Study on elimination of interlayer defects in horizontal joints made by rotating arc narrow gap welding

Abstract

In this work, the characteristics of interlayer defects were studied in horizontal welds made by rotating arc narrow gap welding. The interlayer defects existed in the form of incomplete fusion and slag inclusions, occurring near the lower sidewall. In the rotating arc process, the instantaneous velocity of the arc with respect to the sample is higher when the arc is close to the lower sidewall, whereas it is lower when it is near the upper sidewall. This results in a lower effective heat input to the lower sidewall, and a corresponding reduction in the enthalpy that is transferred along with the deposited metal. Fortunately, this asymmetric nature of rotating arc welding can be exploited to minimise or eliminate interlayer defects. It is shown that, by controlling the direction of rotation for the arc, removing slag, selecting an appropriate groove size and resetting the torch position, defect free horizontal welds in heavy plates can be achieved.     

Effect of rotating arc process on molten pool control in horizontal welding

This paper describes the effect of rotating arc process on molten pool control in narrow gap horizontal welding. From energy strategy and force strategy, technical advantages of rotating arc process in molten pool control are explored. On the one hand, because of the decrease of temperature and holding time in weld centre, rotating arc process limits the tendency of molten pool sagging with the arc rotating frequency no more than 10 Hz, which is indicated from the simulation results of heat distribution characteristics. On the other hand, rotating arc process induces the flow of molten metal in the weld width direction by the periodical effect of arc force and droplets impingement, which is observed by the high speed photography system. This oscillation propels the molten metal at lower side against the effect of gravity to flow to the upper side, which is beneficial for the molten pool formation of horizontal welding.     

旋转电弧横向GMAW接头组织及成形特点

旋转电弧横向GMAW可以很好地控制横向焊接时熔池下塌.由于旋转电弧的引入,在相同焊缝长度以及速度下,焊丝运动的轨迹增加,这样就会降低焊接热输入,从而降低焊缝下塌的趋势;另一方面,由于电弧的旋转,使得原本只作用在坡口中心的电弧力分散在坡口内的各个区域,使得电弧力可以抵消上坡口附近熔池金属的重力,抑制其下塌.文中对旋转电弧横向GMAW接头组织及成形进行了研究,发现了由于电弧旋转所产生的接头成形不对称这一特点,并对其产生的原因及机理进行了阐述和分析.     

Rotating arc horizontal narrow gap welding of high strength quenched and tempered steel

Rotating arc horizontal narrow gap welding of quenched & tempered ( Q&T) steel was innovatively performed for solving the bottleneck that the molten pool sagged due to the gravity. The shapely multilayer single pass horizontal joint could be obtained by using the rotating arc welding process. The cold crack was not observed in the joint without controlling the heat input and selecting the consumables intentionally. Mkrostructure of the joint could be divided into three zones:base metal zone ( BMZ) , heat-affected zone (HAZ) and weld zone ( WZ). Because of the characteristic of the rotating arc horizontal welding process, the defects in the joints were slag inclusion formed at the inUrlayer of lower side wall. The tensile strength and hardness of HAZ and WZ were larger than those of BMZ. The impact toughness in WZ, HAZ and BM at 0℃ is equal to 115, 212 and 236 J, respectively.     

Study on weld formation in a novel rotating arc horizontal GMAW

A novel rotating arc horizontal welding process was developed for solving the sagging of the molten pool which bottlenecks the application and the development of the horizontal welding. The principle of the effect of the rotating arc on the molten pool is that the rotating arc process not only can reduce the welding heat input by prolonging the welding path in the same welding distance caused by the arc rotation, but also disperse the arc force to affect the sidewall periodically to support the molten metal near the upper sidewall. The effects of the rotating speed and arc voltage on the weld formation were studied.The results indicate that there is an appropriate range of the rotating speed and the arc voltage to obtain the defect free horizontal welding.     

2A14铝合金变极性等离子横向焊缝成形特点

对6 mm厚2A14铝合金变极性等离子弧横向焊接的难点及焊接工艺参数的特点进行了研究,通过横向焊穿孔熔池受力分析,阐释了变极性等离子横向焊缝成形缺陷产生的原因.变极性等离子弧横向焊接的难点是焊缝正面和背面的咬边缺陷及焊缝上部(靠近熔合线)宏观气孔的聚集.稍小的焊接线能量有利于消除横向焊缝正面咬边缺陷,稍大的焊接线能量有利于消除焊缝背面咬边缺陷.分析认为变极性等离子横向焊缺陷的产生与穿孔熔池受力平衡及重力方向改变导致的流动密切相关.     

横焊摆动轨迹的研究

横焊位置焊接时,由于熔池的重力作用,熔化金属总是往下淌,致使焊层上下的厚度不均匀,甚至上部发生咬边,下部形成焊瘤,难以成形。本文从熔池的热平衡与重力平衡两方面分析了对摆动轨迹提出的要求,并导出了摆动频率如果与焊接电流等比变化时,则线能量基本不变的结论,从而采用了送丝与摆动由一台小电机带动的结构形式。同时,介绍了在实践中选用的摆动轨迹参数和焊接规范。     

Effects of torch configuration and welding current on weld bead formation in high speed tandem pulsed gas metal arc welding of steel sheets

Abstract

Undercut and humping bead are the common defects that limit the maximum welding speed of tandem pulsed gas metal arc (GMA) welding. In order to increase the maximum welding speed, effects of the inclination angle, interwire distance and welding current ratio between the leading wire and trailing wire on bead formation in high speed welding are investigated. The undercut and humping bead is attributed to the irregular flow of molten metal towards the rear part of the weld pool. This irregular flow can be prevented by the trailing wire with a push angle from 5° to 13° , which provides an appropriate component of arc force in the welding direction. The irregular flow is also related to the distance between the leading wire and the trailing wire, and the flow becomes regular when the distance is in the range 9–12 mm. Moreover, the stabilisation of the bulge of the weld pool between the two wires, the presence of enough molten metal below the trailing arc, and the reduced velocity of molten metal flow towards the rear part of the weld pool, are essential to increase the maximum welding speed. These conditions can be obtained by adjusting the ratio of the leading arc current to the trailing arc current. A maximum welding speed as high as 4–4·5 m min^?1 is achieved by setting the current ratio to a value ranging from 0·31 to 0·5.     

Effects of weld preheat temperature and heat input on type IV failure

Abstract

Type IV cracking refers to the premature failure of a welded joint due to an enhanced rate of creep void formation in the fine grained or intercritically annealed heat affected zone. A great deal of research effort has been directed at understanding the underlying mechanisms for this type of failure, but most have approached the problem from a metallurgical standpoint, and comparatively little effort has been directed at understanding the effects of welding variables. Here the effects of parameters such as the preheat temperature and heat input on the tendency for type IV failure in 9–12%Cr steels have been quantitatively estimated. These calculations have subsequently been verified experimentally to form the first systematic study of welding parameters on type IV cracking. The joint geometry and preheat temperature have been found to ameliorate type IV failures, while the effect of heat input is less significant.     

基于纵向磁场控制的大直径空心螺柱焊接工艺

采用电弧螺柱焊方法对外径20 mm、内径10 mm的空心螺柱与45钢板材进行焊接,研究了旋弧磁场对接头显微组织特征及力学性能的影响. 结果表明,在纵向旋弧磁场作用下,电弧中电荷受洛伦兹力作用呈螺旋运动,接头外观成形得到改善. 受磁场控制的电弧持续搅拌熔池,改善了焊接热循环条件,影响了熔池凝固结晶过程. 接头中先共析铁素体呈有规律的网状分布,珠光体也变得细化. 接头温度梯度减小使得固态相变时间增长,母材侧热影响区马氏体数量显著下降,热影响区宽度变小. 但旋弧磁场电流过大时焊接过程飞溅倾向明显增大,焊缝中气孔增多. 在焊接时间1 400 ms、焊接电流800 A、旋弧磁场电流0.43 A时,电弧在空心螺柱端面充分燃烧,接头抗剪强度可达到325 MPa.     

Join Al–steel dissimilar metal by novel high frequency electric cooperated arc welding

ABSTRACT

A novel high frequency electric cooperated arc welding method (HFAW) was developed to join aluminium and steel of 3.0?mm thickness without groove. Owing to the skin effect and proximity effect of high frequency current, a part of welding heat was directly distributed all over weld side wall. Consequently, sound double-sided weld formation was achieved under a low MIG heat input and high welding speed. The average thickness of interfacial layer was limited to 2.3?µm. Benefitted from the balanced heat input and thin interfacial layer, the failure mode of the HFAW joint was necking at Al base metal. For traditional MIG joint, however, poor back weld formation and thick interfacial layer resulted in spontaneous fracture at interface.     

钢铝异种金属新型电弧连接法研究现状

介绍了3种连接钢铝异种接头的新型电弧熔焊一钎焊法，这些方法在钢一侧为钎焊，在铝一侧为熔焊，热输入低，熔池温度梯度高，冷却速度快，大大降低了钢铝接头中金属间化合物层的厚度，可以获得良好的接头性能。     

铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔横焊焊缝成形规律分析

以穿孔等离子弧焊接过程中形成的穿孔熔池为研究对象,根据熔池热源形态的特点,采用数值模拟与试验相结合的手段研究横焊位置下的铝合金变极性等离子弧焊缝成形.由于焊接速度波动和工件厚度的影响,体热源作用下的穿孔熔池背面存在最高温度点和最大熔宽截面相背离的现象;因此通过对穿孔熔池背面进行分区和定义,提出温宽偏离度概念,即熔池背面最高温度点和最大熔宽截面的偏离程度,用以描述穿孔熔池状态及焊缝成形;通过调节焊枪角度来改变焊接过程中的温宽偏离度,在其它参数不变的情况下减轻重力在焊接过程中对焊缝成形的影响,实现变极性等离子弧穿孔焊接在横焊位置上的良好成形.     

15-5PH钢K-TIG焊熔池流动行为分析

采用K-TIG焊实现15-5PH钢中厚板的焊接,并借助示踪法研究K-TIG焊熔池的流动行为. 结果表明,K-TIG穿孔型焊接时,焊缝上部为马兰戈尼对流圈,下部为表面张力与洛伦兹力导致的对流圈,两个对流圈中间为过渡区. 示踪法表明,熔池上部和下部W元素呈弧形分布于对流圈外围,而在过渡区中W元素未出现明显形状. 熔池下方对流圈EDS分析结果表明,熔池下方的熔融金属以内旋方式流动. 熔池流动计算及试验结果均表明,熔池上部和下部流动剧烈,但是中间层流动加速度很小,且随着焊接热输入的增大,中间层流动加速度有降低的趋势,中间层晶粒有长大趋势.     

Residual stresses simulation for friction stir welded joint

Abstract

As a solid state joining technique, friction stir welding (FSW) can produce high strength, low distortion joints efficiently. Compared to fusion welding, residual stresses in FSW joints are expected to be low due to a relatively low heat input. However, apart from the heat input, the force from the tool also plays an important role in the development of welding stresses. In the present paper, a semicoupled thermomechanical finite element model containing both thermal load and mechanical load was established to simulate the development of welding stresses during FSW process; an autoadapting heat source model was employed in the thermal analysis; the fixture was also included in the mechanical analysis model. The simulation results showed that due to the effect of the tool force, the longitudinal residual tensile stresses became smaller and were asymmetrically distributed at different sides of the weld centre; the peak of the tensile residual stresses at the retreating side was lower than that at the advancing side. Calculated and experimental results were compared.     

Effects of welding parameters on melting energy of CO2 laser–GMA hybrid welding

Abstract

A series of CO₂ laser–gas metal arc (GMA) hybrid welding experiments were carried out on the mild steel workpiece to investigate the effects of the welding parameters, such as laser power, arc current and the distance between laser and arc D _LA, on the melting energy. A dimensionless parameter psi was introduced to indicate the change in the melting energy of hybrid welding. The results showed that with different welding parameters, the melting energy of hybrid welding was changed by the two heat sources (laser and arc) interaction. With an optimal combination welding parameters, psi can be increased up to 23%. Finally, the role of the two different mechanisms in the heat sources interaction was quantitatively discussed in terms of psi. It can be concluded that when D _LA<4 mm, the interaction between the laser induced plasma and the arc plasma dominates the heat sources interaction, therefore the changes of melting energy, whereas the heat sources interaction is only dominated by the preheating mechanism when D _LA≥4 mm.     

铝合金/镀锌钢板脉冲MIG电弧熔-钎焊接头组织与性能

采用数字化脉冲MIG焊机,以ER4043焊丝为填充材料.实现了6013-T4铝合金薄板与镀锌钢板的熔-钎焊接,研究了焊接热输入对接头组织和性能的影响,结果表明,在熔-钎焊接头熔化焊缝焊趾处存在主要由Zn-Al共晶体、富A1的α固溶体和Fe3Al组成的富Zn区:钎焊界面上的Fe-Al金属间化合物层厚度在1.05-4.50μm之间.且随焊接热输入的增加而增大.Fe-Al金属间化合物呈"锯齿"或"舌"状向焊缝内生长,主要为FeAl₂,Fe₂Al₅和Fe₄Al₁₃.随着焊接热输入的增大,熔-钎焊接头的抗拉强度先增大而后减小.在850 J/cm的热输入下达到229 MPa,拉伸后在铝合金焊接热影响区发生断裂,为塑韧性断裂;当焊接热输入较小时接头在钎焊界面断裂,属于脆性断裂.     

A study on horizontal stud welding by using steel stud for flat welding

ABSTRACT

In recent years, manufacturing sites have strongly requested for the steel stud with large diameter to be welded in the horizontal position, which is difficult because of gravity. In this study, the steel stud of 19 mm in diameter was welded horizontally to the mild steel plate by using ferrule for usage in flat position. As results two kinds of weld defect were observed; lack of fusion and blowhole. The former occurred in the welding condition of too small or too large heat input, and the latter did in the range of longer arc time. Therefore, the suitable welding condition could be found in the large current and shorter arc time. When the areal ratio of weld defect to the cross section of stud was lower than 10 percent, the welded joint had enough statical strength.     

高强度钢焊接区拘束应力的有限元分析

采用ANSYS有限元软件计算分析了HQ130高强钢焊接接头区拘束应力的分布。计算和分析结果表明，在气体保护焊线能量16kJ/cm条件下，HQ130钢焊缝表面的瞬时拉伸拘束应力最大达到800－1000MPa，焊缝底部的瞬时拉伸拘束应力达到500－600MPa。熔合区附近的应力梯度较大，这是高强度钢熔合区部位容易产生冷裂纹的重要原因之一。通过严格控制焊接线能量能减小焊接区的热应力，可防止焊接裂纹的产生。     

Mathematical modelling of metal active gas arc welding

Abstract

A feasibility study has been conducted to determine whether mathematical models can be used for the numerical simulation of metal active gas (MAG) arc welding. In the present work, a three-dimensional, nonstationary thermal model for fillet welding is developed. The transient temperature distribution in the base metal is numerically analysed to estimate the molten pool size using a finite difference model based on the heat flow equation, and the theoretical configuration of the molten pool is calculated, taking account of the balance of gravity, surface tension, and arc pressure. The developed model can be applied to various welding processes such as multipass welding, lap welding, and welding with torch oscillation. To evaluate the validity of the model analysis, the calculated results are compared with experimental results for MAG welding. Good correspondence is demonstrated between experiment and calculation.