Mechanical properties of talc-filled polypropylene. Influence of filler content,filler particle size and quality of dispersion

Mechanical properties of polypropylene-talc composites are measured as a function of talc concentration up to 40 wt.-%, Young's modulus of filled polypropylene shows linear increase with talc concentration up to double the value of unfilled polymer. Yield stress and Charpy notch toughness decrease with increasing talc content below matrix level at the highest filler content. Composite ultimate tensile elongation and tensile impact strength decrease sharply beginning at the lowest filler concentration. The influence of the talc particle size on the mechanical properties, especially composite toughness, mentioned above, is investigated. Four type of talc were used. Notch toughness decreases according to a linear dependence with mean size of talc particles. Evaluating impact strength possible content of agglomerates of filler and other additions is necessary to be included: tensile impact strength gives slow linear dependence with increasing content of filler particles and/or agglomerates above about 10 μm. The influence of talc particle size on the toughness of filled polypropylene becomes strong if the rubber particles are present.     

Effect of talc on the properties of polypropylene/ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymer blends

In the present study, the effect of talc content on the mechanical, thermal, and microstructural properties of the isotactic polypropylene (i‐PP) and elastomeric ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymer (EPDM) blends were investigated. In the experimental study, five different talc concentrations, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 wt %, were added to i‐PP/EPDM (88/12) blends to produce ternary composites. The mechanical properties such as yield and tensile strengths, elongation at break, elasticity modulus, izod impact strength for notch tip radius of 1 mm, and hardness with and without heat treatments and thermal properties, such as melt flow index (MFI), of the ternary composites have been investigated. The annealing heat treatment was carried out at 100°C for holding time of 75 h. From the tensile test results, an increased trend for the yield and tensile strengths and elasticity modulus was seen for lower talc contents, while elongation at break showed a sharp decrease with the addition of talc. In the case of MFI, talc addition decreased the MFI of i‐PP/EPDM blends. It was concluded that, taking into consideration, mechanical properties and annealing heat treatment, heat treatment has much more effect on higher yield and tensile strengths, elongation at break, elasticity modulus, impact strength, and hardness. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3033–3039, 2006     

An investigation on the mechanical and dynamic rheological properties of single and hybrid filler/polypropylene composites based on talc and calcium carbonate

Some results of experiments on the mechanical and rheological properties of mineral filled polypropylene were presented. Single filler and hybrid filler composites of talc and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) were prepared in a co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder. The effect of filler type, filler content, and coupling agent on the mechanical and rheological properties of the polypropylene were studied. The coupling agent was maleic anhydride‐grafted polypropylene (PP‐g‐MA). It was found that the mechanical properties are affected by filler type, filler concentration, and the interaction between filler and matrix. The tensile strength of the composite is more affected by the talc while the impact strength is influenced mostly by CaCO₃ content. The elongation at break of PP/CaCO₃ composites was higher than that of PP/talc composites. The incorporation of coupling agent into PP/mineral filler composites increased the mechanical properties. Rheological properties indicated that the complex viscosity and storage modulus of talc filled samples were higher than those of calcium carbonate filled samples while the tan δ was lower. The rheological properties of hybrid‐filler filled sample were more affected by the talc than calcium carbonate. The PP‐g‐MA increased the complex viscosity and storage modulus of both single and hybrid composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Effect of chemical treatments on the mechanical,flow, and morphological properties of talc‐ and kaolin‐filled polypropylene hybrid composites

This study was performed with commercially available phenyl trimethoxysilane (PTMS) and neoalkoxytitanate [i.e., neopentyl(diallyl)oxytri(dioctyl)phosphato titanate (LICA 12)] as coupling agents. PTMS and LICA 12 were used to treat talc and kaolin to compare their effects with untreated fillers upon incorporation into polypropylene (PP). Single‐filler PP composites (containing either talc or kaolin) and hybrid‐filler composites (containing a mix of both talc and kaolin) were compounded in a twin‐screw extruder and subsequently injection‐molded into dumbbells. The incorporation of PTMS and LICA 12 slightly decreased the tensile and flexural properties in terms of modulus and strength but increased the elongation at break for both single‐filler and hybrid‐filler composites. There was also a significant improvement in the impact strength of the composites, particularly those treated with LICA 12. The hybrid composites, through the synergistic coalescence of positive characteristics from talc and kaolin with the aid from chemical treatment provided an economically advantageous material with mechanical properties comparable to those of the single‐filler‐filled PP composites. Further investigations on flow and morphological properties were also done to correlate the mechanical properties of the single‐ and hybrid‐filler‐filled PP composites. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Mechanical Properties of Talc Filled i-PP/CSM Rubber Composites

ABSTRACT

Tensile and impact properties of talc-filled i-PP/CSM rubber (20 phr, 0.13 vol fraction) blends were studied in the talc concentration range 0–0.149 vol fraction (0–50 phr). The tensile modulus increased whereas the tensile breaking strength and the strain-at-break decreased with increase in the talc concentration. The modulus increase and the strain decrease were due to enhanced mechanical restraint imposed by the talc particles on the polymer blend decreasing its deformability. Formation of stress concentration points explained the decrease in the tensile strength. The Izod impact strength showed a significant decrease with increase in the filler content. Surface treatment of the talc particles with a titanate coupling agent LICA 12 increased the wetting of the talc by the polymer blend, further modifying the strength properties. Scanning electron microscopic studies showed enhanced dispersion of the filler particles sequential to the surface treatment, effecting modifications of the composite strength properties.     

高分子量聚丙烯改性通用聚丙烯研究

用高分子量聚丙烯(HWPP)分别与共聚PP、均聚PP、POE熔融共混制备出HWPP的无机填料复合物。结果表明,当HWPP含量为20%时,HWPP与均聚PP复合物的加工流动性最好,通过共混可得到优异的力学性能,而加入适量的滑石粉对该复合材料的加工性能有着明显的改善;HWPP与共聚PP复合物在HWPP含量为20%时,拉伸强度和断裂伸长率在实验用量范围内最大,而其悬臂梁冲击强度在HWPP含量为30%时达到最大;在POE含量由10%上升到20%时,HWPP与POE的滑石粉填料复合物的悬臂梁冲击强度提高了近1倍。     

羟基硅油对Mg（OH）2高填充HDPE力学性能的影响

研究了超细Ｍｇ（ＯＨ）２填料用量、填料表面改性、羟基硅油用量等对于高填充高密度聚乙烯（ＨＤＰＥ）力学性能的影响。当超细Ｍｇ（ＯＨ）填料用量达到７０份时,ＨＤＰＥ复合材料表现出明显的脆性拉伸断裂行为,用硅烷偶联剂物钛酸酯对超细Ｍｇ（ＯＨ）２填料进行表面改性,能提高高填充ＨＤＰＥ的拉伸强度,而对于断裂伸长率的影响较小,羟基硅油能有效改善高填充ＨＤＰＥ的韧性。在１４０份的高填充量下,用羟基硅油处理钛酸酯     

Thermomechanical properties of virgin and recycled polypropylene impact copolymer/CaCO3 nanocomposites

The effect of successive injection moldings on the thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of a polypropylene impact copolymer (PP) was investigated. The crystal content decreased as the molecular weight decreased due to chain scission with repeated injection molding. The Young modulus and the yield stress remained constant, despite a drop in the strain to break. Virgin and recycled PP matrix were filled with nanosized calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) particles. The effect of morphology on the thermal and mechanical properties of nanocomposites of virgin and recycled PP filled with nanosized CaCO₃ particles was also studied. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were strongly influenced by the intrinsic toughness of the matrix and the concentration and dispersion of the filler. The yield strength and strain of virgin PP decreased gradually, while its Young's modulus increased slightly with increasing CaCO₃ loading. These phenomena were less pronounced for the recycled matrix. Incorporation of nanoparticles to virgin matrix produced an increase in tensile stiffness and ductility, when good dispersion of the filler was achieved. However, the impact strength dropped dramatically for high filler contents. A significant increase in impact strength was observed for the recycled PP. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 50:1904–1913, 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Effect of γ-Radiation on the Mechanical Performance of Hybrid Rice Straw/Seaweed-Polypropylene Composites

Hybrid composites of rice straw (Rs)/seaweed (Sw) and polypropylene (PP) were prepared at a fixed filler ratio of 30:70 and variable ratio of the two reinforcements, viz. 30:0, 25:5, 20:10, 10:20, 0:30 by weight. Mechanical properties of the composites such as tensile strength (TS), bending strength (BS), impact strength (IS) and elongation at break (Eb%) were investigated and the composite formulation of 20:10:70 (Rs:Sw:PP) was found to be optimum that showed TS = 2.8 MPa, BS = 68 N/mm², IS = 2.5 kJ/mm² and Eb = 50%. For better compatibility, Rs and Sw were subjected to surface treatment using various intensities of γ-radiation to prepare improved hybrid composites. γ-irradiated filler hybrid composites significantly enhanced mechanical properties and the composite in which fillers were irradiated at 100 krad achieved maximum enhancement with TS = 35 MPa, BS = 75 N/mm², IS = 2.7 kJ/mm² and Eb = 68%. Water absorption capacity of the different composites was also studied and irradiated filler composites showed less water uptake.     

Mechanical properties of polypropylene composites reinforced with long glass fibres and mineral fillers

Abstract

The mechanical behaviour of long discontinuous glass fibre (LGF) reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites filled with talc or calcium carbonate fillers was studied. Sample specimens were processed by injection moulding, after which tensile and impact properties were analysed. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was used to analyse the morphology of the fracture surfaces. The results showed that the use of talc as a hybrid filler in LGF reinforced PP leads to a better tensile strength and toughness than in a corresponding hybrid composite based on calcium carbonate. Furthermore, it was observed that the matrix had a dominant role at low fibre content, whereas at high fibre loading, the effect of fibres was more evident.     

Influence of the rubber content and particle morphology on the mechanical properties of the (hiPP)

The effect of the final morphology and the role of ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) content and (iPP) particle size on the mechanical properties of (iPP/EPR) in situ blends are investigated. The addition of EPR causes a significant improvement in the impact strength of the composites, from 20 kJ/m² in unthoughned composite iPP to 100 kJ/m² in iPP/EPR composites containing 50% EPR. Conversely, the tensile strength and the Young's modulus of the blends decrease as the EPR amount increases. The mechanical tensile strength is similar for the composite which have a time of homopolymerization less or equal to 60 min, and a higher value is observed in the case of 100 min. The scanning electron microscopy characterization shows that the larger the iPP particle is, the less the rubber settles on the surface of the high impact polypropylene and the less the final material is resistant to shocks. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 44197.     

Thermal processability and properties of highly filled poly(vinyl alcohol)/talc composite

Abstract

A highly filled PVA/talc composite was prepared through our invented thermal processing technology without using any coupling agent or compatibiliser. The results showed that compared with neat PVA, the melt temperature of the composite decreased and the degradation temperature increased, providing a big temperature window for thermal processing of PVA/talc composite. The composite melt exhibited shear thinning behaviour while its viscosity increased with increasing talc, still satisfied the requirement of thermal processing. The morphology analysis confirmed that talc was well dispersed in PVA, improving heat deflection temperature (HDT), tensile strength and modulus of PVA. When talc was 50 wt-%, the HDT, tensile strength and modulus of the composite were 115°C, 48 MPa, 1·23 GPa respectively, increased by 92, 16 and 150%, compared with PVA, and the elongation at break was 100% of the composite, confirming that the high filled PVA/talc composite was a novel PVA based material with excellent thermal and mechanical properties.     

Effect of talc surface treatment on the mechanical properties of composites based on PP/LDPE blend matrices

A study has been made of property optimization of a composite based on low density polyethylene and polypropylene (PP) blend matrices with talc modified by a titanate coupling agent. Analysis shows that the flexural properties improve with increasing content of both talc and polypropylene. However, the tensile moduli show a different behavior. Tensile strength is hardly affected by the filler content at PP percentages in the matrix above 50 percent. The surface modified talc gives rise to higher mechanical properties than the unmodified talc. This improvement is more noticeable as talc and PP percentages in the composite is increased. Scanning electron microscopy has shown the effect of the coupling agent at the filler/polymer matrix interphase and the greater affinity between talc and polypropylene.     

Shrinkage behavior and mechanical performances of injection molded polypropylene/talc composites

In this research, the influences of adding talc mineral particles of 10 μm particle size on the shrinkage and the mechanical properties of injection molded polypropylene (PP)/talc composites were investigated. PP has a crystalline molecular structure and hence it possesses nonisotropic shrinkage along and across the flow directions. Addition of the talc mineral filler to PP induced an isotropic shrinkage in the molded part because of the nonisotropic shape of talc particles. The results of experiments indicated that the maximum flexural strength, maximum impact strength, and isotropic shrinkage were achieved by adding 10, 20, and 30 by weight percent of talc respectively. By incorporating of 10 wt% of talc particles into the PP matrix, the tensile strength was hardly affected but the occurrence of cold drawing phenomena in the tensile test was hindered considerably. The flake‐shape structure of talc filler played an important role in determining the molded part shrinkage and mechanical properties. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:2124–2128, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Mechanical properties and morphology of nylon‐6 hybrid composites

In this investigation, the influence of filler type and filler content on the mechanical properties of nylon‐6 is investigated. The mineral fillers were selected on the basis of their shape and size: flake‐like kaolin and talc, spherical glass beads or fibrous wollastonite. These fillers were added to nylon‐6 individually or in mixed combinations. They were added at different percentages varying between 10 and 30% w/w. Samples of the composites were prepared by the injection moulding process. Uniaxial tensile, Izod impact and flexural tests were carried out. Tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus of elasticity and impact energy were obtained and compared. In case of single fillers the results showed that the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and their flexural values for nylon‐6 composite improve with the increase in filler content while mixed compounds showed no significant changes above 15% + 15% w/w filler. However, for single and mixed filler up to 10% w/w, the impact strength and maximum elongation at break showed significant decrease. In general, the maximum improvement in mechanical the addition of 10–15% w/w filler. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

高强高韧GF／PP复合材料的研究

通过在短玻(GF)增强聚丙烯(PP)中添加聚烯烃弹性体(POE),并用马来酸酐对PP进行接枝交联的方法, 制备了高冲击韧性GF／PP复合材料。在该材料中,短切玻璃纤维的加入大幅度提高了材料的拉伸、弯曲强度,而POE 则通过产生形变等方式,提高了材料的冲击韧性;在其中加入马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯增加界面结合力,可使GF／PP／POE 复合体系表现出良好的综合力学性能,其拉伸强度为51．9 MPa,弯曲强度为68．1MPa,冲击韧性为44．2 kJ／m2。     

Comparison of the mechanical properties and interfacial interactions between talc,kaolin, and calcium carbonate filled polypropylene composites

Three types of mineral fillers—talc, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), and kaolin (10–40 wt % filler loadings)—were compounded with polypropylene (PP) with a twin‐screw extruder. The composites were injection‐molded, and the effects of the filler loading on the mechanical, flow, and thermal properties for the three different types of filled composites were investigated. The aim was to compare their properties and to deduce prospective filler combinations that would yield hybrid PP composites in following studies. The results showed that in most cases, the strength and stiffness of the talc‐filled PP composites was significantly higher than those of the CaCO₃‐ and kaolin‐filled PP composites. However, CaCO₃, being a nonreactive filler, increased the toughness of PP. The kaolin‐filled PP composites also showed some improvement in terms of strength and stiffness, although the increases in these properties were not as significant as those of the talc‐filled PP composites. The effects of interfacial interactions between the fillers and PP on the mechanical properties were also evaluated with semiempirical equations. The nucleating ability of all three fillers was studied with differential scanning calorimetry, and the strongest nucleating agent of the three was talc, followed by CaCO₃ and kaolin. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3315–3326, 2004     

Effect of a silane coupling agent on the properties of white rice husk ash–polypropylene/natural rubber composites

White rice husk ash (WRHA)–polypropylene (PP)/natural rubber (NR) composites were prepared using a Brabender Plasticorder at 180 °C and a rotor speed of 50 rev min^?1. The mechanical and water‐absorption properties were studied. The incorporation of WRHA into the PP/NR matrix has resulted in the improvement of the tensile modulus; however, the tensile strength, elongation at break and stress at yield decreased with increasing WRHA loading. Poor filler matrix interactions are believed to be responsible for the decrease in the properties. Incorporation of a silane coupling agent, 3‐aminopropyl triethoxysilane (3‐APE), improved tensile modulus, tensile strength and stress at yield of the composites. Water‐absorption studies indicate that the use of the coupling agent reduced the amount of water absorbed by the composites. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Mechanical behavior of nylon composites containing talc and kaolin

Particulate reinforced thermoplastic composites are designed to improve the properties and to lower the overall cost of engineering plastics. In this study, the influence of adding talc and kaolin fillers on the mechanical properties of nylon 6 was investigated. Fillers, either singly or mixed by various weight ratios between 10 and 30 wt %, were added to nylon 6. Test samples of the composite material were prepared by the injection‐molding process. Uniaxial tensile and Izod impact tests were carried out. Tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus of elasticity, and impact energy were obtained. The results showed that the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of nylon 6 composite increased with the increase in filler ratio, whereas the impact strength and maximum elongation decreased with the increase in filler ratio. The optimal nylon composite was determined with the addition of a 10 to 15 wt % filler ratio. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1694–1697, 2003     

表面改性方法对PP/Mg(OH)2无卤阻燃体系性能的影响

以聚丙烯(PP)为基体树脂,加入采用不同表面改性方法处理的氢氧化镁[Mg(OH)2]制备无卤阻燃PP复合材料。探讨了化学法和辐射法对PP/Mg(OH)2无卤阻燃复合材料阻燃性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明,用烷烃类偶联剂Ao-03进行表面改性的PP/Mg(OH)2具有较好的阻燃性能和力学性能,氧指数可以达到23.8%;拉伸强度变化不大,断裂伸长率达20%,是未处理PP/Mg(OH)2的9.5倍;冲击强度也最高,为未处理PP/Mg(OH)2的7倍。