垂直筛板流化床中FCC催化剂的流化性能

以FCC催化剂颗粒研究垂直筛板流化床内构件对气固两相流化性能的影响,考察了板孔气速、颗粒循环量和帽罩开孔比等筛板结构对流化床压降和提升量强度的影响. 结果表明,气固两相总体逆流流动条件下,帽罩内气速达4 m/s,气固高速并流喷射无气泡,两相接触好、返混小,属快速流态化. 由于没有气泡,床层压力波动小,在塔板上颗粒返混小. 垂直筛板压降随板孔气速、帽罩底隙高度增大而增大,随帽罩开孔比、板孔径增大而减小,颗粒提升量大,床层压降大. 提升量强度随板孔气速、帽罩底隙高度、颗粒循环量增加而增大,随帽罩高度与塔节高度比增大而减少,随帽罩筛孔孔径变化存在最大值. 当帽罩开孔比为1.2~2.5、板孔面积与帽罩截面积比为0.42、帽罩底隙高与板孔孔径比为0.36~0.64时帽罩流化性能较好.     

垂直筛板液体提升量的研究

依据垂直筛板的传质过程和一些实验关联式,结合脱苯塔汽提段的实际设计数据和运行结果,分析了不同形状的帽罩、不同的帽罩布置方法以及板孔气速这些因素对垂直筛板塔板液体提升量和塔板效率的影响,得出结论:与其他的帽罩形状和排列方式相比,设置分离板的方形帽罩以方阵形式排列,并且将板孔气速取值控制在8.0—15.0 m/s,可有效提高塔板的液体提升量及塔板效率。将其应用在垂直筛板塔板的实际设计中,便可获得较高的液体提升量和塔板效率。     

CTST塔板液体提升机理的研究

在内径600mm的有机玻璃塔中研究了CTST的提升机理,研究结果表明提升量随清液层高度的增加而增大,随板孔气速增加而降低.罩体底隙小于15mm时提升量随底隙增加而增加,大于15 mm时降低,板孔开孔形式不同时,对于固定的板孔宽度,提升量随提升周边的增加先增加后降低.通过对实验数据的回归分析得出了相对提升量和绝对提升量的关联式,该研究结果对CTST塔板的工业生产有参考价值.     

旋流雾化塔盘水力学性能

对传统的垂直筛板进行改进,自主研发了旋流雾化塔盘。以空气-水为介质,对旋流雾化塔盘的水力学性能进行研究,考察孔动能因子、清液层高度、底隙高度和旋流器叶片数目对相对液相提升量和板压降的影响,并与现有垂直筛板进行对比。结果表明:旋流雾化塔板的相对液相提升量随孔动能因子增大而减小,随底隙高度增大先增大后减小,随清液层高度增大而增大,在旋流器叶片数目为5时,相对液相提升量最大。总板压降随孔动能因子、底隙高度、清液层高度增大而增大。旋流雾化塔盘的性能优于垂直筛板,满足设计要求。     

喷射型催化精馏塔构件的流体力学性能

对垂直筛板帽罩内装催化剂构成的新型塔构件进行了实验研究。考察了板孔动能因子、催化剂藏量、床层空隙率对塔构件压降、罩体喷出量以及液泛和漏液速度的影响。结果表明:压降随板孔动能因子和催化剂藏量的增加而增大,随床层空隙率的增加而减小;罩体喷出液体量随着板孔动能因子的增加先增大后减小,随床层空隙率的增加而增大,随催化剂藏量的增加而减小;漏液速度随液体流量、藏量的增加而增大,随空隙率增大而减少;液泛速度随床层空隙率、液体流量的增大而减小,随藏量增加而增大。新型塔构件流体力学性能良好。     

新型矩形垂直筛板的研究

研究了一种矩形垂直筛板.该塔板是在塔板上设置数个由板孔、升气筒、矩型罩、底隙所构成帽罩单元,在单元内气液呈喷射状态接触,实现两相传热传质.流体力学性能和传质性能研究证明该塔板压降、漏液等性能与新型垂直筛板相当,但雾沫夹带要比新型垂直筛板低.因而该塔板具有较大的生产处理能力和较宽的稳定操作范围.     

立体传质塔板板上液相速度场的实验研究

在1 000 mm的冷模实验塔内采用热膜测速仪对立体传质塔板(CTST)的板上液相速度分布进行了实验研究。得到了CTST板上液相在平面上的速度分布特征;在液层高度方向,液相速度分布在塔板进口、出口和帽罩的底隙附近,分别具有不同的特点。考察了堰高、液体流量、板孔气速对板上液相流场的影响。测量结果表明,罩内气体的提升作用对板上液相流场影响较大,底隙附近的液体速度与进入塔板的液体速度之比随堰高和板孔气速的增大而增大,随着液体流量的增大,该比值减小到一定程度后略有回升。     

垂直筛板塔流体力学与传质研究状况

对我国在新型垂直筛板塔的流体力学性能 ,诸如塔板干板压降与湿板压降、板孔漏液、塔板过量雾沫夹带、板上帽罩单元的液体提升能力与液体循环程度的研究及其传质性能 ,诸如塔板传质效率模型、塔板空间气相中液体大小与分布、板间空间立体传质作用的研究等进行了综合 ,并予以分析论述 ,从中看出我国对新型垂直筛板塔已进行了较全面深入的研究工作 ,并取得了新进展。     

倒锥型催化精馏构件的流体力学性能

为进一步提高催化精馏塔的性能,提出了一种新型倒锥型帽罩结构,针对帽罩结构参数进行实验研究。采用空气-水体系测定倒锥型塔构件不同参数下的塔板压降及液泛气速,并对其流体力学性能进行深入研究。实验结果表明,锥角对压降和液泛气速几乎没有影响。开孔比大于1时对压降无影响,开孔比小于1时压降随其值的增大而减小,液泛气速则略微增大。开孔孔径增大,则压降增大,而液泛气速减小。压降随锥体高度的增大而增大,但液泛气速与其并不呈线性变化。压降随堰高的增大而增大。催化剂装填量增大,压降增大,且液泛气速呈下降趋势。倒锥型催化精馏塔构件对其流体力学有显著影响,并在确定的条件下可选择较大的锥角,采用较小的开孔孔径和罩体高度。     

新型垂直筛板帽罩结构改进的研究

为进一步提高垂直筛板塔的性能,提出3种改进帽罩结构的塔板,从中筛选出性能优良的新型帽罩结构的塔板。采用冷模实验装置,用空气-水体系进行初步的流体力学测试。3种新型帽罩塔板与标准型帽罩塔板相比,干板压降降低7.2%—30.9%、湿板压降降低7.9%—18%、塔板泄漏量降低16.4%—45.5%、雾沫夹带降低26.4%—58.7%、操作弹性增加60%—190%。3种改进帽罩结构的塔板性能优于标准帽罩结构塔板,倒盆顶帽罩塔板是其中较优良的塔板结构。     

Hydrodynamics of a spouted bed with a porous draft tube containing a small amount of finer particles

A small-size spouted bed with a porous draft tube was employed to obtain hydrodynamic data of binary mixtures of glass beads for a range of operating conditions and design factors. In this case, a small amount of finer particles was added mostly to the large majority of coarser particles. Under this condition, minimum spouting velocity, bed pressure drop, hold-up of solid particles within a draft tube, gas flow rate through the annulus and solids circulation rate were determined by changing the total gas flow rate and the mass fraction of finer particles as operating parameters, and by changing the height of the entrainment zone and the draft tube diameter as geometric parameters. The results show that the gas flow rate through the annulus increases by increasing the distance between the gas inlet nozzle and the bottom of the draft tube, that is, the height of the entrainment zone, but decreases with increasing draft tube diameter and mass fraction of finer particles. The porous draft tube shows a higher gas flow rate through the annulus than the non-porous draft tube, particularly in the case of the low height of the entrainment zone. The solids circulation rate increases with increasing gas velocity, the height of the entrainment zone and the porous draft tube diameter. Moreover, the porous draft tube leads to a higher solids circulation rate than the non-porous draft tube.     

Particle Holdup and Average Residence Time in the Cyclone of a CFB Boiler

Particle holdup and the average residence time in the cyclone of a Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) boiler are important information for describing events post‐combustion in the cyclone that often lead to a noticeable increase in the temperature of the flue gas. The existing results for the variation of particle average residence time with fluidizing gas velocity are contradictory since they were obtained under different operation conditions. A cold CFB apparatus made of plexiglass was established with a riser of 5 m in height and 0.2 m in diameter and equipped with a standard Lapple cyclone. The particle holdup was directly measured by the mass in the cyclone when the system was shut down. The solid concentration at the cyclone inlet was kept in the range generally used in CFB boilers. The experimental results showed that the particle holdup in the cyclone was equal to ca. 10–40 % of the corresponding bed material in the riser and that it increases monotonously with both the fluidizing gas velocity and the initial static bed height, and approximately linearly with the solid circulation rate. In addition, within the experimental conditions, the cyclone pressure drop increases monotonously with particle holdup. It was found that the average residence time of the particles either increased or decreased linearly with the fluidizing gas velocity, depending on the initial static bed height. Nevertheless, both variation rates were very small. In a view of engineering applications, the average residence time of the particles in the cyclone is insignificantly affected by the fluidizing gas velocity, initial bed inventory and solid circulation rate, within the range of experimental conditions examined.     

Solid circulation and gas bypassing in an internally circulating fluidized bed with an orifice-type draft Tube

The effects of orifice diameter in the draft tube, particle size, gas velocities and bed height on the circulation rate of solids and gas bypassing between the draft tube and annulus have been determined in an internally circulating fluidized bed (i.d., 0.3 m ; height, 2.5 m) with an orifice-type draft tube. A conical shape gas separator has been employed above the draft tube to facilitate the separation of gases from the two beds. The circulation rate of solids and the quantity of gas bypass from the annulus to draft tube show their minimums when the static bed height is around the bottom of the separator. The circulation rate of solids increases with an increase in orifice diameter in the draft tube. At fixed aeration to the annulus, gas bypassing from the draft tube to annulus sections decreases, whereas reverse gas bypassing from the annulus to the draft tube increases with increasing the inlet gas velocity to the draft tube. The obtained solids circulation rate has been correlated by a relationship developed for the cocurrent flow of gas and solid through the orifice.     

Predicting axial pressure profile of a CFB

The numerical simulation of CFBs is an important tool in the prediction of its flow behavior. Predicting the axial pressure profile is one of the major difficulties in modeling a CFB. A model using a Particle Based Approach (PBA) is developed to accurately predict the axial pressure profile in CFBs. The simulation model accounts for the axial and radial distribution of voidage and velocity of the gas and solid phases, and for the solids volume fraction and particle size distribution of the solid phase. The model results are compared with and validated against atmospheric cold CFB experimental literature data. Ranges of experimental data used in comparisons are as follows: bed diameter from 0.05 to 0.305 m, bed height between 5 and 15.45 m, mean particle diameter from 76 to 812 μm, particle density from 189 to 2600 kg/m³, solid circulation fluxes from 10.03 to 489 kg/m² s and gas superficial velocities from 2.71 to 10.68 m/s. The computational results agreed reasonably well with the experimental data. Moreover, both experimental data and model predictions show that the pressure drop profile is affected by the solid circulation flux and superficial velocity values in the riser. The pressure drop increases along the acceleration region as solid circulation flux increases and superficial velocity decreases.     

气液并流筛板式填料压降的数值模拟

基于欧拉-欧拉模型,采用CFX软件对筛板式填料的气液两相并流流动进行了模拟。将模拟所得的压降与填料的出厂特性值进行了对比,发现在液气动能参数较小的情况下,两者吻合较好。分析了该流场内的速度分布和压力分布的特点,射流卷吸作用使流场内两相流体混合,但涡旋使筛板下方压强减小,射流撞击使筛板上方压强增加。对不同结构的矩形筛板式填料的压降进行研究,结果表明：筛板孔径和液相流量是影响筛板压降的重要因素,开孔直径越小,液相流量对单板压降的影响越大;上层筛孔投影与下层筛孔相交的结构更能有效降低单板压降。液相流量较大时,两个不同板间距的单板压降曲线将相交于一点,气相流量低于此交点时,板间距越小,单板压降越大;气相流量高于此交点时,则相反。     

含内构件的循环流化床的动态压力特性

针对含内构件的循环流化床,以石英砂为物料,使用动态压力传感器测量了含内构件的流化床中气固两相流的动态压力,分析了床内的瞬时压力特性. 结果表明,在进出口总压降中,文丘里压降最大,占主床压降的60%以上. 表观气速和固体颗粒循环流率共同影响循环流化床内的压力特性. 压力瞬时波动功率谱分析表明,压力波动对应一个主频,表观气速越小、颗粒循环流率越大时,压力波动越大,且循环流化床底部压力波动比上部大. 加入内构件能有效引导气流,使流动更均匀.     

Experimental Investigation of Particle Circulation in an Internally Circulating Clapboard-Type Fluidized Bed

The particle circulation rate of the clapboard-type internal circulating fluidized bed (ICFB) is investigated with the particle tracing method. For quantitative determination, the capacitance probe and the differential pressure sensor are used to measure the voidages in the high and low gas velocity regime. The mechanism governing the solid circulation in the ICFB is the competition between driven force, caused by pressure drop across the gap, and the resistance force of particle flow, derived by the flow friction in the wall surface and clapboard, the partial resistance loss of clearance, and the gas bypassing formed from the high to the low gas velocity regime. A modified La Nauze model helped to predict and to calculate the particle circulation rate without giving data of pressure drops.     

Solids flow characteristics in loop-seal of a circulating fluidized bed

The hydrodynamics of solids (FCC) recycle in a loop-seal (0.08 m) at the bottom of the downcomer (0.08 m-I.D.x4.0 m-high) in a circulating fluidized bed (0.1 m-I.D.x 5.3 m-high) have been determined. Solid flow rate through the loop-seal increases linearly with increasing aeration rate. At the same aeration rate, the maximum solid flow rate can be obtained at a loop-seal height-to-diameter ratio of 2.5. The effects of solid inventory, solid circulation rate and gas velocity on pressure balance around the CFB have been determined. At a given gas velocity and solid circulation rate, pressure drops across the downcomer and loop-seal increase linearly with increasing solids inventory in the bed. At a constant solid inventory, pressure drops across the riser and the downcomer increase with increasing solid circulation rate but decrease with increasing gas velocity in the riser. The obtained solid flow rate has been correlated with pressure drop across the loop-seal.