天然气水合物的研究进展及分布

综述了国内外天然气水合物研究的发展历程,并对未来发展进行了预测。介绍了天然气水合物的资源潜力分布,以及5种天然气水合物的开发技术。通过分析目前我国的天然气水合物的发展情况,提出了几点建议。     

Research progress in hydrate-based technologies and processes in China: A review

Natural gas hydrate (NGH) is considered as an alternative energy resource in the future as it is proven to contain about 2 times carbon resources of those contained in the fossil energy on Earth. Gas hydrate technology is a new technology which can be extensively used in methane production from NGH, gas separation and purification, gas transportation, sea-water desalination, pipeline safety and phase change energy storage, etc. Since the 1980s, the gas hydrate technology has become a research hotspot worldwide because of its relatively economic and environmental friendly characteristics. China is a big energy consuming country with coal as a dominant energy. With the development of the society, energy shortage and environmental pollution are becoming great obstacles to the progress of the country. Therefore, in order to ensure the sustainable development of the society, it is of great significance to develop and utilize NGH and vigorously develop the gas hydrate technology. In this paper, the research advances in hydrate-based processes in China are comprehensively reviewed from different aspects, mainly including gas separation and purification, hydrate formation inhibition, sea-water desalination and methane exploitation from NGH by CH₄-CO₂ replacement. We are trying to show the relevant research in China, and at the same time, summarize the characteristics of the research and put forward the corresponding problems in a technical way.     

气体水合物生成过程强化方法研究现状

气体水合物因其特殊的物理化学特性,已被气体分离、二氧化碳捕集与封存、海水淡化、气体储运等诸多领域学者广泛研究。但气体水合物生成条件较为苛刻、生成速率及储气能力较商业化应用还有较大差距。本工作从气体水合物生成条件、生成速率、储气能力等角度,分别综述了机械强化、外场作用、添加剂等强化方法对气体水合物生成过程的强化原理、技术特征及其研究现状;综合比较分析了各种强化方法的优势及存在的问题;展望了各强化方法的未来发展方向及其适用领域;特别是针对气体水合物法海水淡化的技术特征和关键问题,提出以外电场强化气体水合物法海水淡化过程的新思路。     

Tetrahydrofuran hydrate crystal growth inhibition by hyperbranched poly(ester amide)s

Kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) are water-soluble polymers designed to delay gas hydrate formation in gas and oilfield operations. Inhibition of growth of gas hydrate crystals is one of the mechanisms by which KHIs have been proposed to act. One class of commercial KHIs is the hyperbranched poly(ester amide)s. We have investigated the ability of a range of structurally different hyperbranched poly(ester amide)s to inhibit the crystal growth of tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrate which forms a Structure II clathrate hydrate, the most common gas hydrate structure encountered in the upstream oil and gas industry. The results indicate that there is an optimum size of hydrophobic groups attached to the succinyl part of the polymer, which gives best crystal growth inhibition. However, total inhibition was impossible to achieve even at a concentration of 8000 ppm of one of the best polymers at a subcooling of 3.4 °C, tentatively suggesting that polymer adsorption onto natural gas hydrate crystal surfaces is probably not the primary mechanism of kinetic inhibition operating in field applications with this class of KHI.     

Reviews of gas hydrate inhibitors in gas-dominant pipelines and application of kinetic hydrate inhibitors in China

During the development and application of natural gas, hydrate plugging the pipelines is a very important issue to solve. Currently, adding thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (THIs) and kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) in gas-dominated pipelines is a main way to prevent hydrate plugging of flow lines. This paper mainly reviews the efforts to develop THIs and KHIs in the past 20 years, compare the role of various THIs, such as methanol, ethylene glycol and electrolyte, and give the tips in using. The direction of KHIs is toward high efficiency, low toxicity, low pollution and low cost. More than a hundred inhibitors, including polymers, natural products and ionic liquids, have been synthesized in the past decade. Some of them have better performance than the current commercial KHIs. However, there are still few problems, such as the complex synthesis process, high cost and low solubility, impeding the commercialization of these inhibitors. The review also summarized some application of KHIs in China. Research of KHIs in China began late. There are no KHIs used in gas pipelines. Only a few field tests have been carried out. In the end of this paper, the field test of self-developed KHIs by China is summarized, and the guidance is given according to the application results.     

气体水合物研究进展

It is of great significance to study gas hydrate because of following reasons. (1) Most organic carbon in the earth reserves in the form of natural gas hydrate, which is considered as a potential energy resource for the survival of human being in the future. (2) A series of novel technologies are based on gas hydrate. (3) Gas hydrate may lead to many hazards including plugging of oil/gas pipelines, accelerating global warming up, etc. In this paper, the latest progresses in exploration and exploitation of natural gas hydrate, the development of hydrate-based technologies including gas separation, gas storage, CO2 sequestration via forming hydrate, as well as the prevention of hydrate hazards are reviewed. Additionally, the progresses in the fundamental study of gas hydrate, including the thermodynamics and kinetics are also reviewed. A prospect to the future of gas hydrate research and application is given.     

天然气水合物资源开发现状及前景

天然气水合物被认为是21世纪的主要清洁能源,也是当今世界科学研究的前沿之一。我国开展天然气水合物研究,对我国宏观能源战略决策、开拓新学科领域和社会可持续发展均有重要理论意义和广阔的应用前景。论述了天然气水合物资源及未来,提出了我国应采取的措施及策略。     

气体水合物生成微观机理及分析方法研究进展

水合物技术在能源和气候领域有着广阔的应用前景,有望成为应对能源挑战和气候变化的关键技术。但目前该技术存在着水合物生成速率慢、气体消耗量低的缺点,限制了水合物技术的工业化发展。从微观机理的角度,梳理和总结了关于气体水合物生成机制的理论观点,简述了驱动力和气体溶解度在水合物成核过程中的影响,介绍了表面活性剂和纳米粒子对水合物形成的影响机理以及常用的微观分析技术。分析发现,气体水合物的形成机制时至今日仍未有统一定论,对于促进剂作用机理的研究也不够充分,现有的微观分析手段难以捕捉水合物形成过程中的分子行为。这些问题限制了水合物技术向更快、更高效方面发展。探究水合物技术的相关机理,了解各类影响因素的作用原理,探索新的分析手段,将有助于突破水合物技术的瓶颈,为寻找更佳性能的促进剂、更高效地合成水合物探明道路。     

含CO_2天然气水合物抑制剂抑制效果对比分析

随着天然气事业的发展,国外在天然气水合物抑制剂的研究方面成熟,常采用加热和加注抑制剂的方法来防止水合物的生成。国内在气田开发实践中,主要采用国外成熟技术,但在应用中还需要进一步完善。吉林油田长岭1号气田CO2平均含量约30%,最高达90%,而且高含CO2气田数量少、起步晚,因此可供借鉴的资料并不丰富,需要根据高含CO2气田的特点对几种水合物抑制剂进行分析比较研究。本文主要在水合物生成条件的基础上做实验,针对甲醇和乙二醇做抑制剂,选取不同体积分率的抑制剂浓度来完成水合物生成条件的实验,完成抑制剂效果评价曲线,从而选择出效果更好、更经济实用的水合物抑制剂。     

气体水合物生成微观机理及分析方法研究进展

水合物技术在能源和气候领域有着广阔的应用前景,有望成为应对能源挑战和气候变化的关键技术。但目前该技术存在着水合物生成速率慢、气体消耗量低的缺点,限制了水合物技术的工业化发展。从微观机理的角度,梳理和总结了关于气体水合物生成机制的理论观点,简述了驱动力和气体溶解度在水合物成核过程中的影响,介绍了表面活性剂和纳米粒子对水合物形成的影响机理以及常用的微观分析技术。分析发现,气体水合物的形成机制时至今日仍未有统一定论,对于促进剂作用机理的研究也不够充分,现有的微观分析手段难以捕捉水合物形成过程中的分子行为。这些问题限制了水合物技术向更快、更高效方面发展。探究水合物技术的相关机理,了解各类影响因素的作用原理,探索新的分析手段,将有助于突破水合物技术的瓶颈,为寻找更佳性能的促进剂、更高效地合成水合物探明道路。     

国内多孔介质中天然气水合物成藏机理研究现状

南中国海的沉积物和青藏高原等冻土带中富含大量的天然气水合物,其成藏机理是开采天然气水合物的关键之一。本文介绍了中国近年来对多孔介质中模拟天然气水合物成藏的研究现状,包括主要的研究单位、研究者、研究方法与仪器设备以及近年来国内期刊上多孔介质中天然气水合物成藏机理的文献情况。     

天然气水合物浆体流变性与安全流动边界研究进展

水合物安全流动技术作为一种新型的天然气运输管理方法具有广阔的发展前景,本文在综述国内外天然气水合物安全流动研究的基础上,分析了管道流动天然气水合物生成机理、特点和对油气管道的不利影响以及现有水合物安全流动研究存在的问题,包括实验管道长度较短、着重流动规律的研究而缺乏对流动边界的拓展等。进而对国内外天然气水合物低剂量抑制剂(low dosage hydrate inhibitor,LDHI)在保障天然气水合物安全流动、拓展天然气水合物安全流动边界以及螺旋流携带研究进行了总结评述;随后提出了利用螺旋流悬浮输送技术保障天然气水合物安全流动、拓展流动边界的新型方法。结合实验结果分析表明:螺旋流动从宏观上改变水合物浆体流动特点、有效提高水合物浆液的输送浓度并可拓展水合物安全流动边界。     

蓄冷空调及气体水合物蓄冷技术

从蓄冷空调的应用背景出发,简述了蓄冷空调技术的发展与现状,并在此基础上详细介绍了气体水合物蓄冷技术,从气体水合物蓄冷工质的选择、气体水合物结晶\熔解特性改善及气体水合物蓄冷装置设计3个方面对目前的研究现状进行了描述,最后提出了一些今后应该重点展开的研究方向     

水合物法提纯低浓度煤层气的研究进展

开发利用低浓度煤层气资源,对于缓解我国能源紧缺、消费结构不合理等问题具有重要意义。本文介绍了我国低浓度煤层气的利用现状,通过比较和分析几种煤层气提纯技术的优缺点,认为水合物法提纯技术具有很大潜力。水合物法提纯低浓度煤层气技术具有环保、安全、储气率高、原料简单等优点,同时仍需解决降低水合物生成条件、缩短水合物诱导时间、提高CH₄回收率等关键问题。重点概括了低浓度煤层气水合物热力学和动力学基本理论的发展以及水合法提纯低浓度煤层气技术的机理研究。从表面活性剂、新型耦合技术及水合反应器三个方面分别阐述了水合物法提纯低浓度煤层气技术的研究进展。最后,展望了水合物法提纯低浓度煤层气技术的工业化前景,提出了以下具体研究方向：探寻优质的添加剂组合并结合多级分离的方法对低浓度煤层气进行提纯,进一步探究水合法同其他煤层气提纯法相耦合的技术,优化反应器结构以及完善经济评价体系来促进其工业化进程。     

气体水合物的研究与应用

概述了气体水合物的结构与性能特点 ,从抑制和防止水合物的形成、安全有效地探测与开采应用天然气水合物资源和水合物技术与应用三个方面综述了气体水合物的研究与应用现状和未来。     

天然气水合物开采方法的数值模拟研究进展

天然气水合物具有含气量高、污染低、储量大等优点,但存在埋藏深、导热性差等问题。介绍了国内外天然气水合物开采技术的研究和应用进展,概述了传统天然气水合物开采方法的优缺点,指出天然气水合物开采难度大的普遍问题,分析其原因为天然气水合物开采效率低、能耗高、风险大,以及天然气水合物开采背景与该产业链发展水平不相匹配等。在此基础上提出了利用数值模拟技术对海底和冻土层下的天然气水合物开采进行研究,并叙述了数值模拟技术在天然气水合物开采领域的发展现状,利用该方法便捷、经济、高效的特点,最终形成天然气水合物开采方法与数值模拟技术相结合的新型开采理念。     

二氧化碳置换法模拟开采天然气水合物的研究进展

目前实验室模拟开采天然气水合物(NGH)的最主要的方法为外激法,通过注热、降压等方式使水合物分解释放出甲烷(CH₄),外激法最大的问题在于水合物的分解容易造成地层结构变化,导致地质斜坡灾害。利用二氧化碳(CO₂)在水合物相中置换开采CH₄,由于置换过程发生在水合物相中,不改变水合物相结构,因此可以降低地质灾害风险。本文全面介绍了利用CO₂在水合物相从NGH中置换CH₄的研究进展,从置换可行性、动力学模型、模拟研究、实验研究等方面对当前的研究进行了综述,并为进一步发展置换法开采CH₄技术指出了方向。     

气体水合物形成的热力学与动力学研究进展

气体水合物形成过程中涉及复杂的热力学和动力学问题.本文对水合物热力学理论模型、水合物生成动力学机理等方面的研究成果和最新进展进行了综述.热力学方面重点介绍了基于等温吸附理论 (van der Waals-Platteeuw模型)和基于双过程水合物生成机理(Chen-Guo模型)的相平衡热力学模型,同时介绍水合物结构及其转变方面的最新研究成果.动力学方面介绍了成簇成核、界面成核等成核机理模型以及成核后的水合物生长机理.另外还述及了目前水合物热力学和动力学研究中所涉及的微观、亚微观和宏观测量方法.针对目前水合物热力学和动力学研究中存在的问题,对未来的发展方向和重点提出了建议.     

气体水合物蓄冷技术研究进展

综述了国内外制冷剂气体水合物蓄冷技术的研究进展。概括描述了制冷剂气体水合物的相平衡热力学、结晶动力学研究，介绍了水合物蓄冷系统及蓄／释冷过程的研究成果：相平衡研究水合物形成的压力、温度条件；动力学研究水合物的生成，包括添加剂和外场等的作用；蓄冷过程研究系统运行可靠性及优化控制。最后简要展望了今后的主要研究方向。     

Growth kinetics of hydrate formation from water–hydrocarbon system

Gas hydrates have drawn global attentions in the past decades as potential energy resources. It should be noted that there are a variety of possible applications of hydrate-based technologies, including natural gas storage, gas transportation, separation of gas mixture, and seawater desalination. These applications have been critically challenged by insufficient understanding of hydrate formation kinetics. In this work, the literatures on growth kinetic behaviors of hydrate formation from water-hydrocarbon were systematically reviewed. The hydrate crystal growth, hydrate film growth and macroscopic hydrate formation in water system were reviewed, respectively. Firstly, the hydrate crystal growth was analyzed with respect to different positions, such as gas/liquid interface, liquid–liquid interface and gas–liquid–liquid system. Secondly, experimental and modeling studies on the growth of hydrate film at the interfaces between guest phase and water phase were categorized into two groups of lateral growth and thickening growth considering the differences in growth rates. Thirdly, we summarized the promoters and inhibitors reported (biological or chemical, liquid or solid and hydrophobic or hydrophilic) and analyzed the mechanisms affecting hydrate formation in bulk water system. Knowledge gaps and suggestions for further studies on hydrate formation kinetic behaviors are presented.