常州白蚁种类调查及其为害情况记述

本次调查是在本所灭治蚁害的过程中进行，在８４个蚁害点标本中，共鉴定出７种白蚁，以散白蚁为多，据采集到的标本，绘制了常州白蚁种类兵蚁头形图及常州市区白蚁分布图，并编制了相应的白蚁种类检索表（兵蚁）。调查中发现，常州旧城区蚁害尤为严重，新建房屋蚁害也趋增加，必须加强新建房屋预防措施。     

浙江铁路沿线房屋建筑白蚁危害现状及防治对策

据近几年调查，危害铁路沿线房屋建筑的主要白蚁种类有台湾乳白蚁、黄胸散白蚁、黑胸散白蚁、黑翅土白蚁等四种，不同地区的危害优势种有所不同，蚁害率也有所差异，房屋建筑平均蚁害率在8％左右。针对铁路沿线房屋建筑蚁害特点，只有在搞好新建房屋白蚁预防工作的前提下，同时做好房屋巡检和灭治处理，才能更好的控制白蚁的危害程度。     

浙江铁路沿线房屋建筑白蚁危害现状及防治对策

据近几年调查，危害铁路沿线房屋建筑的主要白蚁种类有台湾乳白蚁、黄胸散白蚁、黑胸散白蚁、黑翅土白蚁等四种，不同地区的危害优势种有所不同，蚁害率也有所差异，房屋建筑平均蚁害率在8％左右。针对铁路沿线房屋建筑蚁害特点，只有在搞好新建房屋白蚁预防工作的前提下，同时做好房屋巡橙和灭浩处理，才能更好的控制白蚁的危害程度。     

生物农药——克蚁星灭治白蚁野外试验

用生物农药研制成克蚁星乳剂、粉剂及药饵剂,分别在家白蚁、黄胸散白蚁、黑翅土白蚁三种白蚁的蚁害处、蚁道、蚁巢进行喷射、喷洒接触性试验和药饵诱杀试验。结果表明：0．2％克蚁星乳剂稀释100倍,杀灭散白蚁效果为100％;2％克蚁星粉剂,见蚁喷药后,一个月左右杀灭家白蚁和黑翅土白蚁主蚁巢效果100％;2％克蚁星药饵剂,灭治黑翅土白蚁主蚁巢效果达75％。     

2．5％乐安居木材防蚁剂（OL）对台湾乳白蚁和黄胸散白蚁的药效研究

目的 研究2．5％乐安居木材防蚁剂对台湾乳白蚁和黄胸散白蚁的效果。方法 采用毒力测定药膜法、木材试块接触法、群体法以及野外现场防蚁试验。结果 2．5％乐安居木材防蚁剂(OL)用0．625％以上浓度对台湾乳白蚁和黄胸散白蚁击倒速度很快，致死作用强。用0．625％以上浓度处理木材，经老化处理12周后，性质稳定，分解缓慢，具有良好的抗老化性能和对白蚁群体才抗蛀能力。结论 2．5％乐安居木材防蚁剂(OL)对台湾乳白蚁和黄胸散白蚁等均有良好的预防效果；药剂经浙江省医科院测定毒性属微毒级、无刺激、弱致敏物；可用于房屋装饰装修白蚁预防和其他木构件防蚁处理。     

白蚁兵蚁防卫化合物研究进展

本文综述近年来国内外白蚁兵蚁防卫化合物(额腺分泌物)的研究进展，重点介绍鼻白蚁科种(长鼻白蚁属、棒鼻白蚁属、家白蚁属、散白蚁属)兵蚁防卫化合物的成份及其作用。它们多属碳氢化合物组成的萜类及其醇、酮等，如散白蚁属主要组份是牛牻儿沉香醇，家白蚁属是粘多糖，长鼻白蚁属及棒鼻白蚁属为乙烯酮类，它们多数为接触毒性化合物，具触杀或粘住外敌的作用。最后讨论研究兵蚁防卫化合物的实际意义。     

温州市白蚁蚁害调查与控制对策研究

2014—2015年温州市开展了白蚁蚁害调查,采取实地抽样调查、调用历史数据、综合分析评价的方法,基本掌握了全市白蚁种类、分布、危害特征与动态变化,及各蚁害领域蚁害率。全市白蚁共3科7属9种,乳白蚁、散白蚁和土栖白蚁等有害蚁种各县(市、区)均有分布,平阳堆砂白蚁为本市特有种类。认为白蚁防治要坚持防治结合的"综合治理"措施,并提出房屋建筑等主要蚁害领域的蚁害控制对策。     

萧山房屋建筑白蚁危害的新动态分析及防治商讨

本文总结了2000年以后萧山地区白蚁危害出现的新动态，对装修白蚁危害的增加和散白蚁成为优势危害蚁种等新特点进行了分析阐述，并认为继续有力加强新建房屋白蚁预防、积极推行装修白蚁预防和加强园林树木的检查和种植预防是减少白蚁危害、保护财产的有力措施；加大宣传力度，开展群防群治是控制蚁害和搞好白蚁防治工作的根本途径。     

房屋内发生了白蚁怎么办——八条建议为你排忧解难

(建议一)发现蚁害，应保护好现场 白蚁的危害具有隐蔽性，平时不注意很难发现。只有在蚁害达到相当的程度，有大量白蚁从危害点爬出或出现分飞的时候，才会引起人们的重视。特别在白蚁分飞时，大量繁殖蚁会从木门、窗框、墙壁或磁砖、地缝等部位中飞出，让人感到十分紧张和害怕。其实对于这种现象大可不必惊慌，白蚁繁殖蚁虽然大量飞出，但其本身无毒，不会叮咬人体，且在很短的时间内会自行死亡。     

武汉研制成高效安全灭蚁膏

武汉市白蚁防治所经过两年室内外反复试验,最近研制成功灭治白蚁的高效安全药——灭蚁膏。灭蚁膏是一种诱杀剂,对白蚁具有良好的慢性胃毒作用。经反复筛选出的饵料,对鼻白蚁科的家白蚁,散白蚁有很强的吸引能力。使用时,仅在白蚁的被害物或蚁路中挤入少许,便可全歼白蚁,药效传递范围可达20余米,其灭蚁效果优于灭蚁灵和灭蚁粉,尤其     

Studies on the recovery of sludge protein

The effect of sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride alone as well as in combination on sludge protein solubilization was investigated. Sodium hydroxide treatment was found superior as a maximum protein solubilization (90%) was obtained by its use at pH 12.5. For the extraction of protein hydrochloric acid, sodium lignosulphonate, sulphuric acid, acetic acid and ammonium sulphate, as protein precipitating agents, were also tried. Of all the precipitants used ammonium sulphate (40%) was found most effective giving a maximum protein recovery (91%).Four parameters were mainly studied for the characterization of recovered protein. These include determination of total protein, moisture, ash and heavy metals. It was also found that protein recovery unit processes removed most of the metals originally present in the primary sludge and the recovered product contained all the essential amino acids which could serve as an animal feed supplement.     

Biochemical factors responsible for susceptibility or resistance of various plants against the scarlet mite,brevipalpus phoenicis: i. amino acids analysis

Free amino acids show considerable variations among various species of plants that exhibit different degrees of susceptibility or resistance to various pests infestation. Some of the free amino acids, directly or indirectly, contribute to defense mechanism of the plants. Recently, 31 plant species were screened for susceptibility or resistance against the attack of the scarlet mite, Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geij.). Thin layer chromatography showed that all resistant species contain tryptophan, tyrosine and hydroxyproline, while all susceptible hosts had amino acids like α‐aminocaprylic acid and dihydroxyphenylalanine. The plants species lacking dihydroxyphenylalanine could not support the development of the scarlet mite.     

A biochemical hypothesis explaining the response of enhanced biological phosphorus removal biomass to organic substrates.

Anaerobic/aerobic batch experiments were conducted with a variety of volatile fatty (VFAs) and amino acids on two sequencing batch reactor populations displaying enhanced biological phosphorus removal. The batch experiments were consistent between the two systems and with the past literature: acetic and isovaleric acid were the most efficient substrates, and propionic acid was the least efficient of the 2-5 carbon VFAs (lack of acclimation was ruled out). A survey of the engineering and biochemical literature revealed that both acetic and isovaleric acid resulted in a negative reaction redox balance (i.e. it requires reducing equivalents such as NADH2) during their biotransformation to polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). In addition, the survey indicated that acetic and isovaleric acid resulted in 3HB rather than 3HV or 3H2MV formation. Two possible hypotheses were put forward for evaluation: (1) it was hypothesized that a negative intracellular redox balance might result in higher PHA content since PHA biosynthesis could be sustained under anaerobic conditions (no NADH2 build up), and/or (2) it was hypothesized that 3HB resulted in greater P-uptake than other PHA forms such as 3HV.     

Mechanisms of ammonia and amino acid photoproduction from aquatic humic and colloidal matter

Photochemical release of free amino acids was observed from dissolved fulvic acid (Suwannee River) and from colloidal fractions collected from Bayou Trepagnier, LA. Water samples were irradiated with a solar simulator, and free amino acid concentrations were determined using high performance liquid chromatography of the fluorescent derivitized amino acids. Increased concentrations of at least 20 amines were observed upon irradiation of water samples. Among the amino acids identified were alanine, asparagine, citrulline, glutamic acid, histidine, norvaline, and serine. Amino acid concentrations increased in the range of 0.03-9.5 nM h(-1). Studies on the mechanism of photochemical release of ammonia from dissolved natural organic matter (NOM) indicated at least two mechanisms. One mechanism proceeds through an hydroxyl radical intermediate. This mechanism continues in the dark after irradiation through decomposition of photochemically produced H2O2 to form hydroxyl radical. Although NOM photosensitized degradation of amino acids produces ammonia, amino acids do not appear to be an important intermediate in the photochemical formation of ammonia from NOM.     

Effect of chemical coagulation on anaerobic digestibility of organic materials

Previous studies have indicated that coagulants used in wastewater treatment (principally alum or ferric chloride) cause resulting sludges to be less biodegradable in subsequent anaerobic digestion. The objectives of this research were to determine the types of organic materials whose digestibility is most affected by coagulants. Substrates studied included: raw wastewater, activated sludge, three proteins, glycine, cellulose, glucose, butyric acid, and palmitic acid. In general, those substrates whose digestibilities were most affected were those that are insoluble in water and/or are known to form complexes with iron or aluminum. Thus, amino acids, proteins, and long-chain fatty acids were particularly affected, while glucose and butyric acid were not. Cellulose was moderately affected, suggesting that physical enmeshment as well as chemical interactions may be important in determining extent of coagulant effects.     

The analysis of halogenated acetic acids in dutch drinking water

Halo-acetic acids are produced during chlorine disinfection of drinking water. Besides the well-known dichloro-, and trichloroacetic acid, brominated and mixed chloro/bromo acetic acids are also produced. A method was developed to determine all halo-acetic acids. This method was applied for the analysis of 20 drinking waters prepared from different source waters. Halo-acetic acids were found in all drinking waters prepared from surface water while they could not be detected in drinking waters prepared from ground water. The acid concentrations were in the range of 0–14.7 μg/l and dibromoacetic acid was found to be the most prominent halo-acetic acid in chlorinated waters. Brominated acetic acids accounted for 65% of the total acid concentration showing that brominated compounds form a large part of the chlorination products. The total halo-acetic acid concentration correlated positively with the chlorine-to-carbon ratio and with the adsorbable organic halogen, to which it accounted for 15%.     

Nutritional role of chromium

Chromium is an essential trace element required for normal carbohydrate metabolism. The biological function of chromium is closely associated with that of insulin and most chromium-stimulated reactions are also insulin dependent. Proper chromium nutrition leads to a decreased requirement for insulin and also an improved blood lipid profile. Most fresh foods and minimally processed foods are good sources of dietary chromium. Inorganic chromium does not potentiate insulin action and must be converted to an organic biologically active form. An organic form of chromium capable of potentiating insulin action has been isolated from brewer's yeast and was shown to contain: Cr, nicotinic acid and a combination of amino acids. Synthetic insulin potentiating organic chromium complexes containing chromium, nicotinic acid, glycine, cysteine, and glutamic acid or chromium, nicotinic acid and glutathione have been prepared. These complexes have not been purified to homogeneity since they dissociate during purification. Suitable analytical bioassays are available to measure total chromium and the organic biologically-active forms of chromium, respectively.     

Effects of temperature shock treatments on the stability of anaerobic digesters operated on separated cattle slurry

Using laboratory-scale daily fed digesters operating at steady-state on separated cattle slurry, the temperature was lowered in a similar manner to that which might be expected on a farm due to heating failure; three different recovery methods were then tested. Raising the operating temperature from 3–6°C to 35°C in a single day had only a transient effect on digester stability. Steady-state conditions were re-established within 8 days of the temperature rise when a 25-day retention time was employed and within 6 days at 10-day retention time. However, slowly raising the operating temperature (over several days) had a more deleterious effect on digester stability. When a 25-day retention time was employed 10 days were required from the initial temperature rise before steady-state conditions were re-established, whilst at a 10-day retention time the period was greater than 12 days. It is therefore proposed that the digester temperature should be raised back up to the normal operating temperature as soon as possible after a heating failure. Digesters which were not fed during the recovery period showed a rapid removal of potentially toxic volatile fatty acids, and this procedure is recommended in the period following temperature shock.The main indicator of digester instability was a dramatic but unequal rise in the concentration of the individual volatile fatty acids. An order of sensitivity to the temperature shock treatment was established: i-butyrate i-valerate i-caproate > propionate > n-valerate n-caproate > acetate n-butyrate. Those to the left accumulated most rapidly in the temperature stressed digester, and were removed least quickly during the recovery period. Thus the bacteria responsible for the breakdown of the higher volatile fatty acids (presumably the obligate proton-reducing bacteria) were more sensitive to the shock treatment applied than those catabolising acetate (presumably the acetate-utilizing methanogenic bacteria).The concentration of the branched volatile fatty acids and propionic acid were the most sensitive to the temperature shock treatment, and therefore represent more sensitive monitors of digester stability than acetic acid or the total volatile fatty acid concentration.     

4种自制席夫碱对混凝土钢筋的缓蚀作用

用电化学方法研究了4种自制3,5-二溴水杨醛缩氨基酸席夫碱在模拟混凝土孔溶液中对建筑钢筋的缓蚀作用,结果表明:3,5-二溴水杨醛缩牛磺酸席夫碱比其他3种同类席夫碱及其相应氨基酸具有更好的缓蚀效果,并且与钼酸钠有良好的协同效应;初步探讨了自制席夫碱对钢筋表面的防护机理.     

Cinetiques et mecanismes de l'action oxydative de l'hypochlorite sur les acides α-amines lors de la desinfection des eaux

In the field of water treatment, one increased concern over the quality of the environment requires an understanding of the fate of compounds generated by the addition of chemicals. One area of considerable interest is the stability of chlorine compounds produced when chlorine is added to natural water or swimming pool water. It is desirable to be able to predict the lifetimes of these harmful compounds under various conditions. In this study we examine for a range of hypochlorite α-amino acid ratios and pH, the kinetics and mechanism of the decomposition of α(N-chloro) and α(N,N-dichloro) amino acid, one of the products of chlorination.The interaction of chlorine with amino acids has been studied by several investigators Langheld (1909) was the first who discussed the decomposition of the α(N-chloro) amino acids. He noted that hypochlorous acid salts react with α-amino acids in the same manner as they do with amines to form monochlorinated or dichlorinated derivatives. Then, the decomposition of chloro-amino acids leads to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones, ammonia, carbonic acid, and sodium chloride. As an intermediate step Langheld assumed an imine formation.Wright (1936) and Pereira et al. (1973) have investigated the decomposition products of α(N,N-dichloro) amino acids. Their results indicate rapid formation of carbon dioxide, chloride ion, and the corresponding nitrile.Recently, many authors have investigated the rates of α(N-chloro) amino acids decomposition and the stability of its products (William and Wendy, 1979; Yoshiro et al., 1980; Le Cloirec-Renaud, 1984). However, they have neither differentiated between the decomposition of α(N-chloro) amino acid and α(N,N-dichloro) amino acid, nor have they demonstrated the combined effect of pH and molar ratio of hypochlorite and α-amino acid.In this study the hypochlorite oxidation of simple α-amino acids in aqueous solution has been investigated in the dark. The concentration of α(N-chloro) amino acid and α(N,N-dichloro) amino acid was monitored by DPD-fast titrimetric method and by measuring the absorbance at 255 and 293 nm respectively, this is illustrated in Figs 3 and 4. These results and the amino acids determination (O-phtalaldehyde—2 mercapto ethanol method) suggest that the intermediates α(N-chloro) and α(N,N-dichloro) amino acid are formed rapidly at an initial stage. Then, they decompose spontaneously by first order kinetics as shown in Table 1, to give a mixture of aldehyde and nitrile.When equimolar (1:1 mmol) amounts of hypochlorite and amino acid are used at pH 7, only aldehyde, carbon dioxide, chloride and ammonia are formed. However the corresponding nitrile compound appears, when operating condition allow the formation of α(N,N-dichloro) amino acid (acid pH or basic aqueous solutions with high molar ratio of hypochlorite and amino acid). This is illustrated in Table 2. The rate constant shows a dependence on pH, which is caused by the various forms that can arise from addition of protons to or removal of protons from the amino and carboxyl groups of the molecule William and Wendy, 1979). We assume an intermediate step of imine for the decomposition of both compounds: α(N-chloro) and α(N,N-dichloro) amino acid (scheme 6). The reaction should be considered as a spontaneous decarbonylation followed by a rapid hydrolysis of the imine. Scheme 7 illustrated how α(N,N-dichloro) amino acid can lead to the corresponding nitrile and aldehyde, however the α(N-chloro) amino acid gives only the corresponding aldehyde.The products of decomposition of α(N-chloro) amino acid are relatively stable in aqueous solution. Although we noted at pH = 3.5–5 that aldehyde react with chloramines and lead to the formation of corresponding nitrile, as shown in scheme 9.It appears that α(N-chloro) and α(N,N-dichloro) amino acid formed during the chlorination of natural or swimming pool water will degrade in a few hours to what are probably irritating products (like as aldehydes). The production of decomposition are a function of molar ratio of hypochlorite and amino acid and pH. However, since most natural water has a pH in the range of 5.5–9, there will be little variation of the rate of decomposition with pH. It seems that it is only temperature dependent.