Microbial aspects of acid mine drainage and its bioremediation

The role of chemolithotrophs such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans which were isolated from some abandoned mines and processed waste tailings in the generation of acid mine drainage and toxic metal dissolution was discussed. Mechanisms of acid formation and dissolution of copper, zinc, iron and arsenic from copper, lead-zinc and arsenopyrite-bearing sulfide ores and railings were established in the presence of Acidithiobacillus group of bacteria. Sulphate Reducing Bacteria（SRB） isolated from the above mine sites could be used to precipitate dissolved metals such as copper, zinc, iron and arsenic. Arsenic bioremediation was demonstrated through the use of native microorganisms such Thiomonas spp. which could oxidize arsenite to arsenate. Bioremoval of arsenic through the use of jarosite precipitates generated by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans was also found to be very effective. Biotechnological processes hold great promise in the remediation of acid mine drainage and efficient removal of toxic metal ions such as copper, zinc and arsenic.     

德兴铜矿尾矿库重金属的浸出

德兴铜矿的4#尾矿库废水来源包括碱性浮选矿浆和附近露天矿山的酸性废水（AMD）。因此,酸性矿山废水的酸化作用极可能造成尾矿中重金属的浸出。通过实验室的批次实验对德兴铜矿尾矿中锌、铜、铁和锰的浸出行为进行了研究,对pH值、温度、颗粒大小和接触时间对重金属浸出的影响进行了讨论。结果表明,锌、铜、铁和锰是尾矿中的主要重金属,石英类脉石矿物是尾矿的主要成分。尾矿的溶解反应受酸度控制,其动力学可以根据非均相反应的模型来表达,通过表面化学反应作为速率决定步骤的核收缩模型来解释。这些重金属的浸出依赖于pH值和接触时间。批次实验研究得出,锌、铜、铁和锰在pH=2．0时的最大浸出率分别为5．4％、5．8％、11．1％和34．1％。重金属的溶出与温度呈正相关性。颗粒大小不会改变这些重金属的浸出趋势,但会略微导致重金属的最高浓度和平均水平的下降。     

Isolation and identification of moderately thermophilic acidophilic iron-oxidizing bacterium and its bioleaching characterization

A moderately thermophilic acidophilic iron-oxidizing bacterium ZW-1 was isolated from Dexing mine, Jiangxi Province, China. The morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics, 16S rRNA sequence and bioleaching characterization of strain ZW-1 were studied. The optimum growth temperature is 48 ℃, and the optimum initial pH is 1.9. The strain can grow autotrophically by using ferrous iron or elemental sulfur as sole energy sources. The strain is also able to grow heterotrophically by using peptone and yeast extract powder, but not glucose. The cell density of strain ZW-1 can reach up to 1.02×108 /mL with addition of 0.4 g/L peptone. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by comparing with the published 16S rRNA sequences of the relative bacteria species. In the phylogenetic tree, strain ZW-1 is closely relative to Sulfobacilus acidophilus with more than 99% sequence similarity. The results of bioleaching experiments indicate that the strain could oxidize Fe2+ efficiently, and the maximum oxidizing rate is 0.295 g/(L·h). It could tolerate high concentration of Fe3+ and Cu2+ (35 g/L and 25 g/L, respectively). After 20 d, 44.6% of copper is extracted from chalcopyrite by using strain ZW-1 as inocula.     

硅胶-聚合胺树脂从模拟低品位铜矿浸出液中富集纯化铜

研究SP-C硅胶-聚合胺树脂在模拟低品位铜矿硫酸浸出液中富集纯化铜的工艺,在Cu2 1~2 g/L、Fe3 2~8 g/L范围内,考察该树脂吸附分离铜铁的性能。结果表明:该树脂对铜具有良好的选择性能,对铁的选择性能较差;湿树脂铜的穿漏交换容量及饱和交换容量分别为0.27和0.34 mol/L,解析高峰液Cu2 约30 g/L,铜铁分离系数达到397;最佳工艺条件为:料液pH 1.86,接触时间30 min。     

含Cu-EDTA络合配离子废水的铁碳微电解处理(英文)

为了破坏冶炼废水中重金属有机螯合物,例如Cu-EDTA配离子废水,研究一种破络并预处理的新方法。该方法基于铁碳微电解反应原理,.OH在酸性有氧气存在的条件下产生,并在铁碳表面攻击吸附的有机基团导致螯合物的破坏,从而使铜离子将从有机物中剥离下来,然而EDTA将被.OH降解。研究pH值、温度、微电解反应时间、Fe/C质量比对铜离子脱除率及总有机碳(TOC)残余含量的影响,通过扫描电子显微镜分析(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、红外光谱分析(FTIR)研究处理前、后样品的表面官能团变化及形貌推断铁碳微电解反应的机理。并进行工业条件优化,得到最佳工艺条件:pH值为2,温度为常温,Fe/C质量比≥0.02,时间为60min,有氧气存在。在该条件下TOC浓度为200mg/L、铜离子浓度为60mg/L的废水反应完成后TOC和Cu残余浓度分别减低到40.66和1.718mg/L;羟基自由基降解反应机理合理解释了该实验现象。     

Microbial oxidation of refractory gold sulfide concentrate by a native consortium

A defined mesophilic consortium including an iron oxidizing bacterium and a sulfur oxidizing bacterium was constructed to evaluate its ability for bioleaching a flotation concentrate from Andacollo mine in Neuquén, Argentina. Experiments were performed in shake flasks with a pulp density of 10% (w/v), using a basal salt medium containing ferrous iron at pH 1.8. The leaching solutions were analyzed for pH, redox potential (using specifics electrodes), ferrous iron (by UV-Vis spectrophotometry) and metal concentrations (by atomic absorption spectroscopy). The results showed that the consortium was able to reduce the refractory behavior of the concentrate, allowing 91.6% of gold recovery; at the same time, high dissolution of copper and zinc was reached. These dissolutions followed a shrinking core kinetic model. According to this model, the copper solubilization was controlled by diffusion through a product layer (mainly jarosite), while zinc dissolution did not show a defined control step. This designed consortium, composed of bacterial strains with specific physiological abilities, could be useful not only to optimize gold recovery but also to decrease the leachates metallic charge, which would be an environmental advantage.     

采用草酸和紫外光催化法处理赤泥(英文)

利用草酸作为浸出剂以除去拜耳法残渣赤泥中的氧化铁,从而提高赤泥的工业应用价值,同时对草酸浸出液进行紫外光照射,将草酸铁还原成草酸亚铁沉淀,实现草酸溶液循环再利用。实验结果表明,在75°C下,赤泥在1mol/L草酸溶液中浸出2h,氧化铁的浸出率可达到96%,浸出后赤泥中氧化铁的含量由17.6%降低至小于1%。在紫外光照催化作用下,1h内浸出液中90%以上的草酸铁转变成草酸亚铁沉淀,剩余草酸可循环再利用。该草酸亚铁为β-FeC2O4.2H2O。对UV催化沉淀的机理进行讨论分析。     

LK-C2从废线路板酸性浸出液中萃取回收铜

以LK-C2为萃取剂,从废弃线路板酸性浸出液中选择性萃取回收铜,分别研究杂质阳离子、阴离子、pH值、萃取时间、萃取剂浓度和相比(O/A)对萃取效果的影响。结果表明:采用LK-C2从废线路板酸性浸出液中可选择性萃取分离铜,铜/铁分离系数超过2000,溶液中锌和锡几乎不被萃取;随萃取平衡pH值的增大,铜的萃取率升高;随萃取剂在有机相中浓度增加和相比增加,铜回收率增大;阴离子NO3-、SO42-和Cl-对萃取无明显影响。萃取剂每从溶液中萃取1mol铜,将置换2mol氢离子。室温下LK-C2萃取铜的最佳工艺条件:LK-C2体积浓度为15%,相比O/A为1:1,水相初始pH为2.00,萃取时间为10min。在优化条件下,一级萃取率达99.78%;用2.00mol/L硫酸溶液对负载有机相进行反萃,经三级逆流反萃,铜的反萃率达到97.51%。     

O，O-二（2，3-二羟基丙基）二硫代磷酸对黄铜矿和方铅矿的选择性抑制

以丁铵黑药为捕收剂,添加一种新型抑制剂O,O-二（2,3-二羟基丙基）二硫代磷酸（DHDTP）对黄铜矿和方铅矿进行浮选,通过动电位和吸附量的测试,探讨抑制剂DHDTP与矿物的相互作用机理。浮选试验结果表明：在整个pH范围内,抑制剂DHDTP对黄铜矿的抑制作用很弱;在pH6～10范围内,抑制剂DHDTP对方铅矿有很强的抑制作用。随着抑制剂DHDTP用量的增多,方铅矿的回收率迅速降低,而黄铜矿的回收率只有小幅度的降低。在DHDTP用量278mg／L、矿浆pH6的条件下,人工混合矿浮选得出的精矿中铜的品位和回收率较好,分别为24．08％和81％。通过动电位和吸附量的测试结果可知,DHDTP在方铅矿上的吸附能力明显高于黄铜矿的。     

Scandium recovery from raffinate copper leach solution as potential new source with ion exchange method

Raffinate copper leach solution of the Iran Sarcheshmeh copper complex has up to 3 mg/L scandium (Sc), which is significantly better than many existing sources, making it a possible source for the recovery of Sc using the ion exchange method. Visual Minteq software was employed to ascertain the ionic species likely to be formed under operational conditions in the mine and for selecting the suitable ion exchange resin. The cationic resin thus chosen was employed statically with ions-bearing synthesized solutions and statically/dynamically for actual copper mining raffinate solution. Room temperature and pH of 1.5 showed the highest Sc adsorption. The dynamic tests established the full saturation of the resin at 450 BV of the raffinate solution flow. Using sodium carbonate for elution, desorption of Sc, Y and Ce from the resin during static elution tests at constant duration was higher than that of Fe, Al and Cu. The results from the dynamic tests followed similar trends for the priority and the extent of the elution process. Desorption results from specimens of dynamic tests show a 60:1 concentration ratio leading to a 186 mg/L Sc-rich solution.     

活性炭从氰化液中选择性吸金抑铜的研究

根据配合物离子积理论,控制氰化液中的游离氰根浓度,可以将铜离子调整为不易被活性炭吸附的形态,实现含铜氰化液中金的选择性吸附。据此对福建某金矿的含铜氰化液进行了选择性吸附研究,条件实验和工业试验的结果表明,当调整氰化液中总铜浓度小于200 mg/L、p H值为10.0~11.0,游离氰根浓度不大于150 mg/L时,金的吸附率提高到90%以上,载金炭铜含量降到5 kg/t以下,可实现活性炭从氰化液中选择性吸金抑铜。     

A novel recovery technology of trace precious metals from waste water by combining agglomeration and adsorption

A novel and efficient technology for separating and recovering precious metals from waste water containing traces of Pd and Ag was studied by the combination of agglomeration and adsorption. The recovery process and the impacts of operating conditions such as pH value of waste water, adsorption time, additive quantity of the flocculant and adsorbent on the recovery efficiency were studied experimentally. The results show that Freundlich isothermal equation is suitable for describing the behavior of the recovery process, and the apparent first-order adsorption rate constant k at 25℃ is about 0.233 4 h^-1. The optimum technology conditions during the recovery process are that pH value is 8-9; the volume ratio of flocculant to waste water is about 1 ：（2 000-4 000）; the mass ratio of adsorbent to waste water is 1 ：（30-40）; and processing time is 2-4 h. Finally, the field tests were done at the optimum technology conditions, which show that the total concentration of Pd and Ag in the waste water below 11 mg/L can be reduced to be less than 1 mg/L.     

水合肼还原铜氨废液制取纳米铜粉

以铜氨废液为原料,水合肼为还原剂制备纳米铜粉。在水合肼浓度为3mol／L、pH值为10．0、温度为75℃的条件下,铜离子沉淀率可达98．66％。采用X射线衍射仪对铜粉进行了表征,并讨论了制备条件对纳米铜粉的影响。     

环境因素对硫酸盐还原菌生长的影响

研究了油田注水井中分离的硫酸盐还原菌（ＳＲＢ）的生长特性,结果表明：ＳＲＢ菌株不是严格的厌氧菌,它能面耐受４．５ｍｇ／Ｌ肖度的溶解氧,但在９．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的高溶解氧浓度下不能生长,ＮａＣｌ浓度小于０．８１８％时ＳＲＢ可正常生长,在０．９７２％～２．２８％时只能在水下沉积物中生长,大于２．４５％时生长完全受到抑制,铁离子浓度增大,ＳＲＢ代谢活力增强,生长高峰期延长,Ｆｅ＾２＋限制ＳＲＢ生长的浓度长完全     

砷碱渣稳定化处理合成臭葱石晶体固砷

砷碱渣中含有剧毒可溶性砷化合物,若不妥善处置,易造成水体污染和生物中毒。本研究目的是将砷碱渣中的砷转化为大颗粒晶型臭葱石以利于安全储存。在制备臭葱石晶体的反应中,考察了初始pH值、Fe/As摩尔比和反应温度对沉砷率及臭葱石形成的影响,并探究了不同条件下得到的沉淀的浸出毒性。结果表明:当初始pH值为1.0~2.0、Fe/As摩尔比为0.5~3.0及反应温度为105~175℃时,沉砷率可达80%以上,所得臭葱石晶体的As浸出浓度低于5 mg/L。在初始pH值为1.5、Fe/As摩尔比为1.0及反应温度为150℃的优化条件下,得到的臭葱石晶体呈八面体形状,颗粒尺寸可达20μm,且As浸出浓度低至0.08 mg/L,适于稳定化处理砷并长期安全储存。     

磁性Fe3O4/活性炭对电镀废水中Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能的研究

目的获得吸附性能、磁分离性能和再生性能较佳的磁性Fe_3O_4/活性炭吸附剂(MAC)。方法通过化学共沉淀法制备出磁性Fe_3O_4/活性炭吸附剂。采用X-射线衍射仪(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)对活性炭进行表征。使用磁性Fe_3O_4/活性炭吸附电镀废水中的Cr(Ⅵ),考察吸附剂用量、吸附pH值和吸附时间对吸附性能的影响,并研究了吸附动力学模型。利用磁铁对磁性Fe_3O_4/活性炭进行了回收。结果制备的磁性Fe_3O_4/活性炭中含有纯度较高的立方相磁性Fe_3O_4粒子。在温度为25℃、pH=3、吸附时间为120 min、吸附剂用量为0.15 g时,对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率最高,达到了97.44%,吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学模型。电镀废水中共存阳离子会使吸附性能增强,共存阴离子会使吸附性能降低。磁性Fe_3O_4/活性炭的回收率达93.58%,6次解吸-再生后,吸附量仍较高,为27.17 mg/g。结论磁性Fe_3O_4/活性炭吸附剂对电镀废水中的Cr(Ⅵ)具有较高的去除率,吸附剂回收方法简单,回收率高,具有较好的应用前景。     

Recovery of zinc and lead from Yahyali non-sulphide flotation tailing by sequential acidic and sodium hydroxide leaching in the presence of potassium sodium tartrate

The recovery of zinc and lead from Yahyali non-sulphide flotation tailing using sulfuric acid followed by sodium hydroxide leaching in the presence of potassium sodium tartrate was experimentally investigated. In the acidic leaching stage, the effects of pH, solid-to-liquid ratio and temperature on the dissolution of zinc from the tailing were explored. 82.3% Zn dissolution was achieved at a pH of 2, a temperature of 40 °C, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 20% and a leaching time of 2 h, whereas the iron and lead dissolutions were determined to be less than 0.5%. The sulfuric acid consumption was found to be 110.6 kg/t (dry tailing). The leaching temperature had no beneficial effect on the dissolution of zinc from the tailing. The acidic leach solution was subjected to an electrowinning test. The cathode product consisted of 99.8% Zn and 0.15% Fe. In the alkaline leaching stage, the Pb dissolution increased slightly in the presence of potassium sodium tartrate. More than 60% of Pb was taken into the leach solution when the leaching temperature increased from 40 to 80 °C. The final leach residue was analyzed by XRD and XRF. The XRD results indicated that the major peaks originated from the goethite and quartz while minor peaks stem from smithsonite and cerussite. The XRF analysis demonstrated that the residue contained 70.3% iron oxide. Based on the sequential leaching experiments, the zinc and lead were excellently depleted from the flotation tailing, leaving a considerable amount of iron in the final residue.     

黄钾铁矾的生成机理及其对嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌有重要作用的离子的影响(英文)

黄钾铁矾的生成对Sarcheshmeh生物堆浸硫化铜矿有不利影响。实验研究了在嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌存在的情况下,生长介质中Fe(II)的初始浓度、pH及温度影响黄钾铁矾沉淀形成的机理。产生最多Fe(III)沉淀的条件为:硫酸亚铁浓度50 g/L、初始pH 2.2、温度32°C。Fe(III)沉淀的生成影响了对嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌有重要作用的离子的浓度,比如:Fe3+、SO 2?4、K+、PO 3?4、Mg2+。对于Fe3+和K+,他们有相似的模式,这些离子共沉淀而形成黄钾铁矾的组分。在pH高于1.6时,由于PO 3?4与黄钾铁矾共沉淀以及嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌较快的生长速度而导致合PO 3?4的化合物的溶解度急剧降低。在生物堆浸的初期,由于脉石的溶解,Mg2+浓度增大,随后缓慢降低。     

纳米比亚某含银硫化铜矿选矿试验研究

纳米比亚Karas矿区罗雷铜矿区的原生矿铜主要以黄铜矿、斑铜矿等硫化铜矿物形式存在,银分别以银黝铜矿为主的独立银矿物和以黄铜矿为载体的载体银矿物形式存在,铜、银品位分别为0.60%和3.03 g/t。浮选试验结果表明,矿样适当细磨至-0.074 mm占80%,以石灰做调整剂,Z200做捕收剂,在矿浆pH值为8的条件下,可获得铜品位22.3%,银品位61.8 g/t的含银铜精矿,铜、银回收率分别为90.6%和51.8%。     

717阴离子交换树脂吸附高盐废水中金的性能研究

研究了717阴离子交换树脂吸附高盐度废水中金的性能,考察了pH、吸附时间及树脂用量对树脂吸附金的影响。结果表明,pH值对吸附率影响较大,pH=2时,经60 min吸附,1.0 g树脂对100 mL金浓度为10.6 mg/L高盐废液中金的吸附率达95%以上;树脂对金的静态饱和吸附量为241 mg/g;吸附反应符合准二级反应动力学模型,升高温度对金的吸附有利,表观活化能Ea=21.3 kJ/mol。