10-1 s-1时的拉伸断裂都是由损伤引起的韧性断裂,且温度对断口形貌影响不大,但应变速率增大会使韧窝尺寸和深浅变小。