阶梯形件液压凸模拉深成形装置的设计及试验

针对阶梯形件在刚模拉深成形中易出现起皱、破裂、壁厚偏差大等缺陷以及普通液压拉深易出现的变形不均匀、不充分等问题，开发了一种简单实用、在拉伸机上就能实现板材预胀充液拉深试验的液压凸模拉深成形装置，该装置采用了液压凸模、刚体凹模的拉深方法。通过不同高度的垫板控制移动凹模的位置，并以1060-O态铝板为材料进行相关试验，利用预胀充液拉深原理，得到阶梯形件。结果表明：该装置可合理匹配预胀压力和凹模预胀位置并显著的提高零件的成形高度和成形质量。     

板材液压成形技术与装备新进展

随着板材零件向大尺寸、薄壁、深腔、复杂曲面以及难变形材料方向发展,具有低成本、高柔性的板材液压成形技术在航空、航天、汽车等制造业受到高度重视,并面临新的机遇和挑战。介绍板材液压成形技术的发展现状,重点介绍近年发展的径向主动加压充液拉深、预胀充液拉深、正反向加压充液拉深、双板成对液压成形和热态液压成形技术。分析国内外板材液压成形技术在汽车、航空航天等领域的应用现状,综述板材液压成形装备的研制进展,介绍正在研制的世界最大的吨位为150 MN、液体容积为5 m3的液压成形装备,对板材液压成形技术的发展趋势进行展望。     

基于对向液压拉深的高精度拉深件的应用研究

对向液压拉深是在凹模兼液压室的型腔内充满液体，利用凸横带动板料进入凹模后建立的反向液压而使板料成形的方法。对向液压拉深方法可提高拉深时的成形极限、抑制侧壁起皱．使零件具有很高的尺寸、形状精度及表面质量。可实现零件的一体化成形，在精度要求高的拉深件中可得到广泛应用。     

对向液压拉深模液压系统的设计

对向液压拉深是现代拉深成形工艺中的一项新技术。它利用凹模腔内液压室油液不可压缩的高弹性和油膜的高支撑强度及润滑性能,能有效地提高拉深件的形状精度、尺寸精度、成形件表面质量,提高成形极限,抑制侧壁起皱等拉深工艺缺陷。文章主要对对向液压拉深的液压系统设计及液压系统工作过程作了介绍。     

薄壁深抛物线形零件固体颗粒介质成形工艺

薄壁抛物线形壳体成形过程为拉深和胀形两种变形模式的复合,极易发生起皱和破裂。固体颗粒介质成形是采用固体颗粒代替刚性凸模或凹模(或弹性体、液体)对板料进行成形的工艺。板材在颗粒介质内压的作用下成形,可以有效防止抛物线形件拉深成形过程中侧壁的起皱;由于颗粒内压是非均匀分布的,故可以有效控制抛物线形件成形过程中的破裂,提高板材的成形极限。根据固体颗粒介质成形工艺的特点,提出了两次成形薄壁深壳体零件的工艺,建立了数值分析模型,通过数值模拟和试验对该成形过程和工艺参数进行了分析。结果表明,采用固体颗粒介质成形工艺过程简单、成形工件壁厚分布均匀、表面质量好、回弹小。     

镁合金板材液压梯温拉深成形新工艺

结合镁合金板材热拉深工艺的研究状况,根据镁合金常温下塑性差及拉深过程中板材的变形特点,提出新的镁合金板材液压梯温拉深成形工艺,指明新工艺能够提高极限拉深比的本质,并分析了新工艺的可行性。为进一步研究镁合金板料的塑性加工问题及研制合适的液压梯温拉深模具装置奠定技术基础。     

先进充液柔性成形技术及其关键参数研究

基于所提出的具有均匀压边力并轴向加压的板材充液柔性成形技术,面向板材液压柔性成形技术的普遍规律,成形出拉深比较高的铝合金筒形件以及其他复杂形状的零件如方锥盒形件、方盒形件、轴对称锥形件等,对其中的关键技术如初始液压加载状态、液压加载最优路径、破裂控制等一些关键参数进行了研究和优化;考虑板平面方向性系数的影响,利用数值模拟的手段对其成形过程进行了分析,指导实验研究,得出了有益的结论。     

磁力支架零件步进式等厚冲锻成形新工艺

针对两直臂间距较小、展平时发生干涉的等厚板材磁力支架零件,提出磁力支架零件步进式等厚冲锻成形新工艺,该工艺首先使用冲压制造出两直臂间距较大的板材零件,再分几个工步拉深两直臂的连接载体,逐步缩短两直臂间距直到目标间距为止,每个工步通过等厚冲锻工艺将局部增厚的材料减薄到原板材厚度。运用理论分析和试验方法,分析及优化拉深两直臂连接载体的形状,建立两直臂连接载体的流线型拉深的数学模型,基于该数学模型,以磁力支架零件无工艺缺陷为目标,采用数值模拟优化流线型拉深工艺参数且得到磁力支架等厚冲锻成形的步进系数。研究结果表明,运用步进式等厚冲锻新工艺三个工步可以制造出无工艺缺陷的磁力支架零件,试验结果同数值模拟结果吻合。     

基于Autoform的轿车引擎盖板冲压成形仿真的研究

介绍了轿车引擎盖零件冲压成形仿真的研究背景,详细论述了板料冲压成形数值模拟的理论和主要步骤.以典型轿车引擎覆盖件为研究对象,以三维成形分析软件Autoform为平台,研究了板科与凸模、凹模的摩擦、压边力、拉深筋等因素对成形性能的影响.通过Autoform的成形仿真预测板料成形过程中减薄、拉裂、起皱等缺陷,分析产生缺陷的原因,进而优化板料成形工艺参数.     

采用恒定压边力解决不锈钢拉深起皱问题

在拉深模具结构设计中,采用液压压边装置的恒定压边力有效地解决了不锈钢拉深起皱问题,保证了拉深零件的质量。     

Wrinkling control in aluminum sheet hydroforming

In this paper, the wrinkling behavior of 6111-T4 aluminum alloys during sheet hydroforming process was numerically and experimentally investigated. In sheet hydroforming, one or both surfaces of the sheet metal are supported with a pressurized viscous fluid, while a punch forms the part. In sheet hydroforming the use of a matching female die is not needed. The use of the pressurized fluid delays the onset of material rupture (International Journal of Mechanical Science 2003;45:1815–48) and also acts as an active blank-holding force to control wrinkling in the flange area. To form a wrinkle-free deep-drawn hemispherical cup with sheet hydroforming, a theoretical analysis based on the work of Lo et al. (Journal of Materials Processing Technology 1993;37:225–39) was initially used to predict the optimum fluid pressure profile. Simplifying geometrical assumptions and Tresca material model used in the theoretical analysis provided a fluid pressure profile that resulted in premature rupture of the sheet metal. However, an optimum fluid pressure profile generated by the finite element method, using Barlat's anisotropic yield function (Journal of Mechanical Physics and Solids 1997;45(11/12):1727–63), was successfully applied in sheet hydroforming to make the deep-drawn hemispherical cup without tearing and with minimal wrinkling in the flange area. The finite element model was also capable of accurately predicting the location of the material rupture in pure stretch, and wrinkling characteristics of the aluminum alloy sheet in the draw-in process.     

Numerical analysis and design for tubular hydroforming

To get an optimum deformation path for tubular hydroforming, the hydroforming limit of isotropic and anisotropic tubes subjected to internal hydraulic pressure, independent axial load or torque is firstly proposed based on the Hill's general theory for the uniqueness to the boundary value problem and compared with those of the conventional sheet forming. The influences of the deformation path, the material properties and the active length–diameter ratio on the nucleation and the development of wrinkling during the free tubular hydroforming are also investigated. The above theory is used as a criterion and implemented with some new functions in our ITAS3D, an in-house finite element code for simulating the sheet forming, to control the materials flow and to prevent the final failure modes from occurring. Finally, the tubular hydroforming of an automobile differential gear box is taken as an example to show the efficiency and usefulness of the algorithm.     

The effect of upper sheet on wrinkling and thickness distribution of formed sheet part using double-layer sheet hydroforming

In the hydroforming of curved sheet parts with a small thickness-diameter ratio, qualified parts are difficult to be manufactured when using the traditional hydroforming process. To solve this problem, double-layer sheet hydroforming was proposed and the wrinkle-free sheet parts were obtained in the authors’ previous study, but the inhibition mechanism of forming defects is far from perfection. Therefore, in this paper, the inhibition mechanism of forming defects is investigated by the combination of FE simulations and technological experiments. Different from the previous research, 2198 Al-Li alloy sheet was selected as the lower sheet. Other conditions such as heat treatment status and thickness are the same as before. The principle of wrinkle elimination can be concluded into the following two aspects. On the one hand, the upper sheet cannot be wrinkled during hydroforming, On the other hand, the surface blank holder pressure is applied in the suspending area. In addition, the beneficial friction between this two sheets changes the radial stress state of the lower sheet and makes the radial strain at some specific area (punch contact area and die corner area) decreased. In conclusion, qualified sheet parts can be manufactured by double-layer sheet hydroforming.     

Optimization of loading path in hydroforming T-shape using fuzzy control algorithm

The loading path is crucial to the quality of forming parts in the process of tube hydroforming, and thus the design and optimization of loading path is an important issue for tube hydroforming. Wrinkling is a catastrophic defect for thin-walled tube hydroforming. In order to avoid wrinkling, an adaptive simulation approach integrated with a fuzzy control algorithm is used to optimize the loading path of hydroforming a T-shaped tube. The tubular material used is stainless steel and has an outer diameter of 103 mm and the wall thickness of 1.5 mm. The controlled variables are the axial feeding, the counterpunch displacement, and the internal pressure. A code is developed to make the optimization automatically, which works together with LS-DYNA. Six evaluation functions are adopted for identifying geometrical shape and quality of T-shape. Failure indicators obtained from the simulation results are used as the input of the fuzzy control, and then process parameters are adjusted according to the expert experiences in the fuzzy controller. In this way, a reasonable loading path for producing a sound T-shape is obtained, and also a T-shaped product is successfully hydroformed by experiment. The result shows that the fuzzy control algorithm can provide an adequately reliable loading path for hydroforming T-shaped tubes.     

Hydroforming of aluminum extrusion tubes for automotive applications. Part I: buckling, wrinkling and bursting analyses of aluminum tubes

Three possible failure modes have been identified in tube hydroforming: buckling, wrinkling and bursting. A general theoretical framework is proposed for analyzing these failure modes as an elastoplastic bifurcation problem. This framework enables advanced yield criteria and various strain-hardening laws to be readily incorporated into the analysis. The effect of plastic deformation on the geometric instability in tube hydroforming, such as global buckling, axisymmetric wrinkling and asymmetric wrinkling, is precisely treated by using the exact plane stress moduli tensor. A mathematical formulation for predicting the localized condition for bursting failure is established herein. Furthermore, the critical conditions governing the onset of buckling, axisymmetric wrinkling and asymmetric wrinkling are derived in closed-form expressions for the critical axial compressive stresses. Closed-form solutions for the critical stress are developed based on Neale–Hutchinson's constitutive equation and an assumed deformation theory of plasticity. It is demonstrated that the onset of asymmetric wrinkling always requires a higher critical axial compressive stress than the axisymmetric one under the context of tube hydroforming with applied internal pressure and hence the asymmetric wrinkling mode can be excluded in the analysis of tube hydroforming. Parametric studies show that buckling and axisymmetric wrinkling are strongly dependent on geometric parameters such as t₀/r₀ and r₀/ℓ₀, and that axisymmetric wrinkling is the predominant mode for short tubes while global buckling occurs for long slender tubes.     

采用可移动凹模的板材液压成形技术

提出一种改进的板材液压成形新工艺,即采用可移动凹模,实现拉深与胀形的复合液压成形。在整个变形过程中,板材初始变形部分始终与可移动凹模接触,从而抑制已变形区进一步变形,使变形更加均匀,实现变形的顺序控制,板材成形极限得到提高。从试验和数值模拟两方面对可移动凹模板材液压成形技术进行了研究,分析各种工艺参数,如摩擦因数等对板材成形性的影响,并且分析了可移动凹模对板材成形极限的影响。     

薄板起皱失稳数值模拟计算方法

汽车、航天、航空等领域的零件制造轻量化趋势致使管板材成形起皱失稳缺陷的预测成为行业的重点关注问题。基于目前常规数值模拟算法未包含起皱失稳判据从而无法解决起皱数值预测的现状,利用平板对角拉伸试验作为对比验证对象,利用大型平台软件ABAQUS证实了用于模拟薄板变形的常规壳单元动态显式算法（^*DYNAMIC）以及用于结构件屈曲计算的弧长法（^*RIKS）无法用于计算薄板成形起皱问题,尝试并比较了“用于微缺陷引入的特征值分析（^*BUCKLE）+^*DYNAMIC分析”相结合分析方法、“^*BUCKLE分析+^*RIKS分析”相结合的分析方法以及“三维实体单元动态显式算法”三种方式对薄板起皱失稳问题的运算结果,围绕计算精度、适用范围、算法特征等方面对这三种算法进行研究,确立了从多方面考察综合性能最佳的薄板成形起皱失稳数值模拟方法。     

Experimental and numerical study of stamp hydroforming of sheet metals

The objectives of this research was to experimentally and numerically study the stamp hydroforming process as a means for shaping aluminum alloy sheets. In stamp hydroforming, one or both surfaces of the sheet metal are supported with a pressurized viscous fluid to assist with the stamping of the part thereby eliminating the need for a female die. The pressurized fluid serves several purposes: (1) supports the sheet metal from the start to the end of the forming process, thus yielding a better formed part, (2) delays the onset of material failure and (3) reduces wrinkle formation. This paper focuses on the experimental and numerical results of the stamp hydroforming process utilizing a fluid pressure applied to one surface of the sheet metal. The effects of applying a constant, varying and localized pressure to the surface of 3003-H14-aluminum sheet alloy were evaluated. Experiments demonstrated draw depths improvements up to 31% before the material failed. A failure prediction analysis by Hsu was also carried out to predict an optimal fluid pressure path for the varying fluid pressure case. The commercial finite element analysis code Ls-Dyna3D was used to numerically simulate the stamp hydroforming process. Both isotropic and anisotropic material models were used and their predictions compared against the experimental results. The numerical simulations utilizing Barlat's anisotropic yield function accurately predicted the location of the material failure and the wrinkling characteristics of the aluminum sheet.     

Analysis of forming limit in tube hydroforming

The automotive industry has shown increasing interest in tube hydroforming. Despite many automobile structural parts being produced from cylindrical tubes, failures frequently occur during tube hydroforming under improper forming conditions. These problems include wrinkling, buckling, folding back, and bursting.We perform analytical studies to determine forming limits in tube hydroforming and demonstrate how these forming limits are influenced by the loading path. Theoretical results for the forming limits of wrinkling and bursting are compared with experimental results for an aluminum tube.