淬火纵向裂纹的有限元模拟

淬火纵向裂纹在热处理工业中十分常见。本工作结合实验和有限元模拟的方法对16 mm直径的42CrMo圆柱件在不同的淬火介质(清水、油、盐水单液淬火和清水-油双液淬火)及淬火工艺下的淬火开裂现象进行了研究。经过清水淬火后的圆柱件均出现了纵向裂纹,但经油、盐水和清水-油双液淬火后的试样均未出现裂纹。通过有限元方法对以上不同淬火工艺的淬火应力进行了计算,根据计算结果对全淬透淬火件的淬火应力分布进行了分析。残余应力计算结果表明,42CrMo圆柱件在清水中淬火开裂的原因是由其表面较高的拉应力引起;经盐水淬火后的试样表面应力状态为压应力,其对淬火开裂的预防具有有益作用。基于淬火开裂实验和热应力及相变应力的计算结果,提出了两种预防全淬透件纵向开裂的方法。通过分析样品在清水淬火时的瞬时应力,对淬火开裂时的时间进行了估计。     

钛合金超声波焊接温度场和应力场的数值模拟

利用便携式红外测温仪对Ti6A14V钛合金超声波焊接的温度进行测试;利用ABAQUS大型有限元分析软件建立钛合金超声波焊接热-结构耦合二维轴对称有限元模型,对其不同焊接参数下的温度场和应力场进行分析.结果表明:用便携式红外测温仪所测钛合金超声波焊接焊点边缘的最高温度为620℃,与模拟的结果较接近;焊接界面为高温集中区,最高温度分布在界面中心位置(高达1172.4℃);焊接的温升在前10 ms陡升至500℃左右,随后的温升较平缓且近似线性的增长;最大应力发生在铁砧的上表面中心处,它随焊接压力的增加而增大,但是增加幅度不大;其次应力较大处为焊头边缘下方的钛合金界面处,它随焊接压力的增加而增大,并且增加幅度较大.     

汽车高强钢锻件淬火开裂分析与有限元模拟北大核心CSCD

某汽车高强钢锻件在生产中面临淬火开裂问题,急需从生产工艺上回溯开裂原因。对淬火后的某汽车高强钢锻件进行解剖,观察了裂纹形貌、金属流线、微观组织和元素分布,发现断裂处材料流动极不均匀,锻造变形时剧烈的滑移和剪切是导致开裂的主要原因。模拟了某SAE5137H汽车高强钢锻件在浓度为9%的PAG淬火液(聚烷撑乙二醇质量分数为9%的水性淬火介质)中淬火的过程,发现淬火开裂位置的最大等效应力远低于材料的抗拉强度,淬火应力较小。综合裂纹分析的试验结果和有限元分析结果可知,该锻件锻造过程中材料流动不均匀,局部产生剧烈滑移,使材料塑性下降,虽然在锻造后未直接开裂,但在淬火热应力的作用下因塑性不足而导致开裂。根据开裂原因,将位置A开裂处预锻模膛局部凹模圆角半径减小至R8 mm,并对锻件位置B处局部加热,锻件淬火开裂比例显著下降,解决了开裂问题。     

淬火过程初应变项对淬火残余应力的影响

淬火过程是温度、组织和应力应变3方面交互作用的复杂过程。文章考虑了淬火过程中各项热物性参数、力学性能参数等随温度的变化情况,建立了温度、组织和应力的耦合分析结构图,自行开发了淬火过程有限元模拟软件,选择平面问题为研究对象,建立相应的有限元分析模型,分析和讨论了由温度引起的初应变、相变引起的初应变及相变塑性对淬火残余应力的影响。根据有限元分析的结果,得到了淬火过程各项初应变对淬火残余应力的影响规律。     

核反应堆关键焊接结构应力腐蚀裂纹失效评估

以沸水堆堆芯围板焊接热影响区应力腐蚀开裂为例进行了裂纹扩展评估研究.采用有限元模拟与试验检测数据验证相结合的方法对焊接热影响区焊接残余应力场及应力腐蚀开裂扩展过程进行模拟.通过有限元方法计算了应力腐蚀开裂裂纹尖端应力强度因子,再根据应力腐蚀裂纹扩展试验数据获得裂纹尖端应力强度因子与裂纹扩展速率的关系,最终预测了沸水堆堆芯围板的使用寿命,解决了重大构件基于应力腐蚀开裂失效的安全评估问题.该研究过程为重大构件的腐蚀疲劳裂纹失效的安全使用提供了可借鉴的方法.     

不锈钢/Ag-Cu-Ti/钛合金钎焊接头残余应力模拟研究

采用热弹塑性有限元方法,在考虑了1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢和Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的主要热物理性能随温度变化的条件下,计算了1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢/Ag-Cu-Ti/Ti-6Al-4V钛合金钎焊接头中的残余热应力大小和分布。计算结果表明,σy在靠近界面的钛合金外表面一侧存在一个应力最大值,且该应力为拉应力,同时σx,τxy也在界面附近存在应力峰值;残余应力会导致钎焊接头在未达到许用强度的条件下产生断裂,和钎焊试验结果具有一致性。     

正交异性钢桥面横隔板弧形切口焊接残余应力分析

为研究轮载压应力作用下弧形切口疲劳开裂机理，建立正交异性钢桥面板热弹塑性有限元模型，采用生死单元模拟了横隔板焊缝焊接过程，实现了焊接过程和焊缝凝结过程的热力耦合分析，得到了横隔板的焊接温度场和热应力场，获得了弧形切口残余应力分布，并结合现场疲劳试验对弧形切口进行疲劳寿命评估.研究表明，焊接温度沿弧形切口变化显著，切口最小净截面处焊接残余拉应力达到了近300 MPa，耦合轮载作用下的压应力响应，弧形切口就会产生疲劳开裂的现象.     

航空铝合金构件淬火残余应力的数值模拟

可固溶强化的铝合金在通过剧烈淬火获得高强度的过程中 ,会产生很大的淬火残余应力 ,并容易引起淬火变形与裂纹。本文将有限元方法用于预测航空铝合金构件淬火残余应力的产生与分布规律 ,首先针对铝合金试样的淬火过程建立数学模型 ,进行数值模拟 ,其次将分析方法用于预测某 70 75铝合金飞机隔框的淬火残余应力分布规律。并采用裂纹柔度法进行了实验测定 ,实验结果与模拟结果对比具有很好的一致性。     

Q345R钢焊接接头不同部位补焊残余应力的有限元分析

Q345R钢由于具有良好的性能而广泛应用于压力容器与管道的制造,其焊接接头部位常出现裂纹,焊接残余应力是主要影响因素之一.利用有限元软件ABAOUS,开发了一个顺次耦合的热应力计算程序,对焊接接头焊缝区域与热影响区补焊的残余应力分布进行了数值模拟,得到了补焊残余应力的分布位置及大小.结果表明,补焊后,残余应力值比焊态下残余应力值有所增加,纵向应力和横向应力值增加幅度不同.为此,对实际补焊修复提出了建议,为优化补焊工艺、控制残余应力提供了参考依据.     

航空铝合金构件淬火残余应力的数值模拟

可固溶强化的铝合金在通过剧烈淬火获得高强度的过程中，会产生很大的淬火残余应力，并容易引起淬火变形与裂纹。本文将有限元方法用于预测航空铝合金构件淬火残余应力的产生与分布规律，首先针对铝合金试样的淬火过程建立数学模型，进行数值模拟，其次将分析方法用于预测某7075铝合金飞机隔框的淬火残余应力分布规律。并采用裂纹柔度法进行了实验测定，实验结果与模拟结果对比具有很好的一致性。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.