直流电沉积二元合金Co55Ni45纳米棒阵列及其表征

引言 一维金属及合金纳米材料由于其纳米尺寸产生的小尺寸效应、表面效应、量子尺寸效应及宏观量子隧道效应导致与常规金属及合金材料迥然不同的热、磁、光、电、敏感特性和表面稳定性,有望在纳机电系统(NEMS)、光吸收过滤器和调制器、垂直磁记录材料和巨磁阻材料、催化剂等领域取得重大突破.人们采取许多种方法进行一维金属及合金纳米材料的合成及性能研究.很多研究者以含有纳米微孔的聚碳酸酯过滤膜或多孔氧化铝膜为模板合成了Au[1]、Cu[2]、Pd[2]、Ag[3]、Fe[4]、Co[5]、CoFe[5]、Ni[6]等一维纳米线,Liu[7]在钼网上气相沉积了Cu纳米棒和纳米线,Xiong等[8]利用二茂铁的夹层结构,还原制备了银纳米线,Yen[9]利用氯化亚铜与二甲基硅氧烷聚合物胶囊材料合成了铜纳米线等,姚素薇等[10]在单晶硅上脉冲电沉积制备了Cu/Co纳米多层膜.相对于单一金属而言,合金由两种及两种以上金属组成而具有多种金属复合性能,因此更具有研究与应用价值,但目前对合金类一维纳米材料的研究还较少.本文以聚碳酸酯膜为模板,利用直流电沉积的方法制备出二元合金Co55Ni45纳米棒阵列结构材料,实验在双电极体系下进行,方法简单,所制备的Co55Ni45合金纳米棒阵列呈锥状结构且整齐排列,可用作垂直磁记录材料及原子力显微镜探针材料.     

湿化学法制备准一维纳米材料的研究进展

介绍了湿化学法制备准一维纳米材料的特点:产品纯度高、产物的形貌可控,且设备简单、操作方便及成本低等;综述了水热(溶剂热)法、微乳液法、水热-微乳液法、离子液体法、超声化学法制备准一维纳米材料的最新研究进展;并详细阐述了微乳液法制备准一维纳米材料的影响因素。     

离子液体在纳米材料合成中的应用

室温离子液体（ionic liquids, ILs）作为一种新型的绿色环保溶剂,由于其特殊的功能化结构及热稳定性好、挥发度低和溶解能力强等特点,目前被广泛应用于纳米材料的制备领域。本文重点介绍了离子液体在纳米材料制备中的应用及相关研究的最新进展,结合一些示例对本领域进行了概述,其中包括离子液体作为溶剂,例如作为反应介质和稳定剂;模板剂,例如利用离子液体的微结构（胶束和囊泡、液晶凝胶、乳液和微乳液）作为纳米材料合成中的模板和软模板;反应物,例如作为反应中的还原剂和反应组分;以及离子液体微乳液在纳米材料制备中的特殊用法进行了总结,并讨论了离子液体在快速发展的纳米材料制备领域中的存在挑战和机遇。     

小分子离子自组装制备功能超分子材料

离子自组装是合成功能超分子材料的有力途径,而带相反电荷的小分子离子之间的离子自组装由于具有良好的结构可设计性和功能可调节性,是离子自组装制备功能超分子材料领域的研究热点。本文首先对离子自组装的特点进行了简单的介绍,然后分3类对小分子离子自组装制备功能超分子材料领域进行了综述,主要包括染料与表面活性剂自组装制备功能材料,平面刚性离子自组装制备功能材料以及多金属酸盐离子自组装制备功能材料。目前,小分子离子自组装在组装单元的选择以及材料功能扩展角度已取得了长足的进步,但如何实现利用小分子离子自组装从微观结构到宏观材料的跨度,制备出能在实际生产中应用的功能超分子材料,还有待进一步发展。     

离子液体在制备金属纳米粒子中的应用

金属纳米材料是一种具有优异性能的新型功能材料,使用范围非常广泛。离子液体作为一种绿色环保溶剂与传统溶剂相比具有很多特殊性质,为金属纳米粒子的制备开辟了一条新途径。本文就近年来国内外相关研究进展,对离子液体在金属纳米颗粒制备中的应用进行综述。     

室温离子液体中金属电沉积的研究进展

以离子液体为电解质能够沉积出水溶液中难以得到的活泼金属,目前已沉积出元素周期表中的大多金属、半导体金属及其化合物。文章总结了离子液体的种类以及金属、合金在离子液体中电沉积的研究进展,并对Al及合金涂层来代替镍-铬镀层,实现优质铝镀层的绿色-清洁制备及应用前景进行了展望。     

石墨烯复合功能材料及其在重金属离子检测的电化学研究与应用

石墨烯(GR)是典型的单原子碳纳米材料,具有独特的二维共辄平面结构,其高活性的比表面积和突出的导电性能,在电催化和敏感材料制备领域已得到广泛的应用。氧化石墨烯(GO)作为GR的前驱体,存在大量的含氧官能团,具有良好的水溶分散性。大量GO含氧官能团的介入会破坏其K-7T共辘结构,导致其电学性能变差。GO通过化学、水热合成或直接电化学还原方法可有效修复其共辄平面结构,得到导电性良好的还原氧化石墨烯(rGO),即GR.单组分的GR材料在实际应用中仍存在某些局限性,如电学活性相对较弱,与其它材料加工复合性能较差等。将GR、G O材料与其它功能材料进行复合,可进一步改善复合物的物理或化学性能,如分散性、加工修饰和电催化活性等。综述了石墨烯材料与金属及其氧化物纳米粒子、聚合物、掺杂原子、导电离子液体、碳纳米材料等功能材料复合后,能形成可调控的微结构,具有改性的化学性质和协同发挥的电学效应,表现出显著的电子传递能力及其功能性作用。论述了GR功能化修饰的复合材料作为敏感界面,构筑基于重金属离子检测的电化学生物传感器,可以实现对Pb2+,Hg2+,C『+等多种重金属离子的同时或分别检出,提出了GR复合制备材料的纳米结构特征、功能修饰作用对于提高传感器的电催化活性和选择性性能等方面的应用,并对该研究领域进行了总结与展望。     

离子液体的合成及应用进展

介绍了离子液体的国内外发展现状,总结了离子液体的特性和制备方法及其在有机反应、电化学、无机纳米材料方面的应用.     

离子液体在纳米ZnO材料制备中的研究进展

离子液体（ILs）具有蒸气压低、液程宽、热稳定性好、结构和性质可调节等特点, 作为反应溶剂、模板剂或结构导向剂等在纳米材料制备领域得到了广泛的应用。纳米ZnO在传感器、太阳能电池、光催化和发光二极管等领域具有广泛的应用。总结了近年来ILs在纳米ZnO材料制备中的研究进展, 重点归纳和比较了常规非质子型ILs、质子型ILs、碱性ILs和聚ILs在制备纳米ZnO中的应用,及其调控纳米ZnO形貌、尺寸和性能的作用特点, 并为今后ILs应用于金属纳米材料的制备提出了建议。     

纳米孔/通道离子分离的研究进展

生物离子通道通过脂质膜运送特定的离子,同时排斥其他类似的金属离子。但是制备具有选择性运输离子的人工固态纳米通道仍然是一大难题。经过长期的研究,科学家为了克服这一难题,合成制备了各种复合的纳米孔/通道,这些孔/通道可利用材料的小尺寸特性,或者在大尺寸的孔/通道上修改不同的功能材料实现离子筛分。这些工作在离子选择性纳米孔的结构-性能关系上进行研究,为以后的离子分离的研究提供了探究基础。主要介绍了利用复合的纳米孔/通道进行离子筛分的研究进展。     

Electron field emission from semiconducting nanowires

In this paper we report on investigations of field emission (FE) properties of semiconducting (SiC, ZnO) one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures – nanowire/nanorod arrays, and fabrication of low-voltage field emission display (FED) devices based on these 1D nanomaterials. SiC nanowires were grown on Ni-coated Si substrates using a thermal metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique, and ZnO nanostructures were grown on gold-coated Si substrates by a thermal CVD method. Electron field emission properties of SiC and ZnO nanostructures were examined in plane geometry using a flat phosphor screen. The interrelation between the FE characteristics (emission thresholds, current density, surface uniformity, etc.) and microstructure and surface morphology of the produced 1D nanostructures was established. Diode-type FED devices (flat vacuum lamps) with SiC-nanowire-based cathodes were developed and fabricated. The FEDs are characterized by low threshold and operating electric fields – lower 2 V/μm and 5 V/μm, respectively, high current density and brightness, and stable performance of the nanowire-based cathodes.     

Improved optical and structural properties of cadmium sulfide nanostructures for optoelectronic applications

In this study, the effect of ZnO seed layer on the growth of uniform CdS nanostructures was investigated using chemical bath deposition technique. Besides, the influence of molar concentration of reagents on the surface morphology, structural and optoelectrical properties of the deposited CdS thin films were examined. The CdS nanostructures were grown on bare glass and ZnO/glass substrates with different reagent molar concentrations. The results indicated an improvement in the homogeneity and uniformity of the grown CdS nanostructures on ZnO seed layer which can be due to the low lattice mismatch between ZnO and CdS structures. The CdS/ZnO samples were optimized by changing the molar concentration of reagents. A three–dimensional intersecting vertical nanosheet morphology with hexagonal structure was obtained when modified chemical concentration of 0.5 M was applied. The XRD pattern of CdS nanosheets indicated the hexagonal phase of CdS which were strongly orientated along (002) plane. The elevated intensity of dominant peak related to this sample confirmed the improved crystal quality of this CdS nanostructure comparing to the other samples. The UV–Vis spectrum demonstrated a high absorption coefficient for CdS intersecting nanosheets which might be due to the high specific surface area and light trapping behavior of this sample. The photoluminescence study also showed an improvement in optical properties of optimized CdS nanostructures. In order to study the optoelectrical properties of CdS nanostructures, metal–semiconductor–metal photodetectors were fabricated with different CdS samples and their current–voltage characteristics were analyzed. The results indicated an enhancement in photosensitivity, responsivity, and speed of photodetectors based on optimized CdS nanostructures.     

Synthesis and optimization strategies of nanostructured metal oxides for chemiresistive methanol sensors

Thanks to the merits such as high specific surface areas, superior electronic conduction and unique gas diffusion path derived from the nanoscales, the demand for detecting methanol has contributed to the rapid expansion of gas sensors based on metal oxide nanostructures. In this review, the “process-structure-performance” correlations of metal oxide nanostructures utilized in the detection of methanol are analyzed. The sensing mechanisms of nanostructured metal oxides operated at different temperatures for methanol monitoring are first introduced. Subsequently, various synthesis processes (e.g. hydrothermal, sol-gel and electrospinning) utilized to modulate the structure and morphology of metal oxide nanostructures are discussed. Given the limitations that existed in methanol gas sensors, numerous optimization strategies including doping, surface modifications, newly designed structures and morphologies, the self-doping defects are enumerated to dramatically enhance the sensing properties represented by the improvement of sensitivity, the reduction of working temperature, the decrease of detection limit, etc. Additionally, the challenges and future research directions of advanced methanol sensors based on metal oxide nanostructures are proposed. It is ultimately expected that this review will help break the bottleneck of nanostructured metal oxides gas sensors in the field of methanol detection, and further promote the actual application of chemiresistive methanol sensors.     

Gold nanolayer and nanocluster coatings induced by heat treatment and evaporation technique

The paper is focused on the preparation and surface characterization of gold coatings and nanostructures deposited on glass substrate. Different approaches for the layer preparation were applied. The gold was deposited on the glass with (i) room temperature, (ii) glass heated to 300°C, and (iii) the room temperature-deposited glass which was consequently annealed to 300°C. The sheet resistance and concentration of free carriers were determined by the van der Pauw method. Surface morphology was characterized using an atomic force microscopy. The optical properties of gold nanostructures were measured by UV–vis spectroscopy. The evaporation technique combined with simultaneous heating of the glass leads to change of the sheet resistance, surface roughness, and optical properties of gold nanostructures. The electrically continuous layers are formed for significantly higher thickness (18 nm), if the substrate is heated during evaporation process. The annealing process influences both the structure and optical properties of gold nanostructures. The elevated temperature of glass during evaporation amplifies the peak of plasmon resonance in the structures, the surface morphology being significantly altered.     

金属材料表面制备玻璃涂层技术的研究进展

在金属材料表面上制备玻璃涂层,可以有效地提高材料表面性能,是一种具有广阔应用前景的表面处理技术.本文总结了金属表面玻璃涂层的研究现状,介绍热熔敷法、热喷涂法、溶胶-凝胶法、激光熔覆法制备玻璃涂层的研究成果,分析各种制备方法的优缺点,并展望了今后金属表面玻璃涂层的发展方向.     

多孔碳纳米球及其负载金属催化剂的研究进展

多孔碳纳米球由于可实现尺寸、形貌、孔结构以及表面基团等的可控合成制备,其负载/镶嵌的金属粒子又兼具高活性和高热稳定性等,在多相催化领域中受到越来越多的关注。本文追溯了多孔碳纳米球形貌调控的发展历程及其负载金属催化剂在催化反应领域中的应用。归纳了不同形貌的多孔碳纳米球及其制备方法和原理,详细对比了各个方法的优缺点;阐述了多孔碳纳米球负载金属催化剂的性能和碳球结构与形貌之间的构效关系;总结了目前碳球作为催化剂载体亟需解决的问题是碳球的多孔结构及其负载尺寸可控和空间匀称分布的金属粒子的可控合成,并展望了其发展方向是进一步研究和探索结构可调、经济可行的碳纳米球制备方法,真正实现工业化应用。     

Influence of surface plasmon resonance on the emission intermittency of photoluminescence from gold nano-sea-urchins

The effect of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) on the blinking emission of photoluminescence from noble metal nanostructures still requires further investigation in quantum mechanics and limits their applications. We investigate one photon luminescent emission intermittency of noble metal nanostructures with differently sized sea-urchin-shaped nanoparticles, known as nano-sea-urchins (NSUs). The probability of the "on" process in one photon luminescent emission intermittency of NSUs increases due to the strong electric field of SPR. This mechanism is explained by the reaction potential threshold model we propose here. Furthermore, the ameliorated photoluminescence of NSUs is strong enough to excite waterweed bioluminescence and can act as an in vivo bio-light emitting device, which has potential applications in cytotoxicity, bio-imaging and bio-labeling.     

基于表面等离子体共振效应的Ag(Au)/半导体纳米复合光催化剂的研究进展

由具有表面等离子体共振(surface plasmon resonance,SPR)效应的贵金属(Ag、Au等)纳米粒子和半导体纳米结构组成的纳米复合光催化剂具有优异的可见光光催化活性,成为新型光催化材料的研究热点之一。本文综述了Ag(Au)/半导体纳米复合光催化剂的制备方法、基本性质以及光催化应用方面的一些重要研究进展;重点介绍了Ag(Au)等纳米粒子的表面等离子共振增强可见光催化活性的机理,以及Ag(Au)纳米粒子与不同类型半导体复合的光催化剂的光催化性能,其中所涉及的半导体包括金属氧化物、硫化物和其他一些半导体;本领域未来几年的研究热点将集中于新型高效的Ag(Au)/半导体纳米复合光催化剂的微结构调控及其用于可见光驱动有机反应的机理研究。本文为基于SPR效应构建Ag(Au)/半导体纳米复合光催化剂的研究提供了有力的参考依据,并且指出Ag(Au)/半导体纳米复合光催化剂的研究是发展可见光高效光催化剂的重要方向。     

钒酸铋的形貌调整

钒酸铋由于其特殊的物理化学性质,在颜料、光催化、电极材料、离子导体材料等方面具有广泛的应用前景,其性能受钒酸铋的晶型、结构、表面状态和晶体形貌的因素的影响,很多研究人员探索了不同制备方法下对钒酸铋的形貌调整的方法,获得了诸如纳米线、纳米片、微米球等形貌的钒酸铋。对发明专利中涉及钒酸铋形貌调整的技术进行了总结梳理。     

Composite yarns fabricated from continuous needleless electrospun nanofibers

In this work, a spinning metal wire collector was employed to continuously collect polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers produced by a disc fiber generator and coil them around a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) yarn. The obtained composite yarns exhibited a core/shell structure (PET yarn/PAN nanofibers) with nanofibers orderly arranged on the surface of the PET yarn. The electric field analysis showed that the position of metal wire had insignificant effect on the formed electric field and high intensity electric field was formed at the disc circumferential area, which provided a constant electric field for the production of uniform nanofibers. The spinning solution, spinning speed of metal wire, and winding speed were found to play an important role in producing good quality nanofiber yarns, in terms of morphology, strength, and productivity. Pure nanofiber yarns were obtained after dissolving the core yarns in a proper solvent. This method has shown potential for the mass production of nanofiber yarns for industrial applications. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1495–1502, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers