地下商场安全疏散设计难点分析

通过对地下商业建筑特征和火灾危险性的介绍,针对地下空间商业建筑的安全疏散进行设计分析,介绍密闭空间内人员在内部环境、自身反应速度、烟气扩散、能见度等因素的影响下,安全疏散的时间、方式、安全出口数量等的设计方式,探讨地下商业安全疏散设计的最佳方案。     

疏散安全视角下的地下商业街光环境设计策略

地下商业街发生紧急事件时,快速有序地疏散人群是保证城市公共安全的重要环节,地下空间光环境引导设计对于快速识别疏散道路、提高其疏散效率具有重要意义。文章首先通过文献回顾论证了光环境在地下商业街疏散引导上的作用,其次分析了我国现有不利于疏散安全的地下商业街光环境因素,最后提出以疏散安全为基本原则的地下商业街照明设计思路与策略,为之后的地下商业街光环境设计提供一定的设计参考和建议。     

地下超市火灾时期人员可用安全疏散时间模拟

从地下超市的火灾危险着手,系统分析了影响地下超市可用安全疏散时间的判定依据,按照火灾发展和人员疏散的时间线,对火灾中影响人员安全疏散的各个特征时间进行了讨论,得出火灾中人员可用安全疏散时间和所需安全疏散时间的计算方法,结合工程实例运用烟火运动场模型FDS对地下超市火灾中人员可用安金疏散时间进行模拟,给出模拟结果,实现对其疏散设计的安全性和可靠性的评估。通过对模拟数据进行比较分析,寻找有利于提高地下超市可用安全疏散时间的具体消防措施。     

武汉光谷广场综合体全地下高大空间自然排烟可行性研究

对武汉光谷广场综合体全地下高大空间最不利火源位置处行李引发火灾时,采用自然排烟设计方案的效果进行了研究,对火灾时烟气的蔓延过程、能见度、温度场及CO浓度等指标进行了模拟分析。研究表明,该地下高大空间利用顶部采光带设置自然排烟窗,在火灾发生时能将火灾烟气有效排出,且能为人员疏散提供安全环境。烟气上升过程中,装修吊顶对烟气的阻隔效应明显,随着吊顶镂空率的减小,自然排烟效率下降。建议吊顶镂空率应大于33%,以确保烟气有效排出和人员安全疏散。     

地下空间消防安全对策和建议

从人员疏散、火灾扑救等方面阐述了地下空间的火灾危险性,分析了地下空间的消防安全隐患,提出了加强地下空间消防安全的对策和建议。     

中庭式拱顶多层地铁车站排烟系统设计及模拟分析

介绍了中庭式拱顶多层地铁车站的内部构造特征。在满足火灾疏散环境控制标准和提高排烟效率的前提下,通过计算分析,对车站排烟系统进行了简化。对简化后的排烟系统的排烟效果进行了模拟分析,结果表明,将中庭连通的上下2层作为1个空间进行排烟设计,能在6 min疏散时间内满足烟气控制要求。     

地下建筑的防火设计及防火涂料应用研究

开发利用地下空间资源,是拓展人类生存空间、改善环境的重要途径,但地下空间火灾易发、烟气浓度大、温度高、疏散扑救困难,因此防火设计至关重要。分析了地下建筑火灾特点,火灾时烟气流动规律分析方法及其应用,火灾时人员疏散的模型研究,室内装饰材料的防火性能及防火涂料在地下建筑的应用,并对地下建筑防火设计未来发展提出了设想。     

响亮而清楚的语音报警

<正>1语音报警系统在人员安全疏散的作用大约20年前,消防业的文献中就有了语音报警(VA)系统效率的记载。证据表明,使用清楚的语音信息可以大大改善响应时间,更有效地把应急安全疏散路线告知给用户。长期的研究表明,进行火灾报警时,语音信息比单纯的音调信号更为有效,口语报警远比火灾警铃或音响器更能引起人们的注意。有关火灾中人类行为的独立研究表明,只有13%的人可以及时对警铃产生响应,相比之下,多达75%的人可以迅速对能解释应急事件性质的语音信息做出响应。研究还表明,人们通     

火灾条件下城市地下空间的安全疏散研究

随着城市地下空间迅速扩张,使得安全疏散问题越来越受到人们关注。为此,在论述地下空间火灾特点的基础上,分析了影响人员安全疏散的各种因素。并针对地下空间的安全疏散问题提出相应的建议,为城市地下空间的应急管理提供了参考。     

地下空间防火设计性能化评估标准的选择

城市地下空间的环境是封闭性空间．通常情况下,除有窗的半地下室外,大多数地下空间只能通过少量出入口与外部空间取得联系,给建筑防火排烟和消防疏散造成许多困难．地下空间建筑都存在着复杂的火灾源头、可燃物及有氧燃烧隐患,火灾发生的可能性总是存在的．从城市地下空间的消防和防火现状入手,在城市地下空间项目防火总体目标确定的基础上,对城市地下空间防火性能化评估标准进行了分析和筛选,从而确立可量化的性能化消防设计标准．     

集约化建设下中小学地下体育场馆消防安全设计

以某学校地下体育场馆为例,针对其火灾危险性、人员安全疏散等特性,分析当前规范体系下,地下体育场馆主要消防设计难点。从防火分区划分、人员安全疏散等方面提出整体消防安全保障措施,通过对烟气控制及人员安全疏散进行模拟分析,验证采取的消防安全措施整体有效性。结果表明,在控制火灾荷载、设置有效隔离带、合理布置安全疏散出口的情况下,中小学校地下体育场馆适当扩大防火分区的面积不影响人员安全疏散。     

深层地下车站疏散安全挑战及组织策略探析

我国地下车站的开发建设向深层化与综合化发展,深层地下车站组织复杂、结构特殊,在破坏性灾害下,深层地下车站存在疏散路径长、层数多、出口少等问题,疏散困难,易造成人员的重大伤亡。因此,本文以深层地下车站空间中人员疏散安全设计面临的主要挑战为切入点,通过疏散目标、疏散时间、性能化消防工程安全指标3个方面,梳理现有疏散安全法规与评估方法中深层地下车站安全疏散存在的问题,分析可用于深层地下车站疏散的楼梯、扶梯、电梯等疏散设施,提出了深层地下车站空间中人员应急疏散组织的同时疏散、分阶段疏散、延迟疏散3种策略。研究成果可为城市深层地下车站开发建设中疏散安全设计提供参考。     

Experimental Investigation of Acoustic Agglomeration and Sonic Soot Deposition on Smoke Alarms Incorporating Emerging Sounding Technologies

Traditional residential smoke alarms producing a high-frequency T-3 sound have been shown to exhibit sonic deposition of acoustically-agglomerated soot when they sound in the presence of smoke produced in a typical residential fire. The intense acoustic field generated by alarm sounders, which produce these traditional smoke alarm tones, causes colliding soot particles to adhere to one another and eventually settle onto surfaces as their mass increases. The sonic field generated by the horn creates a pulsed flow around the alarm openings that can lead to increased soot deposition in this area. The agglomerated particles then can deposit on the smoke alarm proximate to the horn. The presence of the acoustically-agglomerated soot deposition on alarms has become an accepted forensic technique used to determine if an alarm sounded in the presence of soot. In recent years, new sounding technologies have been introduced for smoke alarms in order to improve their effectiveness in alerting people to fire emergencies who may not respond reliably to traditional smoke alarm tones and patterns. Many researchers have studied the effectiveness of different alarm signals and have found that low-frequency tones and voice messages show increased effectiveness in alerting people, particularly at-risk individuals such as children and the hearing impaired. The new alarms producing low-frequency tones and voice messages generate a far different acoustic field than traditional smoke alarms and require additional understanding of the acoustic agglomeration and sonic soot deposition patterns. A low-frequency alarm sounder, a voice-incorporated alarm using one sounder to generate both the smoke alarm pattern and a voice message, and a voice-incorporated alarm using two sounders to generate the smoke alarm pattern and voice message separately were exposed while sounding to five different smoke sources representative of residential fires. When examined for the presence of enhanced soot deposition, the new alarm sounders solely producing a voice message did not exhibit sonic soot deposition but sounders that produced both the traditional smoke alarm pattern and voice message did exhibit sonic soot deposition. This indicates that the deposition is due to the traditional T-3 alarm sound rather than the voice message. Additionally, low-frequency sounders exhibited sonic soot deposition but only in the presence of the heavy, resin-like tarry deposition from the smoldering polyurethane foam source. As has been found in other studies, this study confirms that the presence of enhanced soot deposition or tarry residue deposition proximate to the horn of a smoke alarm is a reliable indicator that the alarm sounded in the presence of deposition. However, the absence of enhanced soot deposition proximate to the horn of the alarm is not necessarily a reliable indicator that the alarm did not sound in the presence of soot.

     

A probabilistic occupant response model for fire emergencies

The present paper describes a probabilistic occupant response model for fire emergencies, which is integrated into a fire risk analysis model called CUrisk. Based on the PIA process, i.e., Perception, Interpretation and Action, the occupant response model predicts the probabilities of occupants perceiving fire signals due to direct perception, receiving fire alarms due to the activation of local alarms, sprinklers, the central alarm and the voice alarm, being warned by the other occupants and fire department, and taking actions including pulling the fire alarm, warning other occupants, calling the fire department, and commencing evacuation. The occupant response model is applied to predict the probabilities of evacuation initiation for a number of scenarios that consider combinations of fire detection and alarm systems for a mid-rise building. The results of the model show that asleep occupants need much longer response time to start evacuating and have lower probabilities of starting evacuation than awake occupants, which are consistent with what is observed in reality. Additionally, fire protection systems with only local alarms and only sprinklers connected to the central alarm can be improved significantly with systems with smoke detectors alone or combined with sprinklers connected to a central alarm, which result in higher probabilities of evacuation initiation with shorter delay times.     

基于单片机的家庭火灾监控报警系统设计

基于STC12C5A60S2 型单片机,设计一种家庭用多功能监控系统,具备低开发成本、线上线下终端同步显示多传感器数据、火灾各特征参量于本地进行专项语音光闪报警以及于线上APP 客户端界面同步进行图形色变报警的特点。通过红外火焰、光敏电阻、温度、湿度、有毒气体和烟雾等传感模块实时监测火灾信号,将信号的特征参数按序进行A/D 转换处理和算法分析,再利用蓝牙无线透传与串口通信技术构建微微网络以实现数据的远距离传输,并借助于易语言、PC 端安卓APP 开发环境、LCD、启停功能按键、译码芯片、继电器组和多通道语音播放板等搭建线上线下监控报警终端。实验结果表明,系统可控性和实时性强,家庭火灾的漏报率和误报率进一步降低,用户对报警信号的反应能力也有所提高。     

重庆国际博览中心电气消防设计

针对博览中心使用功能需求及高大空间展厅、多功能厅、宴会厅的特点,对重庆国际博览中心的应急电源系统、高大空间火灾自动报警系统、电气火灾监控系统、智能应急疏散系统等的设计进行分析和总结,力争使电气消防系统设计安全、可靠。     

地下公共建筑的安全疏散设计探究

作为地下空间利用形式,地下公共建筑在各大中城市皆可见。因地下公共建筑人员密度高、火灾荷载大、封闭性强的特性,人员安全需要受到重视。设计好地下公共建筑安全疏散方案有备无患,十分关键。     

简论地下空间的防火与安全疏散设计

本文分析了地下空间由于其自身的特点 ,因而在防火和安全疏散方面存在的不利因素 ,提出了地下空间防火与安全疏散设计的目标和原则 ,并着重从概念性方面论述了非常规的疏散方法和疏散路线、防火分区与避难处、清晰易辩的空间布局、垂直疏散通道、标识与应急灯光等方面的设计要点和设计方法     

A crowd route choice evacuation model in large indoor building spaces

Route choice is a fundamental requirement in the evacuation process. The aim of this paper is to identify a method to simulate crowds in large indoor spaces with consideration of the acoustic system. This paper first extends an existing cellular automaton model and proposes a cellular automaton crowd route choice model (CACR model) to simulate evacuees in large indoor spaces. It then defines a measure for evaluating the utility of evacuation time using the CACR model under different circumstances, such as a fire situation or different voice warning systems, which other commercial models cannot simulate. The analysis of the characteristics of a sound field in large indoor spaces is based on field measurements. An observation experiment in a gymnasium is employed to test the proposed model in a stadium evacuation scenario. The results demonstrate that the CACR model can accurately simulate the evacuation process in large indoor spaces under various circumstances.     

不同火源位置对地下管廊施工人员疏散影响研究

针对地下综合管廊施工发生火灾事故造成施工人员伤亡的问题,以西安市某地下综合管廊为例,开展了相关的火灾风险和人员疏散的数值模拟研究。设定不同火源位置模拟火灾发生过程,研究综合管廊温度、烟气浓度及能见度等火灾参数的变化情况。将危险参数最先达到临界值的时间作为施工人员可用疏散时间TASET;模拟相同场景下的人员的疏散情况,得到人员必要疏散时间TRSET。通过两个时间的对比,判定不同火源位置下的人员能否进行安全疏散。在此基础上,提出了两种提高疏散逃生率的优化方案。