基于直剪试验的页岩强度各向异性研究

 层理面的存在是页岩地层力学性质、强度特征和破裂模式表现出明显各向异性特征的根本原因,也是引起水平井井壁易失稳的重要原因之一。为分析层理面的力学性质及其影响下页岩的抗剪强度各向异性特征,开展不同角度页岩的直接剪切试验,并根据剪切破坏机制的各向异性和剪应力集中系数,从不同角度分析抗剪强度各向异性的原因,试验和理论分析结果表明：(1) 层理面是页岩地层的薄弱面,其黏聚力和内摩擦角明显小于页岩基质体,抗剪强度也最低,其剪应力–剪切位移曲线并没有表现出岩石剪切强度随滑动而弱化的特点,而是其残余摩擦力甚至还略大于抗剪强度。(2) 0°,30°,60°和90°四个方向中,页岩抗剪强度的最大值在60°时取得,且0°,30°和60°试样的剪应力–剪切位移曲线均表现出剪切强度随滑动而弱化的现象。(3) 页岩剪切破坏机制可分为沿页岩本体的剪切破坏、沿层理面张拉和本体剪切的复合破坏、以及沿层理面的剪切滑移3种模式;页岩抗剪强度的各向异性是由其剪切破坏机制的各向异性控制的。(4) 剪应力集中系数在一定程度上反映了岩石直接剪切时剪切承载力的强弱,可用来分析页岩抗剪强度的各向异性特征;不同方向页岩直接剪切时,剪应力集中系数仅与沿剪切方向的弹性模量和剪切层的厚度有关;相同法向应力下,90°试样的剪应力集中系数最大,抗剪强度最小,而60°试样的剪应力集中系数最小,抗剪强度最大。该试验和理论分析结果可为深入分析岩质边坡中滑动面的运动特征和页岩气水平井井壁稳定性等提供一定参考。     

冲击加载下板岩压缩破坏层理效应及损伤本构模型研究

为探究动态加载条件下层状板岩的各向异性行为,采用分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)获得江西层状板岩在高应变率下5组层理面倾角(θ=0°,30°,45°,60°和90°)临界破坏状态力学特征及破坏机制,进而利用元件组合模型理论,建立考虑宏观层理影响的层状岩体动态损伤本构模型。试验及理论分析结果表明:各层理角度试样应力–应变曲线峰值大小不同,但总体变化规律相近,均包含加载前期的弹性压缩阶段,中期的塑形阶段和塑性加强阶段,以及达到峰值后的峰后曲线;临界破坏状态下层理面在试样的破坏中起到重要作用,除θ=0°为穿越层理面的劈裂破坏外,其余层理倾角的破坏模式主要包括:偏向层理面方向的剪切破坏、沿层理面的滑移破坏和沿层理面的劈裂破坏。新建立的层状岩体动态损伤本构模型,综合考虑岩体自身微观损伤和宏观层理面损伤叠加影响,该模型不仅能较好地描述冲击条件下层状岩体应力–应变曲线变化规律,且峰值强度吻合较好,有助于更为准确地描述层状板岩在高应变率下变形破坏行为。     

黑色页岩力学特性及气体压裂层理效应研究

 气体压裂作为一种新型的无水压裂技术,对页岩气开采具有重要意义。为探究不同层理方向页岩气体压裂破坏机制,以彭水黑色页岩为试样,首先系统地分析其力学各向异性特征,并利用自行改造组装的高压气体压裂系统分别对轴向平行层理页岩和轴向垂直层理页岩开展气体压裂试验,研究层理方向对页岩的变形、强度、声发射特征和破坏形态的影响,揭示页岩气压致裂破坏的机制,讨论不同加载方式下层理效应对页岩破坏强度的影响。研究表明：(1) 黑色页岩的拉、压力学特征受层理方向影响明显,平行层理面加载页岩与垂直层理面加载页岩的抗压强度、抗拉强度、弹性模量、剪切模量之比分别为：138.22%,44.37%,169.17%,173.27%,泊松比受层理影响小。页岩平行层理面加载时,容易沿层理面产生张拉破坏;垂直层理面加载时,在层理本身发生剪切滑移破坏。(2) 轴向垂直层理面页岩的破坏气压、破坏时间分别是轴向平行层理面页岩的4.2和3.35倍,前者沿层理弱面发生拉伸破坏,后者以拉伸破坏为主,也有剪切破坏发生,其破裂面凹凸起伏明显。所有变形曲线呈非线性变化,垂直层理面页岩的变形大,其变形曲线出现异常拐点,侧向变形曲线呈下凹趋势;轴向平行层理试样的变形曲线相对光滑,侧向变形曲线呈上凹趋势。AE能率反映了轴向垂直层理页岩破坏更加剧烈。(3) 加载方式对页岩强度的层理效应系数影响显著,影响最大的是气体压裂试验,最小的是单轴压缩试验。     

层状砂岩各向异性力学特性试验研究

岩体的各向异性力学特性对工程安全稳定具有至关重要的影响。针对工程中常见的层状砂岩,设计进行0°,15°,30°,45°,60°,75°和90°等7种层理角度的单轴和三轴压缩试验,详细分析层理角度对岩体力学特性和破坏模式的影响。研究结果表明:(1)不同层理角度岩样的应力–应变曲线形态基本一致,均包括压密阶段、弹性阶段、屈服阶段和破坏阶段,随着层理角度的增加,应力–应变曲线的压密阶段逐渐变短;(2)在单轴和三轴压缩状态下,层状砂岩各向异性特性明显,层理角度从0°增大到90°,弹性模量逐渐增大,而变形模量、抗压强度、黏聚力和摩擦角先减小后增大,呈U型分布,在0°或90°时达到最大值,60°左右时达到最小值;(3)随着围压的增大,其对层理弱面开裂滑动的限制作用逐渐增强,层理弱面对岩样的破坏模式影响效应逐渐减弱,不同层理角度岩样的力学参数差别逐渐减小,岩样的各向异性特性逐渐减弱;(4)层状砂岩的破坏模式与层理角度和围压的关系密切,可以归纳为3种类型:劈裂张拉破坏、顺层理弱面的剪切滑移破坏、局部顺层理弱面和局部穿越基质、层理弱面的复合剪切破坏。研究结论可为层状砂岩相关的工程变形稳定分析提供参考。     

层状岩体剪切强度与破坏规律分析

对用类岩石材料自制的层状岩体试样,开展了一系列的直剪试验,研究了层理面倾角和层理面间距对岩体抗剪强度的影响,分析了层状岩体剪切破坏形态的规律。试验结果表明:层理面倾角为0°时,试样的抗剪强度最低;层理面倾角为30°时,试样的抗剪强度最高;层理面间距越大,试样的峰值抗剪强度也越高;层状岩体试样的剪切破坏形态,按其破坏机理可分为滑移、剪断和张拉断裂破坏3种。     

层状岩体各向异性声学和力学参数计算方法研究

层理弱面的分布直接影响层状岩体的声学及力学特性,也直接关系到岩体力学参数取值的合理性,制备0°,15°,30°,45°,60°,75°和90°共7种层理倾角的砂岩试样,进行纵波波速测试和单轴压缩试验。研究结果表明:(1)随着层理倾角的增大,层状砂岩的纵波波速、弹性模量逐渐增大,峰值抗压强度呈现先减小后增大的U型变化趋势,各向异性特性明显,分别建立层状砂岩纵波波速、弹性模量与层理倾角余弦值的椭圆关系曲线,只需测试层状岩体在平行层理、垂直层理两个方向的纵波波速、弹性模量,就可以确定任意倾角岩样的纵波波速、弹性模量,为确定层状岩体不同方向声学参数和弹性参数提供了实用便捷的方法;(2)层状岩体的主要受力方向决定其承载能力和变形破坏特征,在工程岩体质量评价相关基础参数确定时应重点关注层理角度的影响,测试方向应与主要受力方向一致,或者分别测试平行层理、垂直层理两个方向的声学参数和力学参数,按照所建立的经验公式转换到相应层理倾角再进行分析,以便获得比较准确的岩体质量评价指标。相关研究成果可为层状岩体各向异性声学及力学特性测试与分析提供较好的参考。     

层理方向对砂岩断裂模式及韧度的影响规律试验研究

为了探索具有层理面的砂岩断裂力学性质的各向异性,开展了具有不同层理方向的半圆形砂岩试样在不同切缝角度下的三点弯试验研究,揭示了层理方向对砂岩应力强度因子、断裂韧度及破裂模式的影响规律。试验结果表明试样破裂模式受层理面与荷载方向夹角θ控制:θ=0°时,沿层理面张裂破坏;θ=30°时,沿层理面剪切破坏;θ=45°,60°时,切层和沿层理面混合破裂;θ=90°时,切层破坏。不同层理角度的试样测得的断裂韧度差异较大,切缝角α=0°时,θ=90°试样断裂韧度最大,θ=0°试样断裂韧度最小,且KImax/KImin=2.36。运用有限元计算了各试样的无量纲化应力强度因子,结果表明切缝角α=0°时,无量纲化II型应力强度因子YII受层理面与荷载方向夹角θ影响显著:θ=0°,90°试样YII=0,呈现I型断裂;θ=45°,60°试样YII≠0,呈现出I-II复合型断裂;θ=30°试样YII最大,以II型断裂占主导,其余切缝角度下试样无量纲化I型应力强度因子与II型应力强度因子随层理角度θ的变化呈现不同的变化规律。通过扩展有限元XFEM计算出的试样起裂角、断裂韧度及断裂路径与试验结果吻合较好,结果表明各试样的起裂角随层理面与荷载方向夹角θ及切缝角α的变化呈现一定的各向异性。试验所得规律有助于更全面理解具有层理面岩石的断裂特性,并可作为对各向异性岩石断裂力学理论研究和数值计算的有益补充。     

考虑层理方向效应煤岩巴西劈裂及单轴压缩试验研究

 针对淮南矿区B10煤层以水平层理为主,且层理性较强的特点,通过巴西劈裂及单轴压缩试验,研究煤岩在垂直和平行于层理面方向上的拉、压力学特性。研究结果表明：(1) 煤岩垂直和平行于层理面方向抗拉强度均具有明显的离散性,但前者离散程度更大;对比两者均值,前者显然小于后者,各向异性显著。(2) 宏观煤岩成分分布的随机性及其物理力学性质的差异是导致煤岩抗拉特性离散性的重要条件;而宏观煤岩成分的条带状分布特点,以及煤岩割理系统分布的方向性,则是决定煤岩力学特性各向异性的内在原因。(3) 煤岩垂直与平行于层理面方向单轴压缩轴向应力–应变曲线相比,前者峰前变形特征相似,力学性态稳定,峰后应力跌落迅速,脆性特征明显;后者则峰值前、后各曲线均变形各异,力学性态不稳定。煤样的轴向峰值应变均小于1%,变形特征属脆性破坏。(4) 垂直和平行于层理面方向单轴压缩煤样的断口破坏形态分别以剪切和劈裂破坏为主,且2个方向的单轴压缩强度及变形参数均具有明显差异,各向异性特征显著。(5) 煤岩垂直和平行于层理面方向单轴压缩特性均具有一定的离散性,但后者离散程度更大。(6) 煤岩单轴抗压强度远大于抗拉强度,垂直和平行于层理面方向单轴抗压强度分别为抗拉强度的40.1和14.7倍。     

龙门山北段千枚岩强度及变形特性对比试验研究

对成兰铁路龙门山北段隧道群4种典型千枚岩进行不同加载方位角的强度和变形特性对比试验研究,研究结果表明:加载方位角和岩石矿物成分严重影响千枚岩变形特性,并与围压水平有关。千枚岩单轴抗压强度随方位角变化呈"U"型的各向异性特征,所试验的4种千枚岩各向异性率由大至小对比关系为:HPMPQPCP。试样一般在峰值应力前产生扩容现象,扩容起始应力和形式与加载方位角或层理发育程度相关。三轴压缩试验中,千枚岩垂直层理加载时的峰值强度、长期强度和残余强度比平行层理加载明显偏高,并随围压水平增加而增大。千枚岩不同加载方位角下单轴压缩试验破坏模式归纳为4种:层理面滑移剪切破坏、压拉剪切破坏、张拉破坏、复合破坏。     

预制双裂纹板岩各向异性细观尺度实验研究

 板岩是一种非均质、连续–非连续介质,包含有微裂隙、微孔洞和微构造等,在力学、渗流、热传导等诸多方面均表现出明显的各向异性。选取锦屏水电站辅助洞泥质板岩试样,采用超薄金刚石锯片在标准岩样上预制一对三维裂纹,并应用岩土CT实验技术,开展水平和垂直层理方向加载条件下裂纹演化的细观尺度观测,分别得到了天然和预制双裂纹板岩破坏过程的细观表现特征,对比分析了水平和垂直层理方向加载条件下板岩裂纹起裂、扩展和破坏模式的不同,并对基于密度统计的岩石细观损伤变量定义方法的局限性进行了分析和讨论,为研究板岩的力学各向异性提供了新思路。     

不同层理方位影响下板岩各向异性巴西圆盘劈裂试验研究

 通过电镜扫描试验,发现板岩具有明显的变余层理构造和板劈理构造,因而可采用巴西圆盘劈裂试验揭示其力学特征。对7种不同层理角度? 下的圆盘进行劈裂试验,得到圆盘的3种破坏形式：?＜45°为纯拉伸破坏,? = 45°～75°为剪切拉伸破坏,?＞75°为剪切破坏。同时,板岩受内部层理构造的影响,其抗拉强度随?值从0°变化到90°而逐渐降低;垂直于各向同性面的弹性模量和泊松比受层理角度影响不大,且前者比各向同性面的弹性模量值略小。     

Laboratory study on the mechanical behaviors of an anisotropic shale rock

Shale gas is becoming an important energy source worldwide.The geomechanical properties of shale rocks can have a major impact on the ef fi ciency of shale gas exploration.This paper studied the mineralogical and mechanical characteristics of a typical gas shale in Ohio,USA.Scanning electron microscope(SEM)with energy dispersive X-ray(EDX)analyses was employed to measure the microstructure and material composition of the shale rock.The anisotropic behaviors of shale rock,including compressive and tensile strengths,were experimentally measured.The characteristics of shale rock were also studied by nondestructive wave speed measurements.The shale demonstrated strong anisotropic behaviors with the tensile strengths perpendicular to the bedding plane around 300e360 times of that parallel to bedding plane.Results of ultrasonic tests indicated that both compression and shear wave velocities show strong anisotropic patterns.The compression wave speed was the smallest in the direction perpendicular to the bedding plane;while the shear wave speed was the smallest in the direction parallel to the bedding plane.The ratio of wave speed anisotropy is around 1.3e1.4 for compression wave;the ratio of shear wave speed anisotropy is larger and more diverse compared with the compression wave anisotropy.This might be related to the larger variability in the frictional adhesive strength along bedding plane than the compressive adhesive strength.     

The elastic deformability and strength of a high porosity, anisotropic chalk

The submission explores the mechanical behavior of a very porous chalk formation, in which a system of ancient caverns was excavated. Incidents of general and localized failure of these ancient caverns initiated a comprehensive laboratory testing program aimed at investigating the anisotropic nature of the stress–strain response and strength of the material. It was felt that these aspects could be of profound importance in the stability of the cavern systems. The effect of water content over a broad range from 1.5% to saturation, on the compressive and tensile strength was also studied. Testing was based on the hollow cylinder methodology and was supplemented with uniaxial compression of solid cylinders and diametric compression of Brazilian disks. Use of the hollow cylinder methodology was extended to failure conditions.Test results illustrate the anisotropic nature of the stress–strain response of the chalk. The material clearly displays transverse isotropy, with horizontal bedding planes corresponding to the plane of material symmetry. The modulus of deformation within the plane of material symmetry is significantly higher than that perpendicular to bedding planes. Torsional shear of hollow cylinder specimens was employed to measure the shear modulus of the chalk.The testing carried out up to failure illustrated the anisotropy of the chalk strength. The compressive strength was found to be 50% higher in compression parallel to bedding than perpendicular to bedding. Increasing water content was found to have a consistent detrimental effect on compressive strength, tensile strength and material stiffness. The most drastic effect was found due to relatively small increases in water content, at initial water contents of less than 5%. Anisotropy of the chalk strength was found to persist over the entire range of water contents considered.     

焦石坝地区页岩气水平钻井井壁稳定性实验研究

为揭示涪陵焦石坝地区页岩储层井壁岩石垮塌失稳诱因,探索页岩气水平井井壁垮塌主要控制因素,应用室内力学实验测试方法,研究了井下应力环境下页岩岩体力学空间各向异性及层理缝面力学性质,并结合焦页1HF井水平井实钻井下复杂情况,探讨了页岩的独特力学特性及其影响井壁岩石垮塌失稳的力学机理。实验结果表明:焦石坝页岩岩体平行层理极为发育,层理缝面间力学强度弱,沿层理走向的页岩剪切强度远低于垂直层理走向;焦石坝地区页岩具有极强的力学参数各向异性,页岩的力学参数变化与取心方向密切相关,当取心方向与层理法向夹角β满足β=0°和β=90°时,页岩力学强度最高,在30°β90°范围内,页岩力学强度呈先减小后增加的趋势,β=60°时,页岩力学强度最低。该研究成功解释了涪陵焦石坝地区页岩水平钻井井壁岩石垮塌失稳的力学主控因素,为焦石坝地区页岩气水平钻井井身结构及工程参数优化设计奠定基础,具有较高的现场应用价值。     

Stability analysis of stratified rock slopes with spatially variable strength parameters: the case of Qianjiangping landslide

Jurassic strata prone to slope failure are widely distributed in the Three Gorges Reservoir region. The limit equilibrium method is generally used to analyze the stability of rock slopes that have a single failure plane. However, the stability of a stratified rock mass cannot be accurately estimated by this method because different bedding planes have variable shear strength parameters. A modified limit equilibrium method is presented with variable water pressure and shear strength used to estimate the stability coefficient of a sloping mass of stratified rock and to identify the potential sliding surface. Furthermore, an S-curve model is used to define the spatial variations of the shear strength parameters c and ? of the bedding plane and the tensile strength of the rock mass. This model can also describe the variation of strength parameters with distance from the slope surface, which depends on the reservoir water level. Also, it is used to evaluate the stability of the Qianjiangping landslide, located at Shazhenxi Town, Zigui County, Three Gorges Reservoir area, China. The results show the most probable sliding surface is the interface between a slightly weathered layer and subjacent bedrock. When reservoir water rises above the elevation of the slide mass toe, the stability coefficient of the slope declines sharply. When the reservoir water level is static at 135 m, the stability coefficient decreases gradually as the phreatic line changes as a result of heavy rainfall.     

Investigation of meso-failure behaviors of Jinping marble using SEM with bending loading system

In this study, the meso-failure mechanism and fracture surface of Jinping marble were investigated by means of scanning electron microscope(SEM) with bending loading system and laser-scanner equipment. The Yantang and Baishan marbles specimens from Jinping II hydropower station were used. Test results show that the fracture toughness and mechanical behaviors of Yantang marble were basically higher than those of Baishan marble. This is mainly due to the fact that Baishan marble contains a large percentage of dolomite and minor mica. Crack propagation path and fracture morphology indicated that the direction of tensile stress has a significant effect on the mechanical behaviors and fracture toughness of Baishan marble. For Yantang and Baishan marbles, a large number of microcracks around the main crack tip were observed when the direction of tensile stress was parallel to the bedding plane.Conversely, few microcracks occurred when the direction of tensile stress was perpendicular to the bedding plane. The presence of a large number of microcracks at the main crack tip decreased the global fracture toughness of marble. The results of three-point bending tests showed that the average bearing capacity of intact marble is 3.4 times the notched marble, but the ductility property of the defective marble after peak load is better than that of the intact marble. Hence, large deformation may be generated before failure of intact marbles at Jinping II hydropower station. The fractal dimension of fracture surface was also calculated by the cube covering method. Observational result showed that the largest fractal dimension of Yantang marble is captured when the direction of tensile stress is parallel to the bedding plane. However, the fractal dimension of fracture surface of Yantang and Baishan marbles with tensile stress vertical to the bedding plane is relatively small. The fractal dimension can also be used to characterize the roughness of fracture surface of rock materials.