Microstructure refinement of AZ31 alloy solidified with pulsed magnetic field

The effects of a pulsed magnetic field on the solidified microstructure of an AZ31 magnesium alloy were investigated. The experimental results show that the remarkable microstructural refinement is achieved when the pulsed magnetic field is applied to the solidification of the AZ31 alloy. The average grain size of the as-cast microstructure of the AZ31 alloy is refined to 107 μm. By quenching the AZ31 alloy, the different primary α-Mg microstructures are preserved during the course of solidification. The microstructure evolution reveals that the primary α-Mg generates and grows in globular shape with pulsed magnetic field, contrast with the dendritic shape without pulsed magnetic field. The pulsed magnetic field causes melt convection during solidification, which makes the temperature of the whole melt homogenized, and produces an undercooling zone in front of the liquid/solid interface, which makes the nucleation rate increased and big dendrites prohibited. In addition, the Joule heat effect induced in the melt also strengthens the grain refinement effect and spheroidization of dendrite arms.     

脉冲磁场对AZ91D镁合金凝固组织的影响

研究了脉冲磁场作用下AZ91D镁合金凝固组织的变化,考察了冷却速度、磁场强度和放电频率对AZ91D镁合金晶粒大小的影响,并对磁场影响凝固组织的机理进行了探讨。试验结果表明:在脉冲磁场的作用下,AZ91D镁合金的凝固组织显著细化,其初生相由发达的树枝晶转变为均匀细小的蔷薇状晶体,共晶网络变得细小且不连续,聚集在晶界上的共晶组织减少;合金的晶粒尺寸随着冷却速度的降低,磁场强度或放电频率的增加而逐渐减小。     

Microstructures of AZ91D alloy solidified during electromagnetic stirring

With the help of an electromagnetic stirring device self-made and alloy melt quenching technology, the effect of electromagnetic stirring parameters on the microstructures of semi-solid AZ91D alloy was mainly studied at the stirring frequency of 200 Hz. The experimental results show that when the stirring power rises, the primary α-Mg rosettes in the semi-solid melt will bear stronger man-made temperature fluctuation and the root remehing effect of the dendritic arms is promoted so that the spherical primary α-Mg grains become much more and rounder. If the stirring frequency is 200 Hz, the ideal semi-solid microstructure of AZ91D magnesium alloy can be obtained when the stirring power is increased to 6.0 kW. If the stirring frequency is 200 Hz and the stirring power is 6.0 kW, it is found that the lower cooling rate is favorable for the spherical primary α-Mg grains to be developed during the electromagnetic stirring stage. If the AZ91D magnesium alloy billet prepared during electromagnetic stirring at the stirring frequency of 200 Hz and the stirring power of 6.0 kW is reheated to the solidus and liquidus temperature region,the primary α-Mg grain‘s shape will get more spherical, so it is very advantageous to the semi-solid thixoforming process     

微量钒对AZ91D镁合金显微组织的影响

研究了添加微量钒对AZ91D镁合金显微组织的影响。在AZ91D镁合金熔炼过程加入AlV55中间合金引入钒元素,用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪和X射线衍射等分析研究了加钒前后合金组织的变化以及钒在合金中的存在形式。结果表明:钒的引入使β-Mg17Al12相由不连续网状逐渐离散化,钒在AZ91D合金中主要以新相Al3V形式溶解或分散于β-Mg17Al12相和α-Mg基体中。高熔点的新相Al3V在AZ91D镁合金凝固过程中先于其他相生成聚集在固液界面前沿,抑制晶粒的长大;同时由于α-Mg相细化而使晶界面积增加,相应的单位面积晶界处发生共晶反应的熔液体积减少,生成的β-Mg17Al12相变得细小。同时由于晶粒尺寸减小以及晶界处Al3V相的强化作用,AZ91D合金的硬度随着添加钒含量的增加呈增大趋势。     

添加稀土元素Ce对AZ91D镁合金组织的影响

用金相显微镜、能量色散谱仪（EDS）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）研究了稀土元素Ce对AZ91D镁合金铸态组织的影响。结果表明，Ce对AZ91D镁合金具有明显的变质效果，加入0．4％Ce后，α-Mg树枝晶变化不明显，晶界上的β-Mg17Al12相呈断续网状分布；加入0．8％Ce后，合金晶界上的离异共晶β相基本上断裂成骨骼状，转变为颗粒状且分布比较均匀；加入1．2％稀土Ce后，枝晶变细，共晶β相完全变为颗粒相，弥散分布于晶界处。微结构分析发现，组织中出现了分布于晶界处的杆状Al10Ce2Mn7化合物。     

镁合金低压脉冲磁场晶粒细化

提出一种低压脉冲磁场合金晶粒细化技术,分析常规铸造和半连续铸造条件下,低压脉冲磁场对镁合金凝固组织的影响。结果表明:脉冲磁场对AZ31、AZ91D、AZ80、AM60、AS31和Mg-Gd-Y-Zr镁合金均有显著的细化效果。施加脉冲磁场后,初生α-Mg形态发生明显球化,由粗大、发达的枝晶变为细小的蔷薇状,且溶质偏析显著降低。采用商用ANSYS软件分析了电磁力、流场以及焦耳热对熔体的影响规律,从形核和生长角度分析了脉冲磁场下镁合金晶粒细化机制,依据界面稳定性理论提出了脉冲磁场下镁合金晶粒球化模型。     

硼对AZ91镁合金组织及性能的影响

研究了硼对AZ91镁合金显微组织和硬度的影响。结果表明:当B的加入量小于0.01%(质量分数)时,随硼加入量的增加,合金铸态组织和平均晶粒尺寸显著减小,布氏硬度明显提高;B加入量为0.01%时,合金平均晶粒尺寸由未加B的120μm细化到30μm左右;当加入量超过0.01%时,晶粒有粗化的趋势;分析认为具有密排六方结构的高熔点化合物AlB2(Tm=980℃)可作为α-Mg的异质核心,大量异质结晶核心的存在是使-αMg晶粒细化的主要原因。     

硼对AZ91镁合金组织及性能的影响

研究了硼对AZ91镁合金显微组织和硬度的影响。结果表明：当B的加入量小于0．01％（质量分数）时，随硼加入量的增加，合金铸态组织和平均晶粒尺寸显著减小，布氏硬度明显提高；B加入量为0．01％时，合金平均晶粒尺寸由未加B的120μm细化到30μm左右；当加入量超过0．01％时，晶粒有粗化的趋势；分析认为具有密排六方结构的高熔点化合物AlB2（Tm=980℃）可作为α-Mg的异质核心，大量异质结晶核心的存在是使α-Mg晶粒细化的主要原因。     

磁场作用下AZ91镁合金焊接接头固溶时效后的组织与性能

在外加纵向交流磁场作用下,对AZ91镁合金板进行钨极氩弧焊(TIG),并对焊接接头固溶时效处理后的组织性能进行了分析。结果表明,固溶时效后,AZ91镁合金焊接接头组织由基体α-Mg和β-Al12Mg17两相组成,大量β-Mg17Al12相弥散析出。随磁场电流增加,焊接接头晶粒先细小后粗大;磁场电流为1.5 A时,晶粒最为细小,大量β-Mg17Al12相在晶界晶内弥散析出,接头显微硬度、抗拉强度和塑性最好,耐蚀性最差。     

Mg-TiB2中间合金和Ca对AZ91D镁合金组织和性能的影响

采用SEM、EDS和XRD等测试手段,研究Mg-50%TiB2(质量分数)中间合金和碱土金属元素Ca对AZ91D镁合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明:0.7%TiB2和0.1%Ca可以显著细化AZ91D镁合金的枝晶组织和晶粒,α-Mg的平均晶粒尺寸由240μm下降至46μm。通过能谱分析及面错配度的计算证实:TiB2颗粒可作为初生α-Mg的良好异质形核核心。碱土金属元素Ca在晶界处富集,阻碍了α-Mg晶粒生长,对晶粒细化起到了一定的作用。显微组织的细化使合金的强韧性明显提高,并对耐腐蚀性能有较大改善。     

熔体过热处理对AZ91D镁合金组织与性能的影响

采用自制的电阻炉研究熔体过热温度对AZ91D镁合金凝固组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:AZ91D镁合金的铸态组织随着熔体过热温度的提高由树枝晶形态向等轴晶转变,晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,超过850℃后晶粒尺寸变化不大。AZ91D镁合金的抗拉强度、条件屈服强度和伸长率均随熔体过热温度的提高呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,力学性能在850℃时达到最大值。DSC分析表明,提高熔体温度使凝固开始点温度降低,凝固区间缩小,临界晶核半径减小,增加了熔体中的过冷度,提高了熔体中非均匀形核率,是镁合金晶粒细化的主要原因。熔体过热温度的提高导致共晶温度提高,使共晶相粗大。     

Microstructure transformation of deformed AZ91D during isothermal holding

In order to understand the thermodynamic properties of deformed AZ91D alloy during isothermal holding, the microstructure characteristics and transformation were investigated. The results present that deformation mainly concentrates on the edge of the chips and billets, especially at the interface of α/β. Microstructure transformation mechanism of deformed AZ91D during holding mainly includes recrystallization, spheroidization and Ostwald ripening. The mechanism was then thermodynamically analyzed. During the heating and isothermal holding process, recrystallization driven by residual energy within the deformed AZ91D alloy, spheroidization and Ostwald ripening induced by the reduction of interfacial energy, will inevitably and continuously occur with the extension of heating and holding.     

Reheating microstructure of refined AZ91D magnesium alloy in semi-solid state

By means of equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) test, upsetting test and metalloseope, reheating mierostruetures of raw casting ingots, materials prepared by SIMA and materials extruded by ECAE in semi-solid state were investigated. The results show that compared with those of raw casting ingots and materials prepared by SIMA, reheating microstrueture of materials extruded by ECAE is the best and the final grain size is the finest. With increasing holding time, a growing phenomenon occurs in reheating microstrueture of materials extruded by ECAE, which can be described by Ostwald ripening law. The average grain size increases firstly, subsequently decreases and the shape factor of grains approaches to 1 as the reheating temperature increases. With increasing equivalent strain, the average grain size decreases. This demonstrates that reheating material extruded by ECAE technology is a good method to prepare AZ91D magnesium alloy semi-solid billets.     

Ce对AZ91镁合金铸态组织细化的影响

加入少量的Ce（0．2％-0．8％,质量分数）可明显细化α-Mg基体,随Ce量增加,合金中的β-Mg17Al12相数量减少,且由连续网状形态变为非连续分布．同时,Ce与合金中的Al结合形成针状或杆状的Al4Ce化合物．能谱分析和液淬显微组织观察表明,组织细化机制主要归结为Ce加入引起结晶界面前沿的成分过冷,增加均质形核的数量．显微组织的改善导致了合金的力学性能和腐蚀性能明显提高．     

Mg-TiB_2中间合金和Ce对AZ91D镁合金显微组织的细化

采用SEM、EDS和XRD等测试手段,研究了Mg-50%TiB2中间合金和稀土元素Ce对AZ91D镁合金显微组织的细化效果。结果表明,加入1.4%的中间合金可以显著细化AZ91D镁合金的枝晶组织和晶粒,α-Mg的平均晶粒尺寸由240μm下降至50μm。在此基础上,复合添加0.2%Ce后,枝晶组织和晶粒进一步细化,同时,β相由粗大骨骼状转变为岛状和细小的粒状,且产生新相Al4Ce。通过能谱分析及面错配度计算证实,TiB2可作为初生α-Mg的良好异质核心。加入稀土元素Ce引起合金成分过冷度增加,从而激活固液界面前沿潜在的TiB2核心,提高TiB2的形核率。     

AZ91D镁合金高温压缩过程中的微观组织演变

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机对AZ91D镁合金在400℃、0．01s^-1的条件下进行不同压缩真应变量（1％、10％、60％、100％）的高温压缩实验，利用光学显微镜、透射电镜观察压缩变形过程中合金的显微组织演变。结果表明：在压缩变形的初始阶段，{101^-2}孪生是主要的变形机制，孪晶的尺寸较大；在随后的变形过程中孪晶发生破碎，尺寸变小；随着变形的进一步进行，孪晶之问相互交叉，在孪晶界及孪晶交叉畸变较大的区域成为再结晶的形核区。     

机械研磨工艺对 AZ91D 镁合金显微结构的影响

目的研究不同机械研磨处理条件对AZ91D镁合金表面晶粒细化行为与机制的影响。方法采用不同直径的弹丸对密排六方结构的AZ91D镁合金进行不同时间的表面机械研磨处理,对处理试样的表面显微结构进行对比和表征,分析晶粒细化机制。结果通过表面机械研磨处理可以实现AZ91D镁合金的表层晶粒细化。在一定范围内,弹丸直径越大,处理时间越长,表层晶粒细化就越明显,晶粒尺寸可细化至约24 nm。结论 AZ91D镁合金表面机械研磨处理晶粒细化是孪生和位错滑移的综合结果。选择弹丸直径16 mm,处理时间180 min的工艺参数,AZ91D镁合金表面机械研磨处理的效果最好。     

电磁场对AZ91镁合金凝固态组织的影响

利用XRD和OM分析等手段研究了高频电磁场对AZ91合金凝固态组织的影响。结果表明：无磁场作用时,晶粒尺寸约为180μm,其组织的固相颗粒为树枝状。在磁场作用下AZ91的晶粒有所细化,晶粒尺寸约为120μm,晶粒变得圆整。用石英管作为加热容器会使石英管中的硅与镁反应生成Mg2Si。离石英管壁越近,合金中的Mg2Si越多。     

合金化对AZ91D镁合金组织与力学性能的影响

利用光学显微镜（OM）和X射线衍射（XRD）分析了分别加入合金化元素Ce，Si和Ca后AZ91D合金的铸态组织和相组成，测试了合金室温拉伸性能和硬度。结果表明：加入Ce和Si后合金组织中分别生成杆状Al4Ce和汉字状Mg2Si相，而加入Ca后无新相生成，加入的Ca主要固溶于β相中；Al4Ce和Mg2Si相在合金凝固过程中被推移到生长界面，Ca原子偏聚在生长界面前沿，从而阻碍枝晶的自由生长，细化合金铸态组织：Ce和Ca的加入可提高合金室温综合力学性能，且前者提高程度要高于后者提高程度，而Si的加入却降低合金室温综合力学性能。     

Mg-Al4C3-Ce中间合金对AZ91D镁合金显微组织与性能的影响

采用粉末原位合成工艺成功制备了新型Mg-50％Al4C3-xCe (x=2％、4％、6％、8％)中间合金,并利用x射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱分析(EDS)对其进行物相鉴别和形貌分析.在AZ91D镁合金中加入1.2％(Mg-50％Al4C3-xCe)中间合金可明显细化枝晶组织,枝晶形貌由六重对称的树枝状演变为花瓣状,而且晶粒尺寸明显减小.当中间合金中Ce含量为6％时,合金的平均晶粒尺寸由基体合金的360 μm降至65 μm.显微组织的细化有利于合金的强韧性能及耐腐蚀性能的明显提高.