EFFECT OF AUSTENITE DEFORMATION ON ISOTHERMAL INCUBATION TIME OF PROEUTECTOID FERRITE NUCLEATION

A calculation method for the isothermal nucleation incubation time of pro-eutectoid ferriteformed from deformed austenite has been developed by introducing Feder's incubation timeexpression into the decomposition of deformed austenite.The effects of austenite deformationstored energy and austenite grain boundary energy change on the incubation time have beentheoretically calculated and the rule of calculated results is consistent with that ofexperiments,this confirms that austenite deformation stored energy and the change ofaustenite grain boundary energy are the natural effect of austenite deformation on ferritenucleation.     

STUDY OF DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION OF LOW CARBON STEEL IN THIN SLAB CONTINUOUS ROLLING PROCESS

Combined with the technological characteristics of thin slab continuous rolling process （TSCR）, dynamic recrystallization of an extremely coarse austenite of low carbon steel is studied by Thermecmaster-Z hot simulator. By the analysis of true stress-strain curves and the observation of microstructures at different deformation stages, the critical stress and critical strain are determined under different deformation conditions. The effect of Z parameter on dynamic recrystallization of coarse austenite is studied. The microstructure evolution in real production is also discussed.     

Microstructure evolution model based on deformation mechanism of titanium alloy in hot forming

The microstructure evolution in hot forming will affect the mechanical properties of the formed product. However, the microstructure is sensitive to the process variables in deformation process of metals and alloys. A microstructure evolution model of a titanium alloy in hot forming, which included dislocation density rate and primary a phase grain size, was presented according to the deformation mechanism and driving forces, in which the effect of the dislocation density rate on the grain growth was studied firstly. Applying the model to the high temperature deformation process of a TC6 alloy with deformation temperature of 1 133 - 1 223 K, strain rate of 0.01 -50 s^-1 and height reduction of 30%, 40% and 50%, the material constants in the present model were calculated by the genetic algorithm（GA） based objective optimization techniques. The calculated results of a TC6 alloy are in good agreement with the experimental ones.     

Quantitative analysis of microstructure evolution induced by temperature rise during(α+β) deformation of TA15 titanium alloy

Temperature rise is a significant factor influencing microstructure during(α+β) deformation of TA15 titanium alloy.An experiment was designed to explore microstructure evolution induced by temperature rise due to deformation heat.The experiment was carried out in(α+β) phase field at typical temperature rise rates.The microstructures of the alloy under different temperature rise rates were observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).It is found that the dissolution rate of primary equiaxed a phase increases with the increase in both temperature and temperature rise rate.In the same temperature range,the higher the temperature rise rate is,the larger the final content and grain size of primary equiaxed a phase are due to less dissolution time.To quantitatively depict the evolution behavior of primary equiaxed a phase under any temperature rise rates,the dissolution kinetics of primary equiaxed a phase were well described by a diffusion model.The model predictions,including content and grain size of primary equiaxed a phase,are in good agreement with experimental observations.The work provides an important basis for the prediction and control of microstructure during hot working of titanium alloy.     

MODELING OF DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION OF Ti6A14V ALLOY USING A CELLULAR AUTOMATON APPROACH

A cellular automaton(CA)model is established to simulate dynamic recrystallization (DRX)in theβsingle-phase field of Ti6Al4V alloy,and the kinetics during DRX pro- cessing has been analyzed.The model employed considers the influences of dynamic recovery,nucleation rate,strain rate and dislocation density on DRX,and practical deformation parameters,such as temperature,strain and strain rate on DRX have been considered in the simulation.The simulated DRX grain size and DRX grain shape agree well with the e...     

DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION AND SUPERPLASTICITY IN Al-Li ALLOY

The behavior of dynamic recrystallization in the superplastic deformation of 8090 and 2091 aluminum-lithium alloys have been investigated.TEM observations indicated that dynamic recrystallization occurs at thetriple junction of grain boundaries.The measurement of grain boundary angle showed that recrystallization indynamic equilibrium exists in the process of superplastic deformation of 8090 Al-Li alloy.It is also indicatedthat,besides the role of refining grains and the grain boundary sliding,dynamic recrystallization playsconcurrently a role of stablizing microstructure.Thus dynamic rccrystallization can be used to induce metalssuperplasticity,which leads to a simplification of pretreatment for superplastic deformation.     

Dependence of α-phase size on flow stress during dynamic recrystallization steady state in Ti60 alloy

The dependence of a-phase size on flow stress was characterized by a proposed kinetic model during dynamic recrystallization(DRX) steady state in Ti60 alloy. According to the isothermal compression tests, the influence of deformation parameters on the steady-state flow stress was analyzed and the constitutive equation was established to predict the steady-state flow stress under different deformation temperatures and strain rates. A power-law relationship between the DRX average grain size and steadystate flow stress with an exponent of —2 is obtained from the dynamic balance during DRX steady state. The effect of deformation parameters on a-phase size was observed through the microstructure after deformation, and the applicability of the model for Ti60 alloy was verified by the comparison between predicted and experimental data.     

MODELING OF AUSTENITE GRAIN SIZE IN LOW-ALLOY STEEL WELD METAL

The size of austenite grain has significant effects on components and proportions of various ferrites in low-alloy steel weld metal.Therefore, it is important to determine the size of austenite grain in the weld metal. In this paper, a model based upon the carbon diffusion rate is developed for computing austenite grain size in low-alloy steel weld metal during continuous cooling. The model takes into account the effects of the weld thermal cycles,inclusion particles and various alloy elements on the austenite grain growth.The calculating results agree reasonably with those reported experimental observations.The model demonstrates a significant promise to understand the weld microstructure and properties based on the welding science.     

MODELING OF DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION OF Ti6Al4V ALLOY USING A CELLULAR AUTOMATON APPROACH

A cellular automaton （CA） model is established to simulate dynamic recrystallization （DRX） in the β single-phase field of Ti6Al4 V alloy, and the kinetics during DRX processing has been analyzed. The model employed considers the influences of dynamic recovery, nucleation rate, strain rate and dislocation density on DRX, and practical deformation parameters, such as temperature, strain and strain rate on DRX have been considered in the simulation. The simulated DRX grain size and DRX grain shape agree well with the experimental results, which shows the availability and lea- sibility of the cellular automaton method for the simulation of DRX. The result of kinetics analysis of DRX reveals that the Avrami exponent is variable ranging from 2.4 to 2.9, which increases with the increase of strain rate.     

EFFECT OF SILICON ADDITION ON RECRYSTALLIZATION AND PHASE TRANSFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF HIGH-STRENGTH HOT-ROLLED TRIP STEEL

Because Si is a noncarbide forming element, a multiphase microstructure consisting of ferrite, bainite, and retained austenite, at room temperature, can be formed by controlling the thermomechanical process strictly. The cooling schedules must be restricted by the formation of pearlite and cementite. In the present article, a new integrated mathematical model for prediction of microstructure evolution during controlled rolling and controlled cooling is developed for a typical kind of low carbon Si-Mn TRIP steel, which consists of temperature simulation, recrystallization, and transformation models. The influence of Si contents has been thoroughly investigated. The calculated results indicate that Si retards recrystallization, restrains austenite grain growth as well as accelerates polygonal ferrite transformation.     

热变形低碳钢中奥氏体静态再结晶介观尺度模拟

采用晶体塑性有限元（CPFEM）和元胞自动机（CA）耦合的方法模拟了热变形低碳钢的静态再结晶．CPFEM的计算结果定量描述了介观尺度上奥氏体变形储能的不均匀分布，为模拟再结晶的形核和长大提供了依据，从而在再结晶CA模型中考虑了不均匀变形的影响．模拟结果显示：变形储能分布不均匀使得再结晶在不同位置的形核密度不同，形核集中在晶界以及晶内储存能较大的区域；随着临界形核储能的降低，形核数量增加，再结晶晶核的位置分布趋于均匀．对不同形核判据下的再结晶动力学也作了讨论．     

Microstructure homogeneity regulation of 7050 aluminum forgings by surface cumulative plastic deformation

To regulate the microstructure homogeneity of large aluminum structural forgings for aircraft, the surface cumulative plastic deformation was proposed. The microstructure of 7050 aluminum forgings after the surface cumulative plastic deformation was investigated by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the microstructure evolution of 7050 aluminum forgings was more sensitive to the deformation temperature than the strain rate. The dislocation density continued to increase with the decrease of the deformation temperature and the increase of the strain rate. Dislocation density and stored energy were accumulated by the surface cumulative plastic deformation. Besides, a static recrystallization (SRX) model of 7050 aluminum forgings was established. The SRX volume fraction calculated by this model was in good agreement with the experimental results, which indicated that the model could accurately describe the SRX behavior of 7050 aluminum forgings during the surface cumulative plastic deformation.     

Investigation and Modeling of Austenite Grain Evolution for a Typical High-strength Low-alloy Steel during Soaking and Deformation Process

The final mechanical properties of components greatly depend on their grain size. It is necessary to study the grain evolution during different thermomechanical processes. In the study, the real-time austenite grain evolution of a high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel during the soaking process is investigated by in situ experiments. The effects of different deformation parameters on the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) kinetic behaviors are investigated by hot compression experiments. Based on the observations and statistics of the microstructures at different thermomechanical processes, a unified grain size model is established to evaluate the effects of soaking parameters and deformation parameters on the austenite grain evolution. Also, the DRX kinetic model and critical strain model are established, which can describe the effects of the soaking process on the DRX kinetics process well. The established grain size model and DRX kinetic model are compiled into the numerical simulation software using Fortran language. The austenite grain evolution of the material under different deformation conditions is simulated, which is consistent with the experimental results. It indicates that the established model is reliable, and can be used to simulate and predict the grain size during different thermomechanical processes accurately.     

35CrMo钢动态再结晶过程数值模拟与试验研究

以热物理模拟试验研究为基础,得出35CrMo钢发生动态再结晶时的数学模型。采用热一力耦合的弹塑性有限元法对35CrMo结构钢在热变形过程进行了数值模拟。变形的不均匀性导致动态再结晶进行的不等时性,动态再结晶的发生初始于大变形区,随着应变的增加,逐渐向粘着区和自由变形区延伸。同时预测热变形过程的形变量、形变速率和形变温度对再结晶微观组织演变的影响。在一定温度下,再结晶晶粒尺寸的大小与应变速率呈反方向变化,随着变形的进行,试样内的晶粒尺寸趋于细化和均匀化。在一定应变速率下,随着形变温度的降低,再结晶晶粒尺寸趋于细化,导致了锻件的综合性能提高。为了观察显微组织演化过程,对模拟结果进行了金相法验证,模拟结果与实验结果比较吻合,模拟的结果是合理的。     

相场方法模拟AZ31镁合金的静态再结晶过程

为了获得合金静态再结晶前的变形晶粒组织,应用网格畸变模型与相场模型结合,生成变形合金再结晶前的初始晶粒组织;针对合金不同变形区域的特征和体系储存能分布不均匀的特点,分别引入反映不同变形区域的储存能分布的权重因子和变形区域的特征状态因子,构造多状态的非均匀自由能密度函数.在此基础上,应用相场动力学方程模拟了AZ31镁合金的静态再结晶过程的微结构演化,系统地分析了再结晶转变动力学曲线和Avrami曲线,以及储存能释放规律和再结晶晶粒尺度分布.模拟得到的动力学规律符合JMAK理论,所得的Avrami曲线可近似看成一条直线,对应于真应变ε=0.25,0.50,0.75和1.00,该直线的平均斜率分别为2.45,2.35,2.19和2.15.Avrami时间指数随变形量的增加而降低.变形程度大的合金,储存能释放的速度快,完成静态再结晶所需的时间短.基于本文提出的模型,结合相场方法计算模拟所得的结果与已有的理论结果和实验结果符合良好.     

热轧Mg-1Zn和Mg-1Y合金退火组织演变及静态再结晶行为

对比研究了高温轧制制备的Mg-1.02Zn及Mg-0.76Y(质量分数,%)合金在不同温度退火条件下的组织演变及静态再结晶和晶粒长大动力学行为.结果表明,Mg-1Zn合金的轧制组织以剪切带和孪晶为主,在剪切带和孪晶内伴随着动态再结晶;而Mg-1Y合金的轧制组织中只有孪晶,未观察到剪切带和再结晶发生.退火过程中,Mg-1Zn合金静态再结晶过程主要受控于形核过程,而Mg-1Y合金则既受控于形核过程又受控于长大过程.利用经典的JMAK模型和长大模型分别描述了2种合金热轧制后的静态再结晶和晶粒长大动力学过程,结果表明,静态再结晶过程的Avrami因子n值与理想预测值偏离可能来自于再结晶的不均匀形核.固溶稀土Y原子比Zn原子对晶界移动的拖曳作用更强,导致Mg-1Y合金比Mg-1Zn合金晶粒长大因子n’更高.     

高强低合金T510L的热模拟工艺研究

本文结合唐钢FTSR生产线的实际生产工艺参数,利用Gleeble3500C热模拟机,分别研究了单道次不同变形温度、变形速率(50%压下率)对高强低合金T510L钢变形抗力和奥氏体微观组织演变的影响及两道次(R1→R2)连续变形后奥氏体微观组织演变。实验表明通过高温大压下量的变形,完全可使该钢种充分发生动态再结晶,细化奥氏体晶粒度。     

形变组织对水电用高强度贝氏体钢再加热奥氏体晶粒长大的影响

对某水电用800 MPa调质贝氏体高强钢进行了热变形-热处理晶粒长大的实验室联合试验。采用Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机对钢试样进行不同工艺热压缩变形后冷却至室温,随后对试样进行模拟淬火再加热,在900～1200℃不同温度和保温时间条件下奥氏体化,研究热变形组织的差异对重新奥氏体化晶粒长大的影响规律。结果表明,不同应变速率(0.01～10 s^-1)、变形温度(900～1150℃)和60%工程应变下,试验钢获得的变形组织大致可分为3类：带有明显变形特征的组织、均匀细小的完全再结晶组织和已长大粗化的再结晶组织。3类组织再加热过程中其晶粒长大趋势基本相同,起始晶粒尺寸越大则最终奥氏体晶粒尺寸越大;但在950℃等温时,带有明显变形特征组织的变形试样奥氏体晶粒先缓慢长大后又迅速长大粗化。经评估验证,所建立的Sellars模型、Beck模型和Hillert模型晶粒长大动力学方程对于试验钢的奥氏体晶粒长大行为均有比较满意的预测效果。3类变形组织对应的Hillert模型及Sellars模型中奥氏体长大激活能基本相同,说明同一成分钢种的初始组织的差异并未显著影响晶粒长大机制...     

Static Recrystallization of Cold Rolled Intermetallic Fe17Al4Cr0.3Zr Alloy

The final microstructure of cold rolled intermetallic disordered alloy Fe17Al4Cr0.3Zr was rebuilt during the annealing at moderate temperatures in the range of 800 to 900?°C. The time necessary to obtain recrystallized structure was determined at several annealing temperatures to optimize the processing technology of the plates. The phases present in the material during this process were identified. The grain growth (grain boundary movement) during static recrystallization (SRX) is connected with the interaction with an array of the Laves phase ??₁(Fe,Al)₂Zr and ZrC particles. The Avrami-based phenomenological model describing kinetics of SRX was developed. The activation energy for recrystallization was estimated.     

DEFORMATION ENHANCED FERRITE TRANSFORMATION IN PLAIN LOW CARBON STEEL

1. IntroductionGrain refinement is an effective way of increasing strength and ductility of metallicmaterials simultaneously. In recent ten years the approach to the grain refinement in steelsexperienced a period from thermal mechanical controlling processing (TMCP) in the yearsof 60--70's to the strain induced transformation in 80's. Its basic concept is to the controlof recrystallization, transformation and grain growth in different periods of hot working byutilizing microalloying elemellt…