XLPE电缆水树老化及其诊断技术的研究进展

交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆的水树老化是导致电缆绝缘水平下降和运行寿命缩短的主要诱因之一。本文对交联聚乙烯电缆的水树老化及其诊断技术的研究进展进行了回顾,首先介绍了交联聚乙烯电缆中的水树老化现象及其潜在的危害,对水树的定义、特征、生长机理及其生长过程中的影响因素等方面的研究成果进行了阐述,并指出了水树与电树之间潜在的相互转化关系。其次,分析并比较了水树的各种诊断技术,包括微观表征、传统介电性能测试以及新型诊断测试技术。最后,探讨了电缆的水树老化及其诊断技术未来的研究方向。     

XLPE电缆绝缘中水树的形成机理和抑制方法分析

叙述了交联聚乙烯电缆中的水树对中高压XLPE电缆的危害性;介绍了水树的本质、水树生长特性,引发水树的电-机械理论和化学反应理论;分析了影响水树生长的因素和国内外抗水树电缆料的研究情况。     

水树对XLPE电缆绝缘材料性能和微观结构影响的研究进展

阐述了交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆中水树引发、生长理论,讨论了水树枝模型及水树化学反应过程,分析了水树对XLPE电缆绝缘材料电性能(介电常数、击穿电压、损耗因子、电导及电树引发电压)的影响。在此基础上,介绍了水树对XLPE电缆绝缘材料微观结构的影响,包括水树中的氧化降解作用对电缆微观结构以及水树对电缆绝缘中空间电荷分布的影响。     

交联聚乙烯电缆水树老化离线诊断方法的研究

分析了交联聚乙烯水树老化离线诊断方法,介绍了交联聚乙烯电缆中水树形成原因及其危害。交联聚乙烯电缆水树老化表现出的电气特性变化可以通过多种测试方法来检测和诊断。其中离线诊断方法发挥着主要的作用。电缆水树离线诊断方法主要包括超低频介损法、空间电荷法、残余电荷法和介电响应法。对于电缆的水树缺陷诊断,应提高方法的水树缺陷辨识能力并采用多种离线检测方法综合测量判断。     

交联聚乙烯水树老化电缆电气性能与水树区域含水量的关系

为了深入了解交联聚乙烯(XLPE)水树电缆电气性能的变化特征,利用极化-去极化电流法测量老化电缆样本不同老化时期的直流电导率和0.1 Hz介损,并使用显微镜和红外光谱仪观测老化电缆样本水树区域含水量,研究不同水树老化时期的电缆电气性能和水树生长之间的关系。研究表明,老化电缆的电气性能和水树长度不呈正相关关系,而和水树区域含水量具有密切关系。     

不同交联温度下交联聚乙烯绝缘中的水树生长特性研究

随着XLPE电缆在中压、高压以及超高压输电领域的不断应用,传统XLPE电缆绝缘的交联工艺迎来诸多挑战,尤其是交联温度对XLPE绝缘性能的影响问题不容忽视。该文研究不同交联温度下交联聚乙烯绝缘中的水树生长特性,并从聚集态结构角度出发对交联聚乙烯中的水树生长机制进行分析。制取不同交联温度的XLPE样本,进行加速水树老化实验、交联度测定实验和差示扫描量热分析实验,结果发现交联聚乙烯中的水树生长特性与交联度、结晶度等聚集态结构密切相关。而通过XRD衍射实验、SEM观测实验的分析发现:随着交联温度的升高,XLPE绝缘聚集态结构呈现先密集、后疏松的排列现象。基于这一发现,提出材料的聚集态结构模型以分析不同交联温度下交联聚乙烯绝缘中的水树生长机制。研究结果表明:交联聚乙烯绝缘的球晶结构趋于密集,则水树形成的尺寸较小;交联聚乙烯绝缘的球晶结构趋于疏松,则水树形成的尺寸较大。     

γ辐照交联聚乙烯绝缘电缆水树行为的研究

核电站的控制系统等需要大量的电线电缆,这些电缆的耐辐射性能至关重要。高能辐射对固态聚合物有多种作用,包括引发交联以及链裂解等。水树是影响交联聚乙烯电缆,特别是中低压电缆使用寿命的重要因素。本文研究了γ辐射对交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘水树行为的影响。结果显示,在0~3000 kGy辐照剂量之内,水树的长度与密度随着辐照剂量的增加而增加。     

交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘老化试验及其检测技术

为了更好地研究交联聚乙烯（XLPE）电缆的绝缘老化特性,需在实验室条件下对其进行老化试验,本文总结了目前对XLPE电缆的绝缘老化试验及其检测技术的研究进展。首先对交联聚乙烯电缆的常见老化类型和现象进行了介绍,阐述了目前对于水树老化和电树老化生长机理及影响因素方面的研究成果;其次介绍了在实验室条件下对XLPE电缆进行加速...     

XLPE电缆中水树区域干湿状态下的电场特性研究

为研究交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆中水树区域介电常数与电场特性的关系,采用水针电极、高频高压对交联聚乙烯电缆试样进行加速水树老化实验,通过显微镜观察水树形态,根据观察到的水树形态构建有限元仿真模型,仿真分析水树区域介电常数变化对水树周围电场强度的影响规律。结果表明:当水树区域相对介电常数或电导率增加时,水树末梢的场强增大,而针尖场强减小,水树末梢尖端易成为电树引发的起点;当水树区域相对介电常数或电导率减小时,针尖场强增大,而水树末梢的场强减小,针尖易成为电树引发的起点。     

绝缘屏蔽易剥离的高压交联聚乙烯电缆

<正> 在日本,6千伏交联聚乙烯电缆的绝缘屏蔽通常由半导电布带构成。对从运行中拆换下来的6千伏XLPE电缆进行了调查,发现在绝缘表面生长了许多水树。显然,这些水树影响到电缆的寿命。因此,采用挤出绝缘屏蔽来防止电压为6千伏以上的XLPE电缆发生水树老化;另外,为了使电缆接头制作容易、可靠性又高,住友电气公司研制了绝缘屏蔽易剥离的XLPE电缆。     

Electrical stress enhancement of contaminants in XLPE insulation used for power cables

The use of XLPE as the insulation for power cables has grown steadily since it first introduction more than 30 years ago. Today XLPE is rapidly becoming the preferred insulation system for even the highest transmission voltages. This preference is due to the high reliability, low dielectric losses, and low environmental impact that can be achieved with XLPE. The positive effects of high quality insulation materials on improved cable performance have been well known since the start of cable making. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the technical background for the cleanliness levels and to quantify the level of performance required from clean materials. The advantages of clean insulation materials are seen at all voltages. However, this work focuses on the technical basis for the benefits for HV and EHV cables, which typically are designed with a water impervious layer to ensure that the cable remains dry throughout its entire lifetime. The presence of metallic contaminants in MV cable is known to enhance the growth of trees by raising the electric stress level locally. The singular impact of cleanliness on the performance of MV cables is somewhat more complicated as it is influenced both by the cleanliness of the insulation and the ability of the insulation material to resist the growth of water trees.     

XLPE电缆电树枝二次生长特性分析(英文)

In order to study the growth characteristics of electrical trees in XLPE cable under secondary applied voltage, a short cable metal needle defect test device is adopted to study the growth characteristics of the new trees after the electrical trees in XLPE cable under the action of the voltage of 12 kV are influenced by secondary applied voltage (15 kV). The research results show that influenced by secondary applied voltage and voltage increase rate, there will be a peculiar "bush-branch" electrical tree in XLPE cable insulation layer and the new trees under secondary applied voltage have the characteristics of short initiation time, fast growth rate and narrow discharge channel, etc, which shows that secondary applied voltage has a great effect on the secondary initiation and growth of electrical trees in XLPE cable and it is an important factor of accelerating cable aging and breakdown.     

交联聚乙烯电缆热老化与电树枝化相关性研究

热老化过程不但会影响交联聚乙烯（XLPE）电缆绝缘的物理化学性能,还对绝缘内电树的产生与生长有着一定的影响。研究了热老化后XLPE电缆绝缘中的电树行为．探讨XLPE电缆绝缘中电树枝过程与材料热老化的关系。采用带循环通风的热老化箱对XLPE电缆绝缘进行3个温度等级的热老化实验：采用针板结构电极进行电树枝实验,并利用数码显微镜观察电树枝的产生和发展情况;利用差示扫描量热法（DSC）、傅里叶红外光谱分析（FTIR）测试了不同温度热老化下XLPE电缆绝缘的物理化学性能;最后探讨了几种不同结构电树枝的生长机理．认为热老化并没有加速电树枝的生长．反而有一定的抑制作用．     

A study of treeing phenomena in the development of insulation for500 kV XLPE cables

This review summarizes research on treeing phenomena, i.e. the formation of electrical trees and water trees, that has been undertaken in Japan for the development of 500 kV XLPE cable. Section 1 presents the results of factors affecting XLPE cable insulation breakdown under commercial ac and lightning impulse voltages. Section 2 verifies the phenomena of electrical tree formation in XLPE cable insulation using block samples and model cables, and gives the results of studies to determine the level electrical field stress initiation for such trees. Section 3 summarizes the results of studies on long-term aging characteristics, which is a particular problem under commercial ac voltages, while Section 4 explains how this research influenced the design of 500 kV XLPE cable insulation. All authors were members of `The investigation committee of fundamental process of treeing degradation' under IEEJ     

热老化对交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘中水树的影响研究

热老化过程不但会影响交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘的电磁学和物理化学性能,还对绝缘内水树的产生与生长有着一定的影响。通过研究热老化过程对XLPE电缆绝缘中的水树现象的影响,以及在几个有可能的影响因素当中,哪个因素对水树现象的影响最大。实验结果表明,在与XLPE电缆绝缘的热老化有关的各种因素对水树现象的影响中,热氧化对XLPE电缆绝缘表层水树的产生和生长的影响最大。尽管热氧化所引起的缺陷有可能就是XLPE电缆绝缘中水树生长过程中的起始点,但是它在一定程度上抑制着水树的成长,甚至有着"水树延迟效果"的美称。     

Application of dielectric response measurement on power cable systems

Water treeing is one of the factors leading to failure of medium voltage XLPE cables in long-term service. Increased moisture content inside oil-paper insulated cable is not desirable. To identify water tree degraded XLPE cables or oil-paper cables with high moisture content, diagnostic tests based on dielectric response (DR) measurement in time and frequency domain are used. Review of individual DR measurement techniques in the time and frequency domains indicates that measurement of one parameter in either domain may not be sufficient to reveal the status of the cable insulation. But a combination of several DR parameters can improve diagnostic results with respect to water trees present in XLPE cables or increased moisture content in oil-paper cables. DR measurement is a very useful tool that reveals average condition of cable systems. However, it is unlikely that DR measurement will detect few, but long water trees. In addition, DR cannot locate the defect or water tree site within the cable system. Combination of DR and partial discharge (PD) measurements can improve diagnostic results with respect to global and local defects. However, it is doubtful whether PD test can identify the presence of water trees inside a cable in a nondestructive manner. Further research is needed for more detailed conclusions regarding the status of a particular insulation and for predicting the remaining life of the insulation system.     

硅氧化焼注入后水树老化交联聚乙烯电缆电气特性和微观结构（英文）

To evaluate the effect of using siloxane liquid to rejuvenate water tree defects in cross-linked polyethylene(XLPE)cables,we investigated the electrical properties and micro-structures of water-tree aged XLPE cables after siloxane liquid injection treatment.The water-tree aged samples were prepared by performing accelerated aging experiment using water-needle electrodes,and the siloxane liquid is injected into the aged cable through a pressurized injection system.Dielectric loss factors of the samples before and after the rejuvenation were compared.The water trees and the internal filler were observed using scanning electron microscope(SEM).Electrical properties of the reactants are measured.Electric field simulation is conducted to verify the rejuvenation effect by finite element method.The results show that the siloxane liquid diffused into the insulation layer in a short time and reacted with water in the water trees.The electrical properties of the formed organic filler are in accord with that of XLPE.Therefore,the action between siloxane and water can inhibit the growth of water trees and reduce electric field distortion of the water tree areas.As a result,insulation performance of the cable is enhanced.A 70 m long cable was aged and rejuvenated in laboratory and an on-site rejuvenation experiment was conducted,and in both cases the dielectric loss factor and leakage current halved after rejuvenation.     

交联聚乙烯电缆水树缺陷的修复方法研究

采用硅氧烷修复液修复交联聚乙烯电缆老化试样中的水树,进而分析修复效果及机理。将介质损耗因数为4%～6%,绝缘电阻7 500～10 000 MΩ的短电缆在7.5 kV 450 Hz交流电压下老化至介质损耗因数达到20%左右,绝缘电阻3 500～5 000 MΩ。然后用压力注入式修复装置把修复液注入缆芯对水树缺陷进行修复。以介质损耗因数、绝缘电阻和击穿电压为指标对修复效果进行评判;通过显微镜切片观察修复前后水树微观形态;通过仿真修复前后水树附近电场分布来分析和验证水树的修复机理。实验结果证明,修复液可以充分与电缆水树中的水发生反应生成胶状聚合物填充水树通道;修复后电缆介质损耗因数、绝缘电阻和击穿电压恢复到新电缆水平;改善了绝缘层电场分布;有效地抑制了水树生长。实验表明,该修复液可有效修复电缆中的水树缺陷,提高电缆绝缘水平。     

The chemical composition of water trees in EPR cable insulation

The earlier observation of carboxylate ions in vented water trees in service-aged XLPE cable insulation is extended to bow-tie trees in lab-aged XLPE cable insulation, and to bow-tie and vented trees in EPR cable and slab specimens. Carboxylate anions were the major carbonyl-containing functionality in the treed regions, except for cases where ester functionalities (from antioxidants or shield materials) or aromatic carbonyl species (curative residues) had accumulated. Ketonic oxidation products were detected, but at a lower level than carboxylates. The experimental difficulty of detecting carboxylate ions in the presence of interfering absorptions from methylene blue dye and clay filler was circumvented by the use of a derivatization technique involving sulfur tetrafluoride and with hydrogen chloride, which converted carboxylate ions to acid fluorides and carboxylic acids respectively. Some examples of initiation sites for water tree formation in EPR are provided. When a particulate initiation site of bow-tie trees in EPR could be identified, a common feature was the presence of transition metal ions     

Bow-tie-tree in EPR cables are accelerated water treeing test

The authors describe the results of an accelerated water treeing test after a period of approximately one year with two recently manufactured (1988) varieties of commercial EPR (ethylene-propylene rubber) cables, produced by different manufacturers and possessing different cable structures, as well as water impervious XLPE cable for comparison. In the test, bow-tie trees were found in the EPR insulation, which had previously been thought to develop no or few bow-tie trees. The analysis results of bow-tie in EPR cables are described