木质素基表面活性剂在碳酸钙表面的吸附特性及用作3次采油牺牲剂

研究几种木质素基表面活性剂在碳酸钙表面的吸附特性,发现静电作用和氢键作用不是主要的吸附驱动力,木质素基表面活性剂分子中的羧酸基与碳酸钙表面的螯合吸附作用是控制其吸附的主要驱动力。研究几种木质素基表面活性剂与十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)的复配效果,发现几种木质素基表面活性剂都使LAS溶液的表面张力降低,但是只有木质素磺酸钠(SL)和木质素羧酸钠(CMWAL)能够降低LAS在碳酸钙表面的吸附量,起到牺牲效果,尤其是CMWAL在较低浓度下即具有显著的牺牲效果,在质量分数为20%时(占LAS),最大牺牲效果可达95.2%。     

木质素基PF泡沫的发泡工艺与性能

利用低廉的木质素部分取代苯酚制备木质素基酚醛树脂(PF)泡沫,采用正交试验对木质素基PF发泡工艺进行了研究,研究了表面活性剂(吐温–80)用量、发泡剂(正戊烷)用量、发泡温度三个因素对木质素基PF泡沫性能的影响,从而优化发泡工艺。实验结果表明,对木质素基PF泡沫的极限氧指数(LOI)和导热系数影响最大的是发泡温度,而对于压缩强度影响最大的是表面活性剂用量。木质素基PF泡沫的最佳发泡工艺为:表面活性剂(吐温–80)用量为8%、发泡剂(正戊烷)用量为12%,发泡温度为90℃,所得泡沫具有较好的热稳定性,其LOI为39%,压缩强度为0.32 MPa,导热系数为0.025 W/(m·K)。     

木质素阳离子表面活性剂的合成及应用

利用造纸废液中的木质素,合成木质素阳离子表面活性剂;研究合成工艺和作为表面活性剂的有关性能;探讨在水处理絮凝、沥青乳化等方面的应用。     

木质素改性及其在胶粘剂领域应用

木质素是植物体内的一种天然高聚物，其刚性结构为植物纤维提供了一定的支撑强度。由于木质素具有含量丰富、无毒无害和生物可降解的优良特性，近年来正逐渐取代不可再生石油基原料制造胶粘剂。木质素在胶粘剂中可以作为填料，也可以作为反应性组分；酚类结构使其具有取代传统酚醛树脂中苯酚组分的潜力；酚羟基可以方便地接枝环氧化合物，可以替代多元醇与异氰酸酯发生反应。木质素或改性木质素基酚醛、环氧和聚氨酯胶粘剂已经被用于木构件如纤维板、刨花板、胶合板的粘接。本文旨在从木质素和改性木质素出发，介绍不同类型木质素基胶粘剂的结构特征、固化性能、粘接强度以及潜在应用价值，并对其未来发展进行了展望。     

木质素表面活性剂的应用研究进展

介绍了木质素表面活性剂的结构、性能、制备方法以及应用方面的研究进展,通过对木质素化合物分子结构的改性,提高和扩大了其应用性能,可为木质素大规模、高附加值、高性能的利用开辟新的途径。     

木质素基表面活性剂的研究进展

木质素作为一种储量高、可生物降解的天然高分子生物质材料,可替代石油合成木质素基表面活性剂,从而缓解石油危机。本文介绍了木质素基表面活性剂的种类、合成方法及其作为发泡剂、分散剂、吸附剂等在工业等多个领域的应用,并对其实现工业化需要面对的挑战进行了梳理,最后对其应用前景进行了总结展望。     

木质素改性制备驱油剂的研究进展

在石油资源日趋减少的情况下,使用驱油剂已成为一种重要的三次采油方法.木质素来源丰富,经过改性可用作驱油剂,从而减少由于不合理使用木质素造成的浪费,同时降低驱油剂的生产成本.本文综述了磺化、氧化、烷基化、胺化、接枝共聚、缩合等化学改性方法合成木质素基驱油剂的研究现状及其应用进展.     

表面活性剂与造纸工业清洁生产

根据制浆造纸不同工艺特点,介绍了制浆造纸过程中所用的表面活性剂,并探讨了表面活性剂在制浆造纸中的作用效果和机理,提出了制浆造纸用表面活性剂的发展趋势。木质素是一种含量丰富的天然大分子材料,但由于其结构复杂,导致应用受到很大的限制。该文综述了木质素在其化学改性如胺化、环氧化、酚化、羟基化等方面的最新研究进展,介绍了改性木质素的应用现状。重点对木质素作为阴、阳离子型絮凝剂的不同改性方法及应用效果进行了探讨。木质素来源丰富,具有优良的理化特性和广阔的应用前景,加强研究与应用开发,兼具有效利用资源和治理制桨黑液的双重意义。指出了清洁生产和零排放是最为理想的废水处理工艺和未来的研究重点。引用文献18篇。     

木质素基载药微胶囊的研究进展

近年来，基于天然生物基材料的球形颗粒由于其独特的性质，包括形状、结构和与其他材料结合的能力，受到了越来越多的关注。木质素作为自然界中最丰富的芳香族聚合物，具有抗菌、抗病毒以及生物相容性好等特性，在医药、化妆品和食品领域的应用潜力巨大。以球形木质素颗粒作为载体在包覆药物活性成分治疗癌症等疾病或者包覆杀虫剂、抗菌剂等药物应用于农药的控释制剂等方面都取得了初步的研究成果。基于此，本文综述了近期木质素基微胶囊的相关研究进展，首先简要介绍了木质素基载药微胶囊的基本理化性质及释放影响因素；其次详细概括了木质素基载药微胶囊的制备方法与对应的特点及优势，为微胶囊的制备提供更多理论依据；并综述了具有生物医药应用型与化学农药应用型木质素基载药微胶囊的应用进展及亟需解决的关键问题；最后展望了木质素基载药微胶囊的发展前景及进一步的工作重点。     

木质素基载药微胶囊的研究进展

近年来，基于天然生物基材料的球形颗粒由于其独特的性质，包括形状、结构和与其他材料结合的能力，受到了越来越多的关注。木质素作为自然界中最丰富的芳香族聚合物，具有抗菌、抗病毒以及生物相容性好等特性，在医药、化妆品和食品领域的应用潜力巨大。以球形木质素颗粒作为载体在包覆药物活性成分治疗癌症等疾病或者包覆杀虫剂、抗菌剂等药物应用于农药的控释制剂等方面都取得了初步的研究成果。首先，简要介绍了木质素基载药微胶囊的基本理化性质及释放影响因素；接着，概括了木质素基载药微胶囊的制备方法与对应的特点及优势，为微胶囊的制备提供更多理论依据；然后，综述了具有生物医药应用型与化学农药应用型木质素基载药微胶囊的应用进展及亟需解决的关键问题；最后，展望了木质素基载药微胶囊的发展前景及进一步的工作重点。     

表面活性剂驱室内评价实验研究

三次采油是油藏水驱开发之后提高原油采收率的重要途径,表面活性剂驱是三次采油技术中的重要组成部分,对提高高温高盐油藏采收率起到了较好的效果;表面活性剂通过降低油水界面张力或改变储层岩石润湿性来提高洗油效率,表面活性剂溶液的浓度、注入倍数、注入时机直接影响原油最终采收率,结合实际区块岩石,通过室内表面活性剂驱替实验优选出表面活性剂以及相应的注入参数,应用于该油田区块,原油递减趋势明显变缓,增油效果很好。     

Surfactant-Induced Wettability Alteration of Oil-Wet Sandstone Surface: Mechanisms and Its Effect on Oil Recovery

Different analytical methods were utilized to investigate the mechanisms for wettability alteration of oil-wet sandstone surfaces induced by different surfactants and the effect of reservoir wettability on oil recovery. The cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) is more effective than the nonionic surfactant octylphenol ethoxylate (TX-100) and the anionic surfactant sodium laureth sulfate (POE(1)) in altering the wettability of oil-wet sandstone surfaces. The cationic surfactant CTAB was able to desorb negatively charged carboxylates of crude oil from the solid surface in an irreversible way by the formation of ion pairs. For the nonionic surfactant TX-100 and the anionic surfactant POE(1), the wettability of oil-wet sandstone surfaces is changed by the adsorption of surfactants on the solid surface. The different surfactants were added into water to vary the core surface wettability, while maintaining a constant interfacial tension. The more water-wet core showed a higher oil recovery by spontaneous imbibition. The neutral wetting micromodel showed the highest oil recovery by waterflooding and the oil-wet model showed the maximum residual oil saturation among all the models.     

Application of the Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Deviation Concept to Surfactant Characterization and Surfactant Selection for Enhanced Oil Recovery

The hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) concept has been demonstrated to be useful in determining characteristic curvature (Cc) of a surfactant. Cc is a surfactant parameter that reflects the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity or the tendency of the surfactant to form microemulsions in an oil–water system. In order for the Cc value to be calculated, the formation of the optimum Winsor III microemulsion of oil and water systems under specific salinity and temperature conditions is required. Surfactant Cc values have been widely used to quantitatively screen and select a suitable surfactant in formulations for different application areas, especially enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The HLD concept is an effective tool for designing new surfactant molecules to meet the target Cc value for a specific formulation condition. The HLD equation indicates the dependence of a microemulsion system on the changes of various system parameters. This article demonstrates how the HLD equation can be derived in different ways depending on the characteristics of the surfactant to identify the proper experimental approach so that the Cc values of different types of surfactants can be determined. Three types of surfactants were studied, including nonionic alcohol ethoxylates, anionic alkyl propoxy ethoxy sulfates, and carboxylates. The application of the HLD concept to surfactant selection for EOR application was also demonstrated.     

木素表面活性剂的开发与应用

以工业木素为原料，可开发出多种表面活性剂产品，如染料分散剂、混凝土减水剂和加气剂、沥青乳化剂、表面活性剂采油的牺牲剂和原油乳化阵粘剂、液态燃料乳化剂等。木素表面活性剂价格低廉，有较强竞争力，开发木案表面活性剂有利于充分利用木素资源和治理纸厂制浆黑液造成的环境污染，应当加强这方面的研究工作，特别是基础研究。     

稠油乳化降黏开采用表面活性剂的筛选

介绍了稠油乳化降黏及筛选适合特定油品的理想稠油乳化降黏剂（目标活性剂）的基本原则和方法。综述了稠油乳化降黏用表面活性剂的类型及其常用的非离子型表面活性剂的主要类型。依据目标活性剂的两大必要性能特征参数（HLB值和PT），概述了用HLB值法及PIT法筛选目标活性剂的方法。结合现场实践提出了筛选目标活性剂的具体实验方法和步骤。     

Surfactant Enhanced Oil Recovery in a High Temperature and High Salinity Carbonate Reservoir

The goal of this work was to find an effective surfactant system for enhanced oil recovery after water injection substituting for oil at a vuggy fractured reservoir with a high temperature and high salinity (220,000 mg/L). Four types of surfactants with concentrations (less than 0.2 %) were screened. Washing oil experiments were conducted in Amott cells. A surfactant system was established by mixing a surfactant with best ultimate recovery and one with best recovery rate. The optimized surfactant system could recover 50 % of remaining oil. To study the mechanism of enhanced oil recovery after water injection substituting oil, interfacial tension (IFT) and contact angle were measured. Experimental results showed that surfactants with good washing ability had low IFT, but surfactants with low IFT may not have a good washing ability. IFT had no obvious relationship with the increased oil recovery or washing ability. The optimized system could not alter carbonate to decrease the oil‐wetting capability. Though octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride had a good ability wet the carbonate with water, it could not recover much oil. Therefore, except for interfacial tension and wettability alteration, there must be other parameters dominating oil recovery after water injection substituting for oil.     

油水界面上阴/阳离子型复配表面活性剂体系的分子动力学模拟

采油过程中阴/阳离子型表面活性剂复配使用可显著增强驱油效果,对其微观机理的深入研究有助于驱油用表面活性剂的结构优化设计及使用。采用分子动力学方法研究了不同摩尔比的阴离子表面活性剂聚醚羧酸钠(PECNa)和阳离子表面活性剂十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(OTAC)复配体系在油水界面上的分子行为和物理性质。结果表明,复配体系比单种表面活性剂体系更有利于降低油水界面张力。不同复配比体系中,两种表面活性剂头基相反电荷间的吸引作用使表面活性剂之间对各自反离子的静电吸引作用减弱,且等摩尔比体系尤为明显。阴离子表面活性剂的亲水头基对阳离子表面活性剂亲水头基形成的水化层内水分子的结构取向无显著影响,反之亦然。通过调节两种离子型表面活性剂的复配比例,可调整油水界面吸附层微观结构,有望降低油水界面张力,提高采收率。     

表面活性剂在稠油乳化降黏中的应用

概述了国内外稠油乳化降黏用表面活性剂的研究进展,详细介绍了阴离子表面活性剂、非离子表面活性剂、阴离子一非离子两性表面活性剂及高分子表面活性剂、生物表面活性剂和氟碳表面活性剂等新型表面活性剂在稠油乳化降黏中的应用,评价了各种表面活性剂的优缺点,并提出了稠油乳化降黏用表面活性剂的发展前景。     

A study of surfactant flooding at high salinity and hardness

The main purpose of this work was to evaluate surfactant systems in terms of viscosities and retention levels in Berea sandstone and in terms of their oil displacement efficiencies. Commercially available surfactants can act as effective cosurfactants to petroleum sulfonates in high salinity and high hardness environments. Such systems can achieve the ultralow interfacial tensions required for effective tertiary oil recovery. The two cosurfactants producing effective systems distribute between the phases in such a way that one is between the upper and middle phases, and the other is between the middle and lower phases. The cosurfactant material increases the excess phase uptake into the microemulsion-rich phase which is opposite to the behavior of alcohols used in low salinity formulations. Tertiary oil in Berea sandstone is recoverable by such surfactant systems in high salinity and high hardness environments. The chromatographic separation of surfactant species has been observed. Retention levels are quite high and must be reduced substantially before these systems can be commercialized.     

化学驱用特种表面活性剂的文献综述

随着油田开采程度的深入,普通表面活性剂由于其固有的弱点已不能满足在高温高盐条件下提高采收率的要求,于是把目光转向了新型耐温抗盐表面活性剂——特种表面活性剂。化学驱用特种表面活性剂主要包括G em in i型表面活性剂、氟表面活性剂、生物表面活性剂和非离子-阴离子复合型表面活性剂。本文将就特种表面活性剂的研制开发、特性及应用作较详细介绍。