SiCw/MB15镁基复合材料超塑性变形空洞行为

用金相显微镜、扫描电镜对SiCw/MB15镁基复合材料在340℃,应变速率为1 67×10-2s-1变形条件下超塑性变形过程中空洞的演化规律进行了研究,并对空洞体积分数与延伸率的关系进行了测定.结果表明:在SiCw/MB15镁基复合材料超塑性拉伸过程中,当延伸率达到50%时,在三叉晶界处开始形成三角形空洞;空洞的长大在变形初期由扩散控制,逐渐发展成球形;当延伸率超过100%时,空洞长大主要由基体塑性变形控制,试样中沿拉伸方向出现空洞链;随着延伸率的增加,空洞链逐渐相互连接,最终导致试样断裂.     

超塑20钢的空洞与断裂行为

本文在获取２０钢超塑性的基础上，对其空洞与断裂行为进行了研究，通过观察空洞的产生和测定空洞的长大，提出了一种超塑材料空洞的形核模型。研究确认，超塑２０钢的断裂由沿晶和穿晶两种断裂类型组成。     

30CrMnSiA钢超塑流变中的力学行为和显微组织的研究

经两次调质热处理细化的30CrMnSiA 钢在770℃以■=2.78×10~(-4)·S~(-1)的应变速率拉伸下呈现了良好的超塑性:δ=867%,σ=34.3MN/m~2,m=0.41。在拉伸时,经预处理的非平衡组织会经碎化而变成微细等轴的晶粒组织,并具有两相体积分数近似相等的α+v 双相组织。这种组织在超塑性流变过程中具有很高的稳定性。此钢对空洞的敏感性比较低,但在变形后期,由于空洞的形成、长大和连接而导致试样呈空洞型沿晶断裂。     

空洞敏感型超塑材料充模胀形的有限元模拟

本文采用大变形刚粘塑性有限元模拟，研究了空洞敏感型超塑材料的充模胀形过程，模具为轴对称任意倾角锥形模。采用轴对称薄膜环单元，由修正的Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ法建立包含摩擦项的泛函并在此基础上形成有限元列式。通过对基体厚度耦合迭代和由修正的Ｇｕｒｓｏｎ方程导出的空洞长大模型来计算空洞发展。     

海藻酸钠离子凝胶法制备直通孔氧化铝多孔陶瓷

利用海藻酸钠的离子凝胶过程, 采用溶剂置换结合冷冻干燥的工艺, 成功制备了具有高度有序六方排列的直通孔多孔氧化铝陶瓷, 整个工艺过程及所使用的原料都是环境友好的。研究结果表明, 1500℃烧结2 h样品的孔径尺寸在200 μm左右, 且与固相含量的关系不大, 而孔壁上存在0.3 μm~0.5 μm的小孔。通过控制浆料中氧化铝的固相含量可以对材料的性能进行有效地调控, 研究表明, 随着固相含量从5wt%提高到15wt%, 材料的密度从0.87 g/cm³提高到1.16 g/cm³, 渗透率从2.57×10^-11 m²下降到2.16×10^-11 m², 而抗压强度从(18.9±3.2) MPa提高到(44.2±5.4) MPa, 平行孔道方向的热导率从2.1 W/(m·K)提高到3.1 W/(m·K), 而垂直孔道方向的热导率从1.3 W/(m•K)提高到1.7 W/(m·K), 并且平行孔道方向热导率的增加幅度要明显大于垂直孔道方向。     

高Nb-TiAl合金的高温变形行为及其板材的性能

对高Nb-TiAl合金进行多步热压缩,研究其高温变形行为及其板材的性能。结果表明,热压缩变形后高Nb-TiAl合金的组织中等轴γ晶粒和α晶粒的增多、层片晶团的体积分数和尺寸降低,使其变形能力提高。根据这些结果确定了最优轧制工艺为应变速率低于0.5 s^-1、道次变形量前期应不高于25%、变形温度高于1150℃。选用上述工艺对其其进行5道次大变形量轧制,制备出表面质量良好、无缺陷的高Nb-TiAl合金板材,其尺寸为600 mm×85 mm×3 mm。这种板材具有双态组织,平均晶粒尺寸小于5 μm,其室温屈服强度、抗拉强度和塑性分别为948 MPa、1084 MPa和0.94%,800℃下抗拉强度为758 MPa。     

气相传输法制备大尺寸单晶Bi2Se3纳米片、纳米带

低维Bi₂Se₃纳米材料是最新研究发现的一种新型三维拓扑绝缘体材料, 在微电子器件和传感器领域具有广阔的应用前景。本研究采用气相传输法在真空石英管中合成了大尺寸单晶Bi₂Se₃纳米片、纳米带。通过XRD、EDS、Raman、SEM等手段对Bi₂Se₃纳米片、纳米带的物相结构、组成、表面形貌等进行表征。测试结果表明: 气相传输法合成的单晶Bi₂Se₃纳米片、纳米带相纯度高, 结晶性能好, 均是{001}取向; Bi₂Se₃纳米片水平尺寸大, 约为15~180 μm; Bi₂Se₃纳米带长度达860 μm, 宽度约5 μm。根据不同温度下制备的Bi₂Se₃纳米片、纳米带SEM照片及其不同方向结合能的差异, 分析了其可能的生长机制: 在较高温度下沿<001>和方向生长速度快, 生成大尺寸单晶Bi₂Se₃纳米片; 在较低温度下, 沿方向生长速度快, 生成大尺寸单晶Bi₂Se₃纳米带。这些研究结果完善了大尺寸Bi₂Se₃纳米材料的制备工艺, 有望在微电子器件领域得到商业化应用。     

固体氧化物燃料电池阳极的相转化流延制备和电化学性能研究

采用相转化流延一步制备了NiO-Zr_0.84Y_0.16O_2-δ (YSZ)阳极支撑层和功能层, 前者厚度为~700 μm, 含有沿厚度方向定向排列的开放直孔, 后者厚度为~60 μm。采用浆料涂膜法和高温共烧在阳极上制备厚度为15 μm的YSZ电解质薄膜, 丝网印刷制备YSZ-La_0.84Sr_0.16MnO_3-δ (LSM)(质量比50:50)阴极。所制备的单电池显示出较高的电输出性能。以H₂-3%H₂O为燃料和环境空气为氧化剂, 800 ℃时电池的峰功率密度达到891 mW/cm², 电池即使在高电流密度测试条件下也未出现明显的浓差极化, 这是由于其阳极具有开放直孔结构, 气相输运阻力小。     

高温合金GH4169的动态再结晶和组织演化机制

应用Gleeble热模拟技术、EBSD、SEM和OM系统地研究了高温合金GH4169在温度为1000～1150℃、应变速率为0.01～1 s^-1条件下变形的动态再结晶机制和组织演变规律。结果表明：在1000～1150℃、应变速率为0.01～1 s^-1条件下高温合金GH4169的变形抗力最高可达400 MPa;基于动态材料模型绘制出此合金的功率耗散图和流变失稳图,得到了该合金优化的加工区间变形参数为1020～1070℃和0.03～0.63 s^-1。分析GH4169在变形过程中动态再结晶演化规律,明确了动态再结晶晶粒以在原奥氏体晶界处的非连续动态再结晶为主,连续动态再结晶以亚晶持续旋转机制形核。还确定了Σ3ⁿ非共格孪晶界演变规律,动态再结晶晶粒的体积分数比越大晶粒越细小Σ3晶界密度越高,动态再结晶晶粒的长大优先于Σ3ⁿ非共格孪晶界的形成。     

多晶铈掺杂硅酸镥闪烁陶瓷的制备和发光性能

本工作对铈离子掺杂多晶硅酸镥(LSO:Ce)闪烁材料的制备方法进行了系统研究。将LSO:Ce前驱体溶胶喷雾干燥后得到了球形LSO:Ce前驱粉体, 该前驱粉体在1000℃和1100℃的温度下煅烧后分别得到了不同晶型的的单相LSO : Ce球形粉体。显微结构观察显示: 粉体颗粒的平均直径约为2 µm, 是由几十纳米大小的LSO:Ce纳米晶粒堆积而成。A型球形LSO:Ce粉体经1200℃/80MPa的放电等离子体烧结(SPS)后获得了平均晶粒尺寸为1.3 µm, 相对密度高达99.7%的LSO:Ce闪烁陶瓷。由A型球形LSO:Ce粉体压制的素坯在1650℃的空气气氛下烧结4 h后可获得相对密度达98.6%, 平均晶粒尺寸为1.6 μm的LSO:Ce陶瓷。该陶瓷经1650℃/150 MPa的热等静压(HIP)处理1 h后, 获得了相对密度为99.9%的半透明LSO:Ce闪烁陶瓷, 其平均晶粒尺寸为1.7 μm, 晶界干净。该LSO:Ce陶瓷的光产额可达28600 photons/MeV, 发光衰减时间为25 ns。     

Analysis of the coupled effect of plastic damage and creep damage in nimonic 80A at finite deformation

The coupled effect and the anisotropic feature of plastic damage and creep damage in Nimonic 80A are analysed with special emphasis on the finite deformation and the material spin of the damaged material. In view of that both the plastic and the creep damage are governed by the formation of grain boundary cavities, it is first assumed that the states of plastic damage and creep damage are represented in terms of symmetric second-rank damage tensors Ω^P and Ω^C, the sum of these tensors Ω = Ω^P + Ω^C represents the damage state of the material. The evolution equations of these variables are established on the basis of the experimental observations on the nucleation and growth of microscopic cavities. The creep constitutive equation of the material, on the other hand, is formulated by taking account of the acceleration due to material damage as well as the material softening caused by the formation of the dislocation network at particle interfaces. Finally, creep damage process at finite deformation of Nimonic 80A at 750°C subjected to prior plastic damage brought about by the plastic prestrain at room temperature is analysed. The numerical results are compared with the corresponding experimental results to discuss the validity of the proposed theory. Though considerable rotation of principal damage direction was observed in the process of torsional creep, its effect on the creep damage process was found to be rather small.     

Effect of strain on cavity development during Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy superplastic flow

Cavitation behaviour has been investigated in an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy with an average grain size of 10?µm during superplastic deformation. The superplastic tensile tests were interrupted at different true strains at 530°C and 3?×?10^?4?s^?1. The results showed that cavity nucleation occurred above a critical strain in the optimum loading condition. It was easy for cavities to form at the triple junction due to the stress concentration caused by cooperative grain boundary sliding. Since the tensile stress was higher in the middle of the sample, the cavities were arranged in a straight line parallel to the tensile axis in the centre of the sample. A more appropriate cavity growth equation considering the critical strain was proposed to describe the cavitation behaviour.     

Effects of constituent particle clusters on fatigue behavior of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy

Fatigue tests of 2024-T3 aluminum sheet were run to determine the effects of constituent particles and particle clusters on fatigue life for all three metallurgical planes. In addition, a model to account for crack coalescence within particle clusters was developed to determine if particle clusters can be more damaging than single particles as crack nucleation sites. On the LS and ST planes, cracks formed primarily at single particles or holes, indicating that coalescence was not an issue. On the LT plane, coalescence was observed when the particle clusters were aligned with the crack growth direction, and the life was reduced about 30%. The crack coalescence and growth model showed that varying the initial separation between two particles (potential cracks) causes at most about a 15–20% change in fatigue life over a separation range of 5 μm to 1200 μm for a pair of 50 μm² particles.     

Interaction between anisotropic plastic deformation and damage evolution in Al 2198 sheet metal

Deformation anisotropy of sheet aluminium alloy 2198 (Al-Cu-Li) has been investigated by means of mechanical testing of notched specimens and Kahn-type fracture specimens, loaded in the rolling direction (L) or in the transverse direction (T). Fracture mechanisms were investigated via scanning electron microscopy. Contributions to failure are identified as growth of initial voids accompanied by a significant nucleation of a second population of cavities and transgranular failure. A model based on the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) approach of porous metal plasticity incorporating isotropic voids, direction-dependent void growth, void nucleation at a second population of inclusions and triaxiality-dependent void coalescence has been used to predict the mechanical response of test samples. The model parameters have been calibrated by means of 3D unit cell simulations, revealing the interaction between the plastic anisotropy of the matrix material and void growth. The model has been successfully used to describe and predict direction-dependent deformation behaviour, crack propagation and, in particular, toughness anisotropy.     

Effect of stress state on cavitation and hole growth in superplastic AA 7475 aluminium alloy

Abstract

A study has been made of the growth of cavities and of artificial holes in AA 7475 alloy sheet material during both uniaxial and equibiaxial tensile straining, with the object of clarifying the effect of stress state on cavitation during superplastic flow. The growth rate of cavities with strain was observed to be lower for uniaxial tension than for equibiaxial tension. An analysis of artificial hole growth data supports these observations, and is consistent with the view that continuous cavity nucleation and cavity coalescence lead to an increase in the apparent cavity growth rate during superplastic flow.

MST/1149     

A novel damage variable to characterize evolution of microstructure with plastic deformation for ductile metal materials under tensile loading

Damage and fracture of ductile metal materials are greatly associated with evolution of their microstructure under loading, which meso-dimensionally corresponds to grain deformation as well as nucleation, growth, and coalescence of microvoids in later local deformation. The evolution behavior of microstructure is important to realize ductile damage and fracture mechanism of materials. In the present work, a novel damage variable of shape factor of grains was put forward to quantitatively describe the character of microstructure; its evolution with the plastic deformation was built-up by microanalytical and mechanical experiments for Armco iron and mild steel tensile bars. The evolution rule based on the damage variable of shape factor is possible to be extended into all of ductile metal materials.     

DAMAGE MECHANISMS IN ALLOY 800H UNDER CREEP-FATIGUE CONDITIONS

Abstract— The interaction between fatigue damage (i.e., fatigue crack propagation) and internal grain boundary damage (i.e., cavity formation at grain boundaries) has been studied for the Alloy 800H at 750°C for constant plastic strain ranges but different experimental conditions. Most experiments were performed at constant ranges of alternating tensile/compression stresses. Symmetrical as well as asymmetrical tests (with larger compression stresses) were performed. In comparison to the former tests, asymmetrical tests led to shorter cyclic lifetimes mainly due to cavity formation which was not observed for symmetrical tests. It could be shown that a fast compressive and a slow tensile half cycle (at large compressive and low tensile stresses) are ideal conditions for the nucleation and growth of cavities. Based on quantitative measurements of the cavity density from interrupted fatigue tests, a physical model is presented which can predict the number of cycles to failure. This cycle number is determined only by fatigue crack growth which is controlled by (a) athermal plastic deformation, (b) creep deformation and (c) rate enhancement by cavitation.     

Mechanisms of cavity growth in a fine-grained 7475 Al superplastic alloy

Under creep conditions, cavity growth may be controlled by vacancy diffusion or power-law creep. The two growth mechanisms are examined with reference to a superplastic 7475 Al alloy as a function of test temperature, superimposed strain rate and starting grain size. It is found that power-law cavity growth by plastic deformation of the matrix surrounding the cavities dominates at all test conditions. In addition, growth and interlinkage of cavities is an important parameter in controlling the ease and type of fracture and is enhanced by the ease of superplastic deformation.     

An analysis of dynamic,ductile crack growth in a double edge cracked specimen

Dynamic crack growth is analysed numerically for a plane strain double edge cracked specimen subject to symmetric impulsive tensile loading at the two ends. The material behavior is described in terms of an elastic-viscoplastic constitutive model that accounts for ductile fracture by the nucleation and subsequent growth of voids to coalescence. Two populations of second phase particles are represented, including large inclusions or inclusion colonies with low strength, which result in large voids near the crack tip at an early stage, and small second phase particles, which require large strains before cavities nucleate. The crack growth velocities determined here are entirely based on the ductile failure predictions of the material model, and thus the present study is free from ad hoc assumptions regarding appropriate dynamic crack growth criteria. Adiabatic heating due to plastic dissipation and the resulting thermal softening are accounted for in the analyses. Different prescribed impact velocities, inclusion spacings and values of the inclusion nucleation stress are considered. Predictions for the dynamic crack growth behavior and for the time variation of crack tip characterizing parameters are obtained for each case analyzed.     

Effect of coalescence on cavity growth during superplastic deformation

Abstract

The accumulation of cavitation damage with increasing strain during the biaxial deformation of two superplastic aluminium-base alloys has been studied using densitometry and quantitative metallography. A model based on constitutive relationships for the diffusive and plastic growth of voids has been extended to account for cavity coalescence, a phenomenon commonly observed during superplastic deformation. Good agreement between the measured and calculated cavity growth rates was obtained for one alloy (AI 7475), while discrepancies observed for the second alloy (Supral 220) are explained in terms of the effects of continuous cavity nucleation.

MST/189