铝/铜异种材料搅拌摩擦铆接工艺

铝/铜异种材料的搅拌摩擦点焊接头的焊核区会存在较多的金属间化合物。为了减少这些硬脆且连续的金属间化合物对接头抗拉强度的影响,在搅拌摩擦点焊的基础上提出一种新型搅拌摩擦铆接技术。焊接中铝板(上板)预制孔中填充铜柱,使用旋转搅拌头下扎实现连接。研究结果表明,接头中未出现常规搅拌摩擦点焊中的Hook缺陷,铜柱的存在避免了铝板/铜板搭接界面处异种材料的混合,同时匙孔周围产生的铜层可以增加接头的机械互锁能力。铝板/铜柱垂直界面处发生原子扩散行为,形成由CuAl2以及CuAl组成的金属间化合物层。基于机械互锁与冶金结合的搅拌摩擦铆接技术可获得铝/铜异种材料的高质量接头。     

铝/钢异种金属旋转摩擦焊接研究现状

根据铝/钢异种金属焊接冶金特点及旋转摩擦焊接工艺特点,分析认为旋转摩擦焊最适合铝/钢异种金属轴对称件焊接的工艺。分别介绍了连续驱动摩擦焊和惯性摩擦焊接工艺对铝/钢异种金属焊接接头的组织和性能的影响。总结了铝/钢异种金属摩擦焊接技术研发中亟待解决的主要科学问题,铝/钢旋转摩擦焊过程中摩擦界面及其附近剧烈的塑性流变对IMCs生成的影响规律和机制需要进一步的研究;需要开发相应的工艺措施促进铝/钢接头界面上形成以Fe-Al IMCs为标志的冶金结合,并使IMCs层厚度均匀化。最终指明,研究揭示铝/钢摩擦界面IMCs生成机理、相的组成、形态、分布等冶金行为,对铝/钢旋转摩擦焊接头的组织性能调控具有重要意义,也是铝/钢异种金属焊接结构性能保证的理论基础。     

新型铝钢搅拌摩擦焊对接工艺分析

以3 mm厚的碳素结构钢Q235与3 mm厚的2A12铝合金为基材,通过机械加工的方式沿厚度方向将钢端面加工成倾斜的锯齿形状,运用搅拌摩擦偏心焊完成钢和铝异种金属的连接,以异种金属的对接焊接接头为研究对象。从焊缝宏观组织可以看到,在搅拌针的搅拌与轴向顶锻力的共同作用下,锯齿顶部的钢发生软化并随搅拌针的搅拌迁移到铝基体中。运用XRD分析表明,结合界面处除了铁和铝之外,还形成了Fe Al、Fe Al2等金属间化合物,靠近铝侧的焊缝显微硬度比铝母材的硬度要高,原因是形成的金属间化合物使得其硬度增高,通过扫描电镜与元素能谱分析,锯齿的底部铝钢结合界面形成了一层比较薄的过渡层,铝钢接头以冶金和机械结合的方式为主。     

DP590双相钢和6082铝合金异种金属激光焊接头组织与性能研究

对1.2 mm厚的DP590双相钢和6082铝合金进行钢上铝下搭接形式的异种金属激光焊接试验。结果表明:当激光功率为2700 W,焊接速度为30 mm/s,离焦量为0 mm时可以获得较好质量的接头;在焊缝界面处形成了Fe Al和Fe3Al等脆性金属间化合物;接头的抗剪强度为23.7~31.5 MPa;接头焊缝中心的硬度值最高,且从母材侧进入焊缝区域时存在一个明显的硬度值跃升界面。     

2219铝合金与不锈钢惯性摩擦焊接接头组织与力学性能

异种金属的连接可实现节能、经济及减重的目标,成为航空航天、造船、铁路运输等领域的研究热点之一;而铝合金与不锈钢物理化学性能差异明显,成为异种金属中最难实现的连接接头之一。采用惯性摩擦焊接技术进行2219铝合金与不锈钢回转体的连接,分析不同焊接工艺参数下铝钢惯性摩擦焊接接头的显微组织与力学性能。结果表明,惯性摩擦焊接使铝钢接头铝合金一侧形成了细晶区和拉长晶区;EDS结果显示焊接界面处发生了Fe、Al等元素扩散。硬度测试结果表明,在连接界面处-0.6~+0.15 mm范围内硬度值发生了明显的阶跃变化,该区域为受焊接热及变形作用的主要区域,硬度值高于母材。合理焊接工艺下获得的2219铝合金与不锈钢接头拉伸强度为235~300 MPa。铝钢惯性摩擦焊接断口以脆性断裂为主。     

镁/铝异种金属填充式摩擦点焊接头特性

采用填充式摩擦点焊技术对镁/铝异种金属进行工艺试验,并对点焊接头的力学性能和微观组织进行分析.结果表明,当采用合理的搭接接头设计和工艺参数进行镁/铝异种金属摩擦点焊时,可获得表面平整、抗剪切能力强的焊点,其焊点剪切力可达1865 N.组织分析发现,在焊核与镁母材之间的竖直界面处易出现少量的孔洞、微裂纹等缺陷,接头的断裂正发生在该区;而在镁/铝之间的水平界面结合良好,存在一定厚度的界面层组织,且该界面层组织的硬度要比两侧母材的硬度明显高很多,这与摩擦点焊过程中脆硬相的金属间化合物的形成有关.     

旋转速度对铝/钢填丝搅拌摩擦焊接头性能的影响

铝与钢复合结构是实现载具轻量化的有效途径之一,为了指导铝与钢搅拌摩擦焊接技术的工业应用,必须开展铝与钢异种材料的搅拌摩擦焊接工艺试验。采用填丝搅拌摩擦焊对2.8 mm厚的Q235冷轧钢和2.9 mm厚的5A06铝合金异种金属进行对接焊,分析接头的宏观形貌、微观结构、组织成分、微观硬度和断口形貌。结果表明:C形界面的内凹深度、界面IMC层厚度随旋转速度的增加而增加;大量Al3Ni颗粒呈弥散分布于焊缝中;在旋转速度为420 r/min时,界面IMC层为厚度1.3μm的FeAl相,接头主要断裂于焊核区,断裂模式为韧性断裂,平均抗拉强度为240.3 MPa,正弯角度为19.3°、背弯角度为13.4°;接头显微硬度呈不对称分布,表现出阶跃特征。     

转速对6061铝合金/纯铜异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与性能的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊技术对4 mm厚6061-T6铝合金和纯铜进行连接,研究转速对铝铜异种金属接头组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,当焊接速度为30 mm/min、搅拌头转速在1 200~1 800 r/min的范围内,可以获得表面成形良好、无缺陷的铝铜异种金属接头。大量破碎的铜被搅入焊核区,形成了组织结构复杂的区域。通过EDS和XRD分析,在焊核区内发现了Al_2Cu、Al_4Cu_9和Al Cu金属间化合物。在界面处,铝和铜发生相互扩散形成金属间化合物层,随着转速的提高,化合物层逐渐变厚。由于晶粒细化、固溶强化作用以及金属间化合物的生成,异种接头的焊核区平均显微硬度值高于铝铜两侧平均硬度,并且在焊核区出现硬度峰值点。随着转速的增加,接头抗拉强度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,所得最优接头抗拉强度为183 MPa,达到铜母材的71.8%,断裂位置位于铝侧热影响区,断裂方式为韧性断裂。     

铝/钢异种金属MIG熔钎焊接头腐蚀性能研究

采用脉冲旁路耦合电弧(DE-GMAW MIG)熔钎焊和ER5356铝合金焊丝对1060铝/Q235镀锌钢异种金属进行了搭接焊。用浸泡腐蚀试验和电化学腐蚀试验对焊接接头的腐蚀行为进行了研究,分析了焊接热输入对焊接接头腐蚀性能的影响。通过SEM并结合EDS对接头的腐蚀形貌和表面腐蚀产物进行了观察与分析。结果表明:铝/钢焊接接头处出现了显著的电偶腐蚀,且随着焊接热输入的增大,焊接接头的耐腐蚀性能下降。铝/钢焊接接头界面反应层金属间化合物的形成对铝/钢焊接接头的腐蚀性能是不利的,应尽量避免形成过多的界面层金属间化合物。     

镁/铝层状复合板材搅拌摩擦焊焊接行为

采用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)方法对爆炸焊方法制备的镁/铝层状复合板进行焊接，对不同焊接速度条件下焊接接头的微观组织、物相以及力学性能进行分析。结果表明：镁/铝层状复合板的搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头界面连接效果良好，热机械影响区和热影响区界线不明显，搅拌区内镁、铝交替分布呈条带状，在搅拌区、热机械影响区和热影响区形成了Al₃Mg₂和Mg₁₇Al₁₂金属间化合物，焊接缺陷主要为界面处金属没有及时填充形成的隧道孔洞；焊接接头横截面硬度呈“W”形分布，搅拌区的硬度从铝侧→界面→镁侧逐渐降低；FSW焊接接头的抗拉强度最大可达94.5 MPa，伸长率为6.7%，断裂机理为金属间化合物的脆性断裂和金属基体镁/铝的韧性断裂。     

LF6防锈铝与HR-2抗氢不锈钢摩擦焊接

通过试验研究了铝合金系列含镁量最高的LF6防锈铝与HR-2抗氢不锈钢异种材料摩擦焊接头的组织与性能,探讨了其摩擦焊接性。经焊前对焊接界面的特殊处理,清除了LF6与HR-2待焊接表面上的氧化膜,并采用以纯铝为介质的三元摩擦焊接工艺方法,避免或减少焊接界面上金属间化合物的生成,所焊接制品的抗拉强度可以达到或超过LF6防锈铝母材所要求的供货状态σb≥270MPa的技术要求。     

Joining phenomena and joint strength of friction welded joint between pure aluminium and low carbon steel

Abstract

This paper describes the joining phenomena and joint strength of friction welded joints between pure aluminium (P-Al) and low carbon steel friction welds. When the joint was made at a friction pressure of 30 MPa with a friction speed of 27·5 s^?1, the upsetting (deformation) occurred at the P-Al base metal. P-Al transferred to the half radius region of the weld interface on the low carbon steel side, and then it transferred toward the entire weld interface. When the joint was made at a friction time of 0·9 s, i.e. just after the initial peak of the friction torque, it had ～93% joint efficiency and fractured on the P-Al side. This joint had no intermetallic compound at the weld interface. Then, the joint efficiency slightly decreased with increasing friction time. The joint had a small amount of intermetallic compound at the peripheral region of the weld interface when it was made at a friction time of 2·0 s. When the joint was made at a friction time of 0·9 s, the joint efficiency decreased with increasing forge pressure, and all joints were fractured at the P-Al side. Although the joint by forge pressure of 90 MPa had hardly softened region, it had ～83% joint efficiency. To clarify the fact of decreasing joint efficiency, the tensile strength of the P-Al base metal at room temperature was investigated, and the tensile test was carried out after various compression stresses and temperatures. The tensile strength of the P-Al base metal has decreased with increasing compression stress at any temperature. Hence, the fact that the joint did not achieve 100% joint efficiency was due to the decrease in the tensile strength of the P-Al base metal by the Bauschinger effect. To obtain higher joint efficiency and fracture on the P-Al side, the joint should be made without higher forge pressure, and with the friction time at which the friction torque reaches the initial peak.     

Ni/Si中间层对铝/钢激光焊接头组织与性能的影响

研究了以Ni箔以及预置Si粉的Ni箔为中间层的铝/钢异种金属激光焊行为. 系统考察了不同激光功率下预置Si粉的Ni箔中间层对铝/钢异种金属激光焊接头组织与性能的影响. 结果表明,加入预置Si粉的Ni箔做复合中间层时,与只添加Ni箔片做中间层时相比,焊接接头的最大剪切力明显提高,其中激光功率为2 150 W时焊接接头的最大剪切力提高至1 307.96 N;Si粉的添加增加了熔池的流动性,并使得铝/钢界面的物相组成、元素分布和微观组织形态发生了改变;焊缝区生成了Fe-Si及Al-Si二元新相,有效抑制了Fe-Al二元脆性相的生成,改善了铝/钢的焊接性. 因此,预置Si粉的Ni箔复合中间层的加入,可以有效地改善铝/钢异种金属激光焊过程中的冶金反应,进而提高焊接接头的力学性能.     

铝合金与低碳钢异种金属材料的激光-压轮焊接

为了解决传统焊接方法焊接铝合金与低碳钢异种金属的焊接接头性能低下的问题,对低碳钢(steel plate cold rolled commercial,SPCC)与铝合金(A5052-H34)异种金属进行了激光-压轮焊接试验,并确定了最佳的焊接工艺参数.利用激光显微镜、电子探针显微分析仪(EPMA)硬度测试仪、拉伸试验机测试了焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能.结果表明,在接合界面处金属间化合物由具有一定塑性的金属间化合物和完全脆性的金属间化合物组成;接合界面处的金属间化合物的带宽约为8~10μm,此时焊接接头的抗剪强度达到最大值(210 MPa);而具有一定塑性的金属间化合物带宽基本保持不变,约为1.8μm.     

Properties of as welded and heat treated pure titanium–7075 Al–Zn–Mg alloy friction weld joints

Abstract

The effects of joining conditions and an age hardening post­weld heat treatment (PWHT) at 120°C for 24 h on the tensile strength and metallurgical properties of dissimilar friction joints between pure titanium and age strengthened 7075 Al–Zn–Mg alloy were investigated. Highest strength was achieved using intermediate friction pressure (150 MPa), short friction time (0.5 s), and high upsetting (forging) pressure (400 MPa). The joint tensile strength decreased when the joint diameter was increased from 8 to 16 mm. The joint tensile strength of as welded (AW) dissimilar joints was similar to that of PWHT joints with diameters of 8, 12, and 16 mm. Detailed TEM confirmed that there was a negligible difference in the thickness of the intermetallic layer formed at the dissimilar joint interface for AW and PWHT joints. While the intermetallic phases formed at the joint interface comprised Al₃Ti, τ (Ti₂Mg₃Al₁₈), and Al in AW joints, they consisted of Al+τ or Mg₂Al₃+τ+Al in PWHT joints. Softened regions were generated in 7075 base material immediately next to the interface in AW joints. Post­weld heat treatment increased the hardness of the softened region almost to that of as received 7075–T6 base material in 12 and 16 mm diameter joints. In contrast, the hardness of the softened region in 8 mm diameter joints could not be recovered to that of the as received material. This was a result of overaging and coarse precipitates in the softened region produced during the friction welding operation.     

摩擦增材辅助Ti/Al搅拌摩擦搭接接头特征分析

为解决Ti/Al异种材料搅拌摩擦焊接接头强度低、搅拌针磨损等问题,提出一种摩擦增材辅助搅拌摩擦搭接焊(friction addition-friction stir lap welding, FA-FSLW)技术. 该新工艺延续了固相连接的优势,具有热输入量低、界面金属间化合物薄等特点.文中研究了以6082铝合金作预沉积层辅助实现3 mm厚2A12铝合金板与4 mm厚TC4钛合金板之间的连接,焊接过程中搅拌头扎入铝沉积层而不接触钛表面,得到抗拉载荷最大为12.2 kN的接头.结果表明, FA-FSLW复合焊接头的界面迁移越大,接头承载越小.同时,发现界面处的Ti, Al元素发生了明显互扩散,Si元素在界面偏聚,与Ti, Al元素发生冶金反应后形成层状纳米级Ti-Al-Si金属间化合物,为提高接头强度奠定基础.     

SUS321不锈钢和6061铝合金激光搭接焊接头的组织和力学性能

焊接参数对钢铝异种接头质量影响明显。主要研究不同的激光功率和焊接速度对SUS321不锈钢和6061铝合金焊缝成形的影响,分析异种接头的微观形貌特征及组成,并对接头的断口形貌和力学性能进行了试验研究。结果表明,不同焊接速度和激光功率对于焊缝成形有着重要影响:当激光功率为2 200~2 400 W,焊接速度为30~35 mm/s时可以获得质量较高的焊缝;在焊接过程中,接头界面形成了FeAl、Fe_2Al_3和Fe_3Al等金属间化合物,它们的存在影响了接头的力学性能;接头在拉伸试验中发生韧性断裂,且裂纹最先在金属间化合物中萌生,并沿着钢铝反应界面进行扩展,直至整个接头发生断裂。     

Analysis of process parameters effects on dissimilar friction stir welding of AA1100 and A441 AISI steel

Abstract

A prominent benefit of friction stir welding process is to join plates with dissimilar material. In this study, an attempt is made to find effects of tool offset, plunge depth, welding traverse speed and tool rotational speed on tensile strength, microhardness and material flow in dissimilar friction stir welding of AA1100 aluminium alloy and A441 AISI steel plates. Here, one factor at a time experimental design was utilised for conducting the experiments. Results indicated the strongest joint obtained at 1·3?mm tool offset and 0·2?mm plunge depth when the tool rotational speed and linear speed were 800?rev min^??1 and 63?mm min^??1 respectively. The maximum tensile strength of welded joints with mentioned optimal parameters was 90% aluminium base metal. Fracture locations in tensile test at all samples were in aluminium sides. Owing to the formation of intermetallic compounds at high tool rotational speed, the microhardness of joint interface goes beyond that of A441 AISI steel.     

Friction welding of Al–Mg–Si alloy to Ni–Cr–Mo low alloy steel

Abstract

It is difficult to weld the dissimilar material combination of aluminium alloys and low alloy steels using fusion welding processes, on account of the formation of a brittle interlayer composed of intermetallic compound phases and the significant difference in physical and mechanical properties. In the present work an attempt has been made to join these materials via the friction welding method, i.e. one of the solid phase joining processes. In particular, the present paper describes the optimisation of friction welding parameters so that the intermetallic layer is narrow and joints of acceptable quality can be produced for a dissimilar joint between Al-Mg-Si alloy (AA6061) and Ni-Cr-Mo low alloy steel, using a design of experiment method. The effect of post-weld heat treatment on the tensile strength of the joints was then clarified. It was concluded that the friction time strongly affected the joint tensile strength, the latter decreasing rapidly with increasing friction time. The highest strength was achieved using the shortest friction time. The highest joint strength was greater than that of the AA6061 substrate in the as welded condition. This is due to the narrow width of the brittle intermetallic layer generated, which progressed from the peripheral (outer surface) region to the centreline region of the joint with increasing friction time. The joints in the as welded condition could be bent without cracking in a bend test. The joint tensile strength in the as welded condition was increased by heat treatment at 423 K (150° C), and then it decreased when the heat treatment temperature exceeded 423 K. All joints fractured in the AA6061 substrate adjacent to the interface except for the joints heated at 773 K (500° C). The joints fractured at the interface because of the occurrence of a brittle intermetallic compound phase.