茶多酚对牡蛎酶解液的风味改善作用

为研究茶多酚对牡蛎酶解液风味的影响，在探讨酶解时间、茶多酚处理方式和添加剂量对牡蛎酶解液水解度和感官评分的影响基础上，借助电子鼻和GC-MS对茶多酚处理前后牡蛎肉酶解液中的挥发性风味物质进行比较鉴定。结果表明：酶解会引起牡蛎风味变差；酶解前添加茶多酚可显著改善牡蛎酶解液的风味，且不会影响氨基态氮的释放，最佳添加剂量为0.4%;从牡蛎酶解液及茶多酚预处理牡蛎酶解液中分别鉴定出31和23种挥发性化合物，共同被检测出的成分有13种；关键性风味化合物分别为8种和5种，同时分别有6种和4种挥发性化合物对两组酶解液的风味起重要的修饰作用。结合感官数据和电子鼻分析结果，研究发现酶解前添加0.4%茶多酚不会显著影响氨基态氮的释放，可通过改变挥发性成分的组成及含量，有效减弱酶解液的腥臭味，提升果香味，从而达到改善牡蛎酶解液风味的效果。     

基于GC-IMS和SPME-GC-MS分析柠檬汁对太平洋牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）酶解液风味的改善作用

目的:探究柠檬汁对牡蛎脂质氧化的抑制作用与改善牡蛎酶解液风味的效果,明确牡蛎酶解液风味改善前后的特征香气差异。方法:采用柠檬汁参与牡蛎水解过程对牡蛎（太平洋牡蛎）不良风味进行改善,利用感官评价、气相色谱-离子迁移谱（GC-IMS）与固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱（SPME-GC-MS）等技术分析牡蛎酶解液风味改善前后的挥发性化合物,并结合感觉阈值和相对气味活度值（ROVA）对其进行特征性香气分析。结果:GC-IMS技术对牡蛎匀浆液、牡蛎酶解液及柠檬汁脱腥后的牡蛎酶解液中共鉴定出40种挥发性化合物,其中,经柠檬汁脱腥后牡蛎酶解液中新生成了7种具有花香、果香等愉快风味特点的挥发性化合物,它们是:蒎烯、苯甲醇、氧化芳樟醇、十二醛、2-庚酮、2-甲氧基苯酚、乙酸丁酯;减少了6种具有鱼腥味等不愉快特征风味的挥发性化合物含量,分别为（E,E）-2,4-辛二烯醛、庚醛、壬醛、（E）-2-辛烯醛、辛醛、1-辛烯-3醇。SPME-GC-MS技术及ROAV法鉴定分析结果显示,经柠檬汁脱腥处理后烯烃类物质的相对含量由8.37%上升为42.84%,主要增加了月桂烯、D-柠檬烯等柠檬汁的特征挥发性风味成分,1-辛烯-3醇不再作为关键风味成分,具有鱼腥味特点的庚醛和（E）-2-辛烯醛的ROAV值下降,整体不良风味减弱。结论:柠檬汁参与牡蛎水解过程可有效减少牡蛎酶解液的腥味及异味,该方法高效、便捷、安全,可为扩大牡蛎酶解液的应用及推动产业脱腥技术的发展提供有益参考。     

姜汁对太平洋牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）酶解液风味改善的研究

通过感官评价、顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用技术（solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatographmassspectrometer,SPME-GC/MS）以及计算相对气味活度值（ralative odour active value,ROAV）的方法分析太平洋牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）酶解前后挥发性成分的变化情况,探讨姜汁对牡蛎脂质氧化的抑制作用和改善牡蛎酶解产物风味的效果。结果表明：与新鲜牡蛎相比,酶解液中脂质氧化产物,如异戊醛、壬醛、2-壬烯醛和3,5-辛二烯酮含量分别增加至5.09%、1.6%、1.3%、0.5%,使牡蛎酶解液呈现出较重的腥味与哈喇味,说明牡蛎风味的劣变与酶解过程中发生的脂质氧化有关。牡蛎酶解过程中添加姜汁,脂肪氧化产生的不愉快成分如（E）-2-戊烯醛、（Z）-4-庚烯醛、壬醛、2,3-辛二酮等未被检测到;异戊醛、己醛、（E）-2-己烯醛等物质的相对含量分别减少了81.02%、33.28%、54.39%。姜汁中挥发性成分如香叶醇、香茅醇、对伞花烃和芳樟醇等成为其新的主体呈味成分,并贡献出花香、柠檬香等愉快气味。因此,姜汁对改善牡蛎酶解液的风味有显著效果。     

SPME-GC-MS 分析近江牡蛎酶解液挥发性风味成分

为得到风味良好的牡蛎酶解液,将新鲜的近江牡蛎肉经木瓜蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶水解,采用固相微萃取-气相色谱- 质谱(SPME-GC-MS)联用法分析、鉴定牡蛎肉原料和酶解液的挥发性风味成分,探讨酶解对牡蛎风味的影响。经NIST 98 质谱数据库检索和文献对照,3 个样品分别检出57、60、62 种成分,主要有烃类、醇类、醛类、酮类和含硫化合物等,它们的协同作用构成了牡蛎及其酶解液的特征气味;其中牡蛎肉含有较多的酮类化合物,而酶解后则含有较多的醛类和脂类化合物,3 个样品中均检出了较多的醇类化合物,归一化含量分别高达40.24%、41.20% 和43.28%,中性蛋白酶制备的酶解液比木瓜蛋白酶制备的酶解液风味更加柔和。结果表明：酶解反应能够保持并改善牡蛎的风味,所制备的酶解液具有较好的应用前景。     

牛油感官特征分析及关键风味物质鉴定

为了开发消费者喜爱的牛油产品,对两种牛油(老火锅牛油与浓香牛油)的感官特征及其相关的风味物质进行了分析。采用适合项勾选法(CATA)探究两种牛油的感官特征,并分析了感官属性与喜好度之间的关系。通过固相微萃取-全二维气相色谱-质谱联用法(SPME-GC×GC-MS)测定两种牛油的挥发性风味物质含量,并采用气味活度值(OAV)确定关键风味物质。结果表明：浓香牛油的“肉香味”“焦香味”“干草味”和“蘑菇味”更突出,老火锅牛油的“脂香味”“膻味”和“腥味”更突出;老火锅牛油与浓香牛油中共检出80种挥发性风味物质,根据OAV分别鉴定出13、10种关键风味物质,这些关键风味物质呈现的香气特征与感官特征分析结果一致。开发牛油产品时,增加产品的“奶香味”“清新味”与“肉香味”,均可提高消费者喜好度。     

美拉德反应改良牡蛎酶解液风味

以牡蛎酶解液为原料,通过美拉德反应对其香气、滋味进行改良。研究还原糖和氨基酸组合、反应温度、反应时间对美拉德反应产物感官的影响,优化美拉德反应条件,并对反应前后的挥发性风味物质进行研究。结果表明,美拉德反应最佳条件为木糖和精氨酸组合, 95%牡蛎酶解液, 2%木糖, 2%味精, 1%精氨酸,在100℃条件下反应90 min。牡蛎酶解液经美拉德反应后,醛类、酸类、含硫类挥发性物质含量明显减少,酯类、吡嗪类、呋喃类、醇类、吡咯类挥发性风味物质含量不同程度地增加,酶解液的风味得到明显改善。美拉德反应改良的牡蛎酶解液与传统蚝汁相比,在海鲜味、肉味、焦糖香上更有感官优势。     

美拉德反应对牡蛎酶解产物风味物质的影响

牡蛎肉味鲜味,营养丰富,但其固有的腥味物质影响着牡蛎的加工利用。采用美拉德反应对牡蛎酶解产物进行脱腥处理,并分析反应后酶解产物的主要滋味成分和挥发性成分。结果显示风味蛋白酶与木瓜蛋白酶双酶酶解的牡蛎酶解液,经0.5%(w/v)的酵母脱腥后,调节p H为7,添加2%(w/v)葡萄糖,在100℃下反应30 min后感官评价最好。与美拉德反应前相比,美拉德反应后酶解产物的乳酸和琥珀酸含量分别增加了26.4%和20.1%;ATP关联化合物稍有减少;游离氨基酸总量增加了10.0%,其中鲜味氨基酸增加了14.7%。美拉德反应前后的牡蛎酶解产物中分别检出了41种和40种挥发性物质,其中醛类、酮类和酯类反应后明显减少,酸类、烷烃类和氮硫化合物稍有减少,而醇类物质则明显增加,此外美拉德反应后还产生了3.09%呈鲜甜味的乙基麦芽酚。结果表明美拉德反应能够明显改善牡蛎酶解液的风味,所制备的酶解产物具有较好的应用前景。     

牡蛎挥发性风味成分研究进展

牡蛎是世界上第一大养殖贝类,也是我国大宗的水产品。挥发性风味成分对牡蛎产品的品质有重要影响。因此,该文对牡蛎生鲜、贮藏、加工（热处理、干制处理和超高压处理）和酶解过程中挥发性风味成分的分离鉴定,以及牡蛎肉和酶解液脱腥过程中风味化合物的变化进行综述。以期为牡蛎产品品质提升提供理论基础,促进牡蛎资源在食品中的应用。     

不同蛋白酶对香菇酶解液性质的影响

选用碱性蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶水解香菇粉,研究不同蛋白酶对香菇酶解液的水解度、营养成分、感官评价和挥发性风味物质的影响。结果表明,随着酶解时间的延长,三种酶解液的水解度先升高后降低,风味蛋白酶酶解4 h的酶解液水解度最高,达到26.03%;酶解液的可溶性蛋白质含量、多糖含量及鲜味和香菇特征风味在酶解过程中的变化趋势与水解度类似,其中碱性蛋白酶酶解液多糖含量较高、苦味最明显,风味蛋白酶酶解液可溶性蛋白质含量较高、苦味整体最弱,4 h的酶解液的整体感官评分最高,为22.80分。气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）分析三种蛋白酶解液共检出30种挥发性风味物质,其中含硫化合物相对含量占绝对优势,均高达90%以上,对风味的贡献最大;醛类物质种类最多,含量仅次于含硫化合物,其中风味蛋白酶解液中醛类物质相对含量最高。因此,风味蛋白酶酶解液水解度、营养成分更高,且整体风味更好。     

市售酸奶油感官与风味特征

目前尚未有我国消费者对酸奶油的感官评定研究。文中采用描述性感官评定分析方法,分析了来自6个国家的10种市售酸奶油感官特性,通过主成分分析和热图聚类分析研究市售酸奶油的风味特征,并通过偏最小二乘法分析风味感官属性与挥发性风味物质的相关性。实验结果表明,不同国家感官评定使用的描述词存在差异,我国感官评定员描述酸奶油的风味特征为酸味、甜味、蒸煮味、硫味、奶香味、腥味、刺激性味,臭味和果香味,滋味特征为酸味、甜味、蒸煮味、硫味、奶香味、奶油味、腥味、刺激味、涩味和苦味。不同酸奶油的风味存在一定的差异性,且产地并不是酸奶油风味独特性的主要原因。评定员对酸奶油的喜好度由酸味、硫味、奶香味、奶油味、刺激性味、臭味和果香味决定,偏好酸奶油的乙酸含量为101~190μg/kg,2,3-丁二酮含量为12~23μg/kg。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.