稀土对L360管线钢低温冲击性能的影响

工业化生产L360RE管线钢,研究了微量稀土对L360钢中夹杂物变质以及热轧组织和低温冲击性能的影响。结果表明,L360管线钢中添加0.0062%的稀土,可使O、S含量显著降低,钢液的洁净度显著提高;夹杂物种类由MnS夹杂物和Al₂O₃-CaO复合夹杂物转变成含稀土的RE₂O₂S夹杂物,且大尺寸的长条状或不规则形状的夹杂物转变为小尺寸的球状夹杂物;晶粒尺寸减小,显微组织细化;室温至-60℃的横向冲击能量均增加。-60℃下,L360RE管线钢的横向冲击吸收能量较L360管线钢提高了19.2%。     

精炼渣成分对42CrMo钢洁净度的影响

为了研究不同精炼渣对42CrMo钢中洁净度和夹杂物数量、尺寸的影响,采用渣-钢平衡试验和FactSage热力学理论研究了CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-MgO四元渣系对42CrMo钢中洁净度和夹杂物控制的影响规律。结果表明,当初渣碱度(CaO/SiO₂的质量比)和钙铝比(CaO/Al₂O₃的质量比)分别为5和1.8时,能将钢中T.[O]质量分数降至7.5×10-6,同时夹杂物尺寸控制良好,均小于8 μm,在该渣系条件下,42CrMo钢的精炼效果最好;研究还表明,钢中夹杂物成分受渣系影响较大,特别是钢中夹杂物Al₂O₃含量受渣中Al₂O₃活度影响较大,Al₂O₃活度高的精炼渣渣系去除夹杂物Al₂O₃的能力弱,导致此精炼渣系下钢中夹杂物Al₂O₃含量高。     

铈-硫易切削钢平衡析出相热力学计算与分析

采用Thermo-Calc热力学软件对铈-硫易切削钢300~1500 ℃范围内的析出相进行了热力学计算,并得到了平衡凝固相变路径图。此外,还讨论了Ce、S含量对Ce₂O₂S平衡相的影响和S、Mn含量对MnS平衡相的影响。结果表明,铈-硫易切削钢中平衡析出相主要有Ferrite、Ce₂O₂S、Corundum、Austenite、M₂(C,N)、Liquid、M₂₃C₆、MnS、Sigma、Spinel与M(C,N);随着Ce含量增加,Ce₂O₂S的析出量逐渐增加,但是S含量变化对Ce₂O₂S相的析出几乎没有影响;随着S含量增加,MnS平衡相的析出量逐渐增加,析出温度也逐渐增高,Mn含量变化对MnS相的析出量几乎没有影响,但Mn含量增加会使MnS析出温度升高;铈-硫易切削不锈钢铸坯中的硫化物呈球形、椭球形、纺锤形或短棒状并以簇状沿晶界分布,属于第Ⅱ类硫化物;通过添加稀土Ce,铈-硫易切削钢中球形稀土复合夹杂物所占比例较高,长宽比≤3的硫化物占比达到84.86%,硫化物的形态控制取得了较好的效果。     

保温时间对U75V重轨钢中夹杂物的影响

通过真空感应炉冶炼U75V重轨钢,在箱式电阻炉中将试样加热到1100 ℃,分别保温30、60、90 min,使用扫描电镜对夹杂物进行分析。结果表明,未经热处理的试验钢中,夹杂物类型主要有3种,分别为MnS、Al₂O₃及MnS-Al₂O₃夹杂物。长条状MnS夹杂物随保温时间的延长有分裂趋势,保温90 min时,MnS夹杂物平均圆形度为1.86,与未经热处理的试样相比,圆形度降低了1.52。Al₂O₃夹杂物在保温30、60 min时,形态、大小变化不大,但数量减少,保温90 min时,部分Al₂O₃夹杂物尖锐棱角发生钝化,圆形度略微减小。试样经1100 ℃均热处理后,复合夹杂物增多,随着保温时间的延长,MnS-Al₂O₃夹杂物中MnS和Al₂O₃成分分布发生变化,外层的Al₂O₃有向内部运动的趋势,保温90 min时,夹杂物内部Al₂O₃富集,外包裹层中Al₂O₃含量极低,MnS-Al₂O₃夹杂物逐渐形成以Al₂O₃为核心,MnS外层包裹的复合型夹杂物,从而减小了对钢基体的损伤。     

稀土Y对TWIP钢力学性能的影响机理

利用GNT系万能试验机和Sigma 300场发射扫描电镜研究了稀土Y对TWIP钢(22Mn-1.5Al-0.6C)力学性能及夹杂物的影响。结果表明,添加稀土Y后,试验TWIP钢的强度和韧性均有提高,抗拉强度由725 MPa提高到752 MPa,屈服强度由290 MPa提高到312 MPa,冲击吸收能量由178.9 J提高到207.7 J,而硬度和断后伸长率则小幅降低。稀土Y细化了TWIP钢晶粒,且钢中MnS、Al₂O₃以及MnS+AlN复合夹杂改性成Y₂S₃、Y₂S₃+Y₂O₃、AlN+Y₂S₃夹杂。夹杂物分析结果显示,大部分夹杂物的数量和尺寸都有明显的减小,有利于试验钢综合力学性能的提高。     

Mg对X80管线钢夹杂物和奥氏体晶粒尺寸的影响

在实验室条件下,对X80钢进行了镁处理和热处理试验,分析了镁对钢中夹杂物和奥氏体晶粒尺寸的影响。结果表明,镁处理后,钢中钙铝酸盐类夹杂物含量减少,MgO·Al₂O₃夹杂物含量增加。Mg含量进一步增加,钢中会形成MgO夹杂物,导致MgO·Al₂O₃和Al₂O₃夹杂物含量减少。镁处理对钢中硫化物、碳化物和氮化物的类型和含量影响不大。镁处理可使钢中小尺寸夹杂物数量增加,夹杂物尺寸平均值减小。镁处理X80钢热处理后,钢中夹杂物主要为尺寸小于1 μm的MgO·Al₂O₃,具有钉扎晶界的作用,从而使镁处理后试样的奥氏体晶粒尺寸明显减小。     

结晶器电磁搅拌电流对铝镇静钢中夹杂物去除的影响

针对超低碳铝镇静钢的不同处理阶段,即从精炼、中间包、结晶器到铸坯不同位置进行在线取样。采用扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪分析试样中夹杂物的类型及尺寸,结合钢包顶渣变化及连铸生产情况分析夹杂物的来源。对比分析了结晶器电磁搅拌的电流（400和500 A）对铝镇静钢中夹杂物去除的影响。研究表明：精炼处理后夹杂物以脱氧产物Al₂O₃为主,并伴有CaO夹杂,CaO来源于钢包顶渣与钢液中[Al]_sol的反应。中间包内夹杂物仍以Al₂O₃为主,复合少量MgO,后者源自中间包衬的侵蚀。与400 A搅拌电流相比,500 A搅拌电流下弯月面卷渣较多,但大尺寸的Al₂O₃夹杂物减少。     

钇基稀土对高强船板钢夹杂物及低温冲击性能的影响

采用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)等分析方法,研究了钇基稀土含量对EH36高强船板钢夹杂物和低温冲击性能的影响。结果表明,EH36钢中添加适量稀土能够显著提高钢材的低温冲击性能。钢中稀土含量为0.018%(质量分数)时,-40 ℃横向冲击性能提高了59.4%,-60 ℃横向冲击性能提高了65.7%。低温冲击断口形貌由无稀土钢样的解理断面转变为韧窝断口,韧窝底部的细小球状稀土复合夹杂物对裂纹扩展起到缓冲作用,阻碍了裂纹的扩展。同时,稀土可以将EH36钢中长条状Al₂O₃-CaO-MnS夹杂物变质为细小的类球状稀土夹杂物,夹杂物粒径从约5 μm细化到3 μm以内。     

稀土Ce对非调质钢中硫化物特征及微观组织的影响

通过稀土Ce微合金化手段,采用SEM、EDS和ASPEX等手段对不同Ce含量的非调质钢中的夹杂物形貌、数量和尺寸以及实验用钢的显微组织进行了表征,结合Thermo-Calc热力学软件对含Ce硫化物夹杂的形成过程进行了分析,并通过三维原子探针（3DAP）对晶界和相界面处的元素分布进行表征。结果表明,Ce在1800℃与S结合形成Ce₃S₄夹杂,1480℃转变为Ce₂S₃夹杂,1480℃以下形成Ce₂S₃为内核,Ti₄C₂S₂和Mn S包覆生长的复合夹杂物;添加Ce元素的实验用钢中90%以上的夹杂物的长径比小于2.5;Ce含量为0.019%（质量分数）时,实验用钢的组织最细,平均晶粒尺寸为4.17μm。3DAP的结果证明了Ce在晶界和相界处存在明显偏聚,阻碍了C扩散,抑制晶粒长大,另外,高温区形成的细小弥散含Ce夹杂物提供了形核质点,2者共同作用细化了非调质钢的组织。     

稀土对A572.Gr65钢夹杂物及低温冲击性能的影响

为了研究不同含量混合稀土(Ce/La)对A572.Gr65钢低温冲击性能的影响,对A572.Gr65钢在-40 ℃和-60 ℃下进行低温冲击试验,并使用OM观测显微组织,利用SEM结合EDS观测夹杂物及断口形貌并检测其化学成分。结果表明,稀土可以明显变质A572.Gr65钢中夹杂物,将不规则的Al₂O₃和Al₂O₃-CaO夹杂物变质为球状稀土夹杂物;夹杂物尺寸由5 μm减小至不足2 μm。加入稀土后钢的低温冲击性能有明显提升,当稀土含量达到0.0057%时,-40 ℃冲击吸收能量由未添加稀土的317.4 J升至343.6 J,提升了8.2%;-60 ℃冲击吸收能量由未添加稀土的288.0 J升至328.1 J,提升了13.9%。     

Effect of rare earth on inclusion evolution and corrosion resistance of HRB400E steel

The effect of rare earth elements Ce and La on the evolution behavior of inclusions in HRB400E steel was studied through experimental observations and thermodynamic calculations. Neutral salt spray corrosion experiments were also conducted to investigate the effect of Ce–La on the corrosion resistance of steel. The results showed that the typical inclusions in steel without rare earth were MnS and MnO–SiO₂. A small amount of Mn–Si–O–S inclusions was also observed. After adding rare earth, the typical inclusions were transformed into isolated (Ce,La)₂O₂S, (Ce,La)₂O₃ + MnS, and (Ce,La)₂O₂S + MnS complex inclusions. The thermodynamic calculations indicated that the rare earth elements in molten steel preferentially reacted with MnO–SiO₂ inclusions and dissolved oxygen and sulfur to form (Ce,La)₂O₃ and (Ce,La)₂O₂S. Small amounts of [S] and [Mn] adhered to the surface of the nucleated rare earth inclusions to form complex inclusions. After Ce–La treatment, the corrosion rate of the steel decreased from 3.491 to 1.992 mm year⁻¹, and the corrosion resistance was improved. The change in corrosion behavior is due to the modification of the inclusions into rare earth inclusions with good compatibility with the steel matrix.     

TUNGSTEN ELECTRODES CONTAINING THREE TYPES OF RARE EARTH OXIDES

Three types of tungsten electrodes containing three rare earth oxides, namely Y₂O₃, La₂O₃, and CeO₂ and one with Y₂O₃ and CeO₂ were prepared, in which the total contents of rare earth oxides are 2.2% in mass, and the characteristics of these electrode materials were studied. By TIG welding, the welding characteristics including arc starting, arc static properties and electrode consumption of these electrodes were also analyzed. The results suggest that the electrodes added three rare earth oxides are more favorable for processing than that added two rare earth oxides. All the electrodes activated with two or more rare earth oxides are more superior to W-ThO₂ in operating, and the electrode combined with Y₂O₃ and CeO₂ shows the best properties when it is used at a heavy current for a long time. The analyses of the results of electrode consumption indicates that the rim forming during arcing is one of the important reasons for electrode's heavy erosion, and the increased Y₂O₃ content in electrodes is beneficial to retard the formation of rim, and leads to the improvement of consumption resistance of the electrodes.     

ICP-MS direct determination of trace amounts of rare earth impurities in various rare earth oxides with only one standard series

An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method with just one standard series for direct determination of trace rare earth impurities in various rare earth oxides was developed. The spectral interference in ICP-MS analysis of high-purity neodymium (Nd₂O₃) was thoroughly estimated. For the investigation of matrix effect, high-purity Y₂O₃ was used as model sample and the experimental results showed that the maximal matrix tolerant amount obtained by stepwise dilution method is comparable to that obtained by conventional method with the use of higher purity Y₂O₃ as matrix. Under the selected conditions, no obvious matrix effect can be found with the matrix (Y) concentration of less than 500 μg mL⁻¹. For real sample analysis, 100 μg mL⁻¹ of matrix was chosen as the sample concentration. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of trace rare earth impurities in different high-purity rare earth oxides (Y₂O₃, Pr₆O₁₁, Nd₂O₃, Dy₂O₃, Er₂O₃), and the analytical results obtained were in good agreement with the recommended values. The detection limits of the method for rare earth elements were 1–21 ng L⁻¹ with the R.S.D varying between 2.9 and 7.8%, and the percentage recovery ranged from 93 to 115% for the spiked samples. This method was characterized with simplicity, rapidity, sensitivity, small sample amount required, and no internal standard/matrix matching requirements.     

铝脱氧含硫钢结瘤现象的分析

对某厂铝脱氧含硫QC40钢的结瘤现象进行了分析研究,取样分析了浸入式水口内壁的结瘤物,并对棒材夹杂物进行了分析。经扫描电镜及能谱分析发现结瘤物分为两层结构,靠近水口内壁层的结瘤物主要是MgO·Al₂O₃、高熔点CaO-Al₂O₃和低熔点CaO-Al₂O₃;第二层的结瘤物主要是MgO·Al₂O₃、高熔点CaO-Al₂O₃和CaS。棒材中的夹杂物主要为MgO·Al₂O₃、高熔点CaO-Al₂O₃和CaS夹杂物。分析认为出现这种结瘤现象的原因是CaS属于高熔点夹杂物,但其和钢水的润湿角为87°（小于90°）,属于和钢水润湿性较好的夹杂物,而MgO·Al₂O₃和高熔点CaO- Al₂O₃与钢水的接触角均大于90°,属于高熔点且与钢水润湿性差的夹杂物,因此出现了CaS夹杂物仅能在第二层结瘤的现象。利用FactSage软件对铝脱氧含硫钢的钙处理工艺进行了理论优化,认为通过优化钙处理工艺,减少二次氧化等措施,能够减少乃至杜绝浸入式水口的结瘤行为。