Dynamic indices of the blood lipid spectrum and the body's acetylating capacity in infants in the 1st year of life with chronic nutritional disorders

The lipid metabolism and acetylating processes were studied in children with chronic nutritional disorders during their treatment. In dystrophic children significant shifts in lipid metabolism were recorded: the levels of chylomicronemia, phospholipids, total lipids decreased, while those of free fatty acids and total cholesterol increased. The coenzyme acetylating processes in the patients with nutritional disorders were also impaired. The management of dystrophic patients was attended by a progressive recovery of the lipid metabolism. The elucidation of the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders in dystrophic children would permit outlining the ways for their dietetic and drug correction.     

ADSA Foundation Scholar Award. Biology of dairy cows during the transition period: the final frontier?

The transition period, from 3 wk before to 3 wk after parturition, is critically important to health, production, and profitability of dairy cows. Most health disorders occur during this time. Compared with other stages of the lactation cycle, relatively little is known about fundamental biological processes during the transition period. The regulation and coordination of lipid metabolism among adipose tissue, liver, gut, and mammary gland are key components of the adaptations to lactation. Lipid accumulation in liver may contribute to health disorders and decreased milk production. Knowledge of key control points in hepatic metabolism of long-chain fatty acids is lacking, as is an understanding of the metabolic effects of hormones, growth factors, and cytokines that mediate stress. Recent evidence indicates that supplemental fats or restricted intakes before parturition can induce a coordinated set of metabolic changes in metabolism of long-chain fatty acids, including peroxisomal beta-oxidation, perhaps mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Estimates of the mixture of fuels constituting metabolizable energy in cows during the early postpartum period suggest that supply of amino acids and glucogenic compounds may be under proposed optima, whereas ketogenic and lipogenic compounds and long-chain fatty acids may be in excess. Because dietary fat does not suppress body lipid mobilization, during the early postpartum period supplemental fat may further imbalance the mixture of fuels and lead to decreased dry matter intake. Increased understanding of the biology of the transition period should decrease health problems and increase profitability of dairy cows.     

Features of the effect of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on lipid metabolism,lipoproteins, and development of ischemic heart disease

The effect of saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acid on lipid, lipoprotein metabolism and ischaemic heart disease is reviewed. Optimal effect on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and prevention of ischemic heart disease exert only physiologically correlated amount of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid. Especially negative metabolic action is noted by use of heated oils contained polyunsaturated fatty acids.     

山茶油对游离脂肪酸诱导的HepG2细胞脂质代谢的影响

目的:探究山茶油对游离脂肪酸诱导的HepG2细胞脂质代谢的影响。方法:首先,利用CCK8法测定不同浓度山茶油对HepG2细胞活性的影响以选定适宜浓度进行后续实验。其次,采用不同浓度山茶油对HepG2细胞进行24 h干预,再使用0.5 mmol/L游离脂肪酸处理24 h诱导建立脂肪肝细胞模型。然后,通过油红O染色法判断各组间的脂滴生成情况,并参照相关试剂盒测定各干预下细胞内脂质水平的变化情况。最后,通过qRT-PCR法测定细胞内脂质代谢相关基因的表达,以探讨山茶油调节脂质代谢的作用及其可能的机制。结果:与正常对照组相比,造模干预组细胞内的甘油三酯(TG)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量显著升高(P<0.05),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量显著降低(P<0.05);与造模干预组相比,茶油预处理显著逆转了游离脂肪酸诱导细胞内TG、HDL-C和LDL-C含量的变化(P<0.05)。qRT-PCR结果表明,与造模干预组相比,山茶油预处理显著降低了游离脂肪酸诱导的HepG2细胞内脂肪酸转运酶(CD36)、固醇调节元件结合蛋白-1c(SREBP-1c)、脂肪酸合成酶(...     

部分水解瓜尔豆胶对高脂高糖饮食诱导小鼠代谢紊乱的调节作用

部分水解瓜尔豆胶(partially hydrolyzed guar gum,PHGG)是一种有益于代谢平衡的可溶性膳食纤维,但其对糖脂代谢紊乱的调节效果及其潜在机制尚不明确.利用高脂高糖饮食诱导小鼠16周,使其产生明显的脂代谢紊乱和胰岛素抵抗,进一步通过检测小鼠糖耐量、血清生化指标、脂肪形态、肠道短链脂肪酸及相关mRNA的表达,考察PHGG对模型小鼠的糖脂代谢稳态及肠道环境的调节作用.结果表明:长期高脂高糖饮食条件下,PHGG组小鼠比模型组小鼠的体质量增长率减缓,空腹血糖降低,葡萄糖耐量和胰岛素耐量显著提升;血清中的甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和游离脂肪酸可分别降低21.56％、32.67％、25.66％和22.91％,明显抑制了脂肪积累.PHGG将肠道胰高血糖素样肽-1的分泌提升并恢复到67.76 pmol/L,盲肠中的丁酸含量比模型组提升了7.14倍.定量PCR显示,PHGG干预后小鼠短链脂肪酸受体GPR43的蛋白表达水平比模型组提升了63.30％.本研究表明,PHGG通过调节短链脂肪酸影响脂联素、胰岛素的分泌,进而改善高脂高糖饮食引起的糖脂代谢紊乱,可以应用于辅助糖脂代谢调控的功能性食品开发中.     

灰树花多糖调节脂肪代谢作用的研究进展

灰树花是一种食、药兼用的蕈菌,含有多种对人类有益活性成分,其多糖是一种功能性多糖,具有独特的结构和多种生理活性,可以改善高热量饮食所造成的脂肪代谢异常,在调节脂肪代谢作用中具有毒性小、作用广和靶点多等特点。脂肪代谢紊乱是血液和组织中脂质及其代谢产物发生异常,由高脂饮食、缺乏运动以及代谢综合症等因素诱发其发生和发展,严重危害人类健康。脂肪代谢障碍会导致血脂异常、动脉硬化和肥胖等代谢相关疾病,严重影响身体健康甚至危及生命。近年来,许多天然多糖可以作为益生元,通过调控关键基因的表达以及肠道微生物群来预防代谢紊乱。灰树花多糖可以作为功能性食品用于治疗或预防高脂血症、动脉硬化以及肥胖等疾病。该研究将从调节甘油三酯和脂肪酸、胆固醇以及肠道菌群结构等方面探讨灰树花多糖对脂肪代谢的影响。     

Changes in the circadian parameters of blood carbohydrate and lipid metabolism after consuming alcohol

The circadian rhythm parameters (mesores, amplitudes, acrophases) and circadian time course of carbohydrates, and lipids (glucose, glycogen, pyruvate, lactate, total lipids, total phospholipids, total and free cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids) were studied in normal male subjects aged 20-26 over 24 h in health and over three 24 h cycles after a single alcohol intake between 5 and 6 p. m in a dose inducing an average degree of poisoning. Alcohol disturbed the normal circadian organization of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Desynchronization of the rhythm structure in carbohydrate metabolism is observed for a longer period than in lipid metabolism. Metabolic changes persist even when alcohol is eliminated, and become directed contrariwise with respect to some parameters (lactate, total lipids, triglycerides, free fatty acids), that is related to disturbed 24 h periodical pattern and coordination of metabolite processes. Recovery of the initial parameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism is observed in 3 days after alcohol intake.     

陇西腊肉传统制作过程中细菌群落演替对脂肪水解及氧化的影响

为探究陇西腊肉传统制作过程中细菌群落演替对脂肪水解及氧化的影响,采用Illumina MiSeq测序技术解析陇西腊肉制作过程中微生物群落结构及演替规律,并结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术检测制作过程中脂肪酸组成及含量变化,以及肉样中酸价、过氧化值的变化。结果表明：测序深度有效地覆盖了样品中绝大部分细菌种类,测序结果进行整理、过滤后共得到186 866 条有效序列,聚类后有580 个可操作分类单元,注释到15 个门,414 个属。整个制作过程中,Proteobacteria和Firmicutes为优势细菌门,而Brochothrix、Carnobacterium、Lactobacillus、Pseudoalteromonas、Psychrobacter和Cupriavidus为优势细菌属。通过PICRUSt软件分析,菌群中与脂肪酸代谢相关基因的丰度较高;脂肪酸组成分析揭示棕榈酸（C16:0）、硬脂酸（C18:0）、棕榈油酸（C16:1）、油酸（C18:1）、亚油酸（C18:2n6c）是主要的成分,占比达到83.84%～92.43%。通过相关分析得到：Streptococcus、Staphylococcus、Lactobacillus、Cupriavidus、Carnobacterium、Brochothrix是陇西腊肉制作过程中参与脂肪代谢的相关菌群,其中,Streptococcus、Lactobacillus与饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸变化相关;而Carnobacterium、Staphylococcus、Brochothrix、Cupriavidus主要参与不饱和脂肪酸代谢,并与棕榈油酸、油酸、亚油酸含量的变化密切相关。     

LIPIDS OF BARLEY,MALT AND ADJUNCTS

Barley contains up to 4·4% of its dry weight as lipid when measured as total fatty acid. Commercial malts can contain up to 3·4% lipid and the proportions of the constituent fatty acids are similar to those of barley. About 70% of the fatty acids of barley and malt are present as triglycerides whilst up to 8% of the lipids in malt are found as free fatty acids. Germination results in a fall of up to 30% in the lipid content, mainly due to the hydrolysis of triglycerides and metabolism of the released fatty acids. The immediate products of triglyceride breakdown, namely fatty acids and mono- and diglycerides, do not accumulate in malt to any significant extent. Common brewing adjuncts contain up to 4% lipid.     

The impact of choline availability on muscle lipid metabolism

Consumption of choline-rich foods is essential to ensure membrane integrity, neurotransmission and genomic methylation pathways. Insufficient dietary choline supply can cause choline deficiency (CD) which manifests in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. There is very limited information regarding the effect of CD on non-hepatic tissues such as muscle. In this study, we induced CD in muscle cells and investigated the effect on choline transport, phosphatidylcholine (PC), fatty acid and triacylglycerol (TAG, fat) metabolism. Choline transport was stable across the plasma membrane of CD cells but significantly impaired in mitochondria. The main choline-transporter SLC44A1 was down-regulated by CD at the mRNA level, and SLC44A1 protein was reduced in total cell lysates and isolated mitochondria. CD significantly reduced PC synthesis but PC degradation was unaffected. PC from CD muscle was modified and contained more monounsaturated fatty acids at the expense of saturated fatty acids. Surprisingly, CD muscle cells also accumulated TAG in the form of large lipid droplets. Those droplets were formed from endogenous fatty acids and by slower TAG metabolism. This study established for the first time that choline availability affects muscle membrane lipid composition and intracellular lipid metabolism, and underlines the significance of choline-rich foods for proper muscle function.     

日粮添加不同来源脂肪酸对奶牛脂质代谢及激素水平的影响

研究日粮中添加不同来源脂肪酸对泌乳中期奶牛脂质代谢及激素水平的影响。选择36头泌乳中期中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用随机区组设计,按照产奶量、胎次及泌乳日龄将奶牛分为对照组、中短链脂肪酸(SMC-FA)组和长链脂肪酸(LCFA)组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,SMCFA组和LCFA组分别在基础日粮的基础上添加400g/d SMCFA和400 g/d LCFA,正试期为56 d。结果显示,LCFA组奶牛血清中非酯化脂肪酸的含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其余组间差异不显著(P>0.05);血清中胆固醇的含量在SMCFA和LCFA组均有增加的趋势,但未达到显著水平(P>0.05);胰岛素样生长因子的含量在SMCFA组显著降低(P<0.05),其余组间没有显著差异(P>0.05);添加LCFA或SMCFA对奶牛血清中三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、生长激素及胰岛素均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。结果表明日粮中添加SMCFA对泌乳中期奶牛脂质代谢有一定的负面影响。     

Omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸在高脂血症中的作用机制研究进展

高脂血症是一种代谢紊乱疾病,直接引起或导致一些严重危害人体健康的疾病,如动脉粥样硬化、冠心病等。Omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸能够显著降低大鼠及人体血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)的含量,同时增加高密度脂蛋白(HDL)的含量,其作用机制主要为增加外源性胆固醇代谢,减少内源性胆固醇合成,抑制肝脏胆固醇转运相关基因的表达,抑制肝脏载脂蛋白的产生,在高脂血症及其相关代谢性疾病的防治中发挥重要作用。基于国内外研究Omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸对血脂水平的调节作用,对Omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸在高脂血症中的作用机制进行综述,以期为深入研究Omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸对于血脂和脂质代谢调节的相关机制和后续相关药物的研发提供参考。     

乳甘油三酯的组成结构及其消化吸收和代谢特性

甘油三酯(triacylglycerols,TAGs)是膳食中最重要的脂质成分,不仅为人体提供能量同时也是多种必需脂肪酸的重要来源。甘油三酯的消化、吸收和代谢受到多种因素的影响。大量研究结果证实除脂肪酸的组成以外,甘油三酯的组成和结构对脂肪酸的吸收和代谢也有显著的影响。乳甘油三酯与其他膳食脂肪相比具有特殊的组成和结构,这些特异性使得乳甘油三酯具有许多特殊的生理和营养学功能。本文详细阐述了人乳、牛乳和山羊乳甘油三酯的结构特征,甘油三酯消化、吸收和脂肪酸代谢过程,以及甘油三酯分子内结构对其代谢的作用的影响,以期为甘油三酯代谢、营养及功能特性研究提供参考。     

Role of zinc in lipid and fatty acid metabolism and in membranes

This review addresses the role of zinc in the metabolism of lipids including cholesterol, phospholipids, triglyceride, fatty acids, lipoproteins, and essential fatty acids and it discusses to a limited extent the role of zinc in membranes as well as zinc's known effects on receptors. The evidence which is compiled demonstrates two main features of the interactions of zinc in lipid and fatty acid metabolism; 1) that zinc intimately affects many aspects of lipid metabolism through established enzymes but also has modulatory effects whose mechanism is not obvious or established, and 2) many of the observations are superficially contradictory and do not lend themselves to ready explanation. These are the features of a field whose time has come and which beckons further research to clarify these issues.     

人乳短链脂肪酸的组成、检测方法与消化代谢研究进展

短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)是指碳链长度在4~8的有机脂肪酸,也称为挥发性脂肪酸,在哺乳动物乳和胃肠道系统中含量较高。人类日常饮食的短链脂肪酸主要来自于牛羊乳。人乳中含有的短链脂肪酸可调节婴儿脂质代谢、降低肥胖风险,对于婴儿的生长发育具有重要作用。对人乳短链脂肪酸的组成、检测方法及其消化代谢进行综述,为人乳营养价值的研究和婴儿配方奶粉的开发研制提供参考。     

燕麦脂肪替代品对脂代谢影响研究进展

燕麦脂肪替代品具有调节脂代谢、降血脂生理功能。该文论述燕麦脂肪替代品对血脂和胆汁酸代谢影响,及燕麦脂肪替代品发酵产生短链脂肪酸对脂代谢影响,同时探讨其降低肝脂质生成对胰岛素刺激及降脂后病理变化问题,并指出燕麦脂肪替代品未来发展方向。     

Effect of a monounsaturated fatty acids-enriched diet on the clinical and metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetic patients

It was investigated the influence of a diet supplemented with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) on dynamic of glycaemia, lipid profile, blood pressure and composition of fatty acids of erythrocytes in type 2 diabetic patients. Traditional 9 diet was supplemented with olive oil (30 grams per day). The results investigations indicated that a MUFA-enriched diet has beneficial effects on glycaemia, lipid metabolism and blood pressure. It was noted the tendency to increase of content of MUFA in membrane of erythrocytes under the influence of a MUFA-enriched diet.     

增鲜剂5’-肌苷酸二钠恶化老龄db/db小鼠脂质代谢紊乱的分子机制

5’-肌苷酸（inosine 5’-monophosphate,IMP）是一磷酸腺苷（adenosine 5’-monophosphate,AMP）的结构类似物。AMP能够激活AMP活化蛋白激酶（AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK）提高糖脂代谢效率,改善糖尿病和高血脂等症状,IMP的二钠盐是生活中常用的食品增鲜剂,但未见IMP及其二钠盐等调控糖脂代谢的研究报道。方法：选用6 月龄自发性糖尿病C57/KsJ-db/db（简称db/db）小鼠为模型组,以50 mg/（kg mb?d）灌胃给药IMP 8 周,灌胃结束后测定小鼠生理学指标。以C57/BL/6j小鼠为正常对照组。结果：灌胃期间各组小鼠体质量无明显改变,IMP给药后db/db小鼠血糖浓度降低,但仍高于正常水平。与模型组小鼠相比,IMP给药组小鼠血清中总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白浓度和谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶和乳酸脱氢酶活力均增加,表明IMP给药后db/db小鼠的高血脂症和肝损伤加剧恶化。分子互作研究结果证实IMP和AMPKγ亚基形成复合体可激活体内AMPK,促进脂肪酸氧化分解。体外实验证明IMP的降脂活性明显高于洛伐他汀,不仅能导致小鼠体内脂肪酸过度氧化以增加活性氧水平引起肝损伤,还能导致乙酰辅酶A蓄积而加剧脂代谢紊乱。结论：IMP可能对罹患脂质代谢紊乱的老年人造成肝损伤,加剧脂质代谢紊乱,应尽快建立食品安全新标准。     

苦荞调控糖脂代谢作用及其生物学机制研究进展

目前,苦荞因具有调节糖脂代谢的功效已日渐成为研究热点,其主要化学成分包括多种氨基酸、脂肪酸、维生素以及黄酮类物质。以苦荞饮食替代日常饮食,有助于降低血糖、血脂水平,改善胰岛素抵抗等。苦荞中的苦荞黄酮、苦荞蛋白等成分被认为与改善糖脂代谢相关,其主要通过抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性、增加胰岛素敏感性等作用机制达到改善糖代谢的作用,并通过吸附胆酸盐、调控血脂代谢通路等机制达到改善脂代谢的作用。本文综述了苦荞调节糖脂代谢的物质基础及作用机制研究,并对未来苦荞的研究方向和应用前景进行了分析,以期促进苦荞的深入研究和应用,为肥胖、高血脂、2型糖尿病等慢性疾病的预防和早期治疗提供新思路。